汽车的英文论文题目

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your head. ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual transmission. Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline engine. First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without exploding. Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their maximum. For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 rpm. The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows down. You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best performance. Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros, manual transmission. See more transmission pictures. Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm value. That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT). A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear ratios. In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production automobiles. These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more common. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT. The transmission is connected to the engine through the clutch. The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

Uses the SCR post-processing technology to reduce the vehicle to discharge with the diesel engine By diesel car's energy conservation and environmental protection superiority

There will always be that when you own something when you do not think it would be valuable, but also do not see the value of it, but when you lose it when it come to repentance, but that at the moment when the lateness of the hour, too late for regrets and. I now have such a similar week-long automotive engine disassembly internship is over, memories of this time, he reluctantly are true. Wanted to be back in a week ago, then put in every day practice as seven hours to 27 hours use. This is true, this internship opportunities for me are too precious a this internship, I learned about auto engines knowledge, are ever at a lesson on what can not be compared. And I once again felt the profound theoretical and practical combination of the because of the arrangement to the engine of our components are Santana 2000 engine. First of all, for the automotive engine theory of knowledge, I understand that:Santana in Germany Volkswagen Ltd. 1982 products. The company entered Shanghai in 1983, to cooperate with the development of our country has been the development of three generations - four generations of production lines, and in 95 years will be Santana 2000 Electronic Fuel injection system into the main parameters of motor vehicles including technical parameters, the basic parameters, engine and chassis parameters parameters. Structure for the JV type engine, the combustion chamber for the ball flat, so that the function of strong squeezing gas area, to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution Valve for overhead camshaft type, camshaft push rod directly. Advantages of simple structure, the inertia of small parts, the system stiffness, and improve the effective engine speed. Valve for the hydraulic rod to mention, the automatic adjustment of valve clearance. Intake system has electric heaters and temperature control the intake valve, you can ensure that a smooth start and shorten the warm-up time. Closed water cooling system uses forced basic structure of the modern automobile engine from crank linkage, valve body, transmission system, lubrication system, cooling system, ignition system, start the Department of the composition. Linkage crank engines are energy conversion and transmission of power institutions. Valve bodies are engines of ventilators, ventilation process: on time and turn off the control valve to ensure full combustion gas mixed with gas and emissions. Supply lines are guaranteed to give a total cylinder fresh combustible mixture and export emissions, and in accordance with the different engine operating conditions the supply of different quantity and concentration of combustible gas mixture.中文翻译如下：人们总说，当你拥有一样东西的时候，你会不觉得的它的珍贵，也看不到它的价值所在，但是当你失去它的时候才恍然悔悟，此刻却以为时已晚，后悔莫及。我现在就有这么一种类似的感受。为期一周的汽车发动机拆装实习结束了，回忆这段时光，竟真的是恋恋不舍。恨不得能回到一周前，然后把每天实习的7个小时当成27个小时来用。确实如此，这次实习的机会对我来说真的是太珍贵了。在这次实习中，我学习到的关于汽车发动机的知识，是在以往任何一节课上都不能所比拟的。而我也再一次深刻感受到了理论和实践结合的必要性。由于老师的安排，我们组分到的发动机是桑塔纳2000型发动机。首先，对于汽车发动机理论知识的学习，我了解到：桑塔纳轿车是德国大众汽车有限公司1982年的产品。该公司于1983年进入上海，同我国进行合作开发，目前已发展为三代-四代生产线，并于95年将桑塔纳2000电控汽油喷射系统投入市场。汽车的主要参数包括技术参数、基本参数、发动机参数和底盘 参数。 发动机结构为JV型，燃烧室为扁球形，这样可以则功能强挤气面积，减低油耗和大气污染配气机构凸轮轴为顶置式，凸轮轴直接推动连杆。优点为结构简单、零件惯性小、系统刚度大、有效提高发动机转速。气门提杆为液压式，气门间隙自动调节。进气系统有电加热器和温度控制进气阀，可以确保汽车顺利启动和缩短暖机时间。冷却系统采用闭式水冷强制循环。现代汽车发动机基本结构由曲柄连杆机构、配气机构、传动系、润滑系、冷却系、点火系、启动系组成。曲柄连杆机构是发动机进行能量转换和传递动力的机构。配气机构是发动机的换气机构，换气过程：控制气门按时关闭，保证气配时充分燃烧混合气和排放废气。供给系是保证向气缸共给新鲜可燃混合气和导出废气，并按照发动机不同工况供给不同数量和浓度的可燃混合气。这篇挺好的啊，嘻嘻

前段时间刚好有个朋友写了个论文 题目就是电子技术在汽车中的应用 可以联XI我

(英语系毕业论文)国际商务谈判及其谈判风格摘要自从中国加入世界贸易组织后，国际贸易比以往任何时候都变的更加频繁。所以商务谈判技巧将会是对国际贸易很重要的工具。一次成功的交易需要几个谈判过程，第一阶段是谈判者为谈判做准备，执行最初的方法。然后，有纪律有组织的谈判计划对一个团队的成功很重要。最后，必须考虑实际的谈判行为。尤其是在国际商务谈判中，进出口贸易的支付方式和工具很重要。没有钱就无所谓交易，我们追求的是各自的利益。最流行和最安全的支付方式是惯用的不可取消的即期信用证。在国际商务谈判的过程中，我们必须熟悉不同的谈判风格。我们要了解八个主要国家的谈判风格：美国谈判风格，德国谈判风格，法国谈判风格，英国 谈判风格，俄罗斯谈判风格，日本谈判风格，澳大利亚谈判风格，中国谈判风格。来自不同国家的不同的有不同的价值观，习惯和态度。和不同的人用不同的策略对于谈判的成功很有必要。关键词： 国际商务谈判 谈判者 谈判的风格 不同文化 下决定AbstractSince china's entrance into the WTO, international business became more frequent than ever before. Then business negotiation skills will be an important tool for the foreign trade. A successful business needs several negotiation processes; the first one is a period during which the negotiator must prepare for the negotiation, and execute the initial approach, and then the negotiation plan provides discipline and organization that can be critical to a team’s success. At last the actual conduct of the negotiation must be considered. Especially in international business negotiations, methods and tools of payment in exporting and importing are important. No money, no deal. What we pursuit is money. The most popular and a safer method of payment is by a confirmed irrevocable little of credit at sight. There are other ways of the process of the international business negotiation we should be familiar with different negotiating styles. We have eight main countries negotiating styles: American negotiating style, German negotiating styles, French negotiating styles, British negotiating styles, Russian negotiating styles, Japanese negotiating styles, Australian negotiating styles, Chinese negotiating styles. Different people from different countries have different values, habits, and attitude. Using appropriate strategies with different people would be necessary for a successful : international business negotiations; negotiator; negotiating stylesdifferent cultures; make decisions CONTENTSAbstract in Chinese………………………………….….……….....iAbstract in English ………………………………..………………ii1 Introduction to Negotiations…………………………………… Impressive Behavior……………………………………………… Punctually………………………………………………………… Appearance………………………………………………………… Enthusiasm ………………………………………………………… Teamwork………………………………………………………… Respect………………………………………………………………22 Negotiation Process 1…………………………………………… Forming the negotiation Team……………………………………3Negotiation Process 2…………………………………………… Creating the information base…………………………………… Creditability Study………………………………………………42. 4 Feasibility Study…………………………………………………… The Negotiating Brief………………………………………………52. 6 The Negotiating Plan………………………………………………53 Negotiation Process 3…………………………………………… The Opening and Its Review……………………………………… The Follow Up …………………………………………………… Identifying the Bargain…………………………………………… Concluding the Bargain…………………………………………… How to negotiation …………………………………………… Negotiation Tips…………………………………………………… Methods and Tools of Payment in Exporting and Importing…...115 Different Negotiation Styles of Different Cultures………….... Negotiation Style…………………………………… German Negotiating Style………………………………………… French Negotiating Style………………………………………… British Negotiating Style………………………………………… Russian Negotiation Style………………………………………… Japanese Negotiation Style ……………………………………… Australian Negotiating Style……………………………………… Chinese Negotiating Style…………………………………………18(英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成误解和冲突,甚至会阻碍进一步的商务合作。本论文目的在于引起人们对商业中跨文化问题重要性的重视。该文的论点是文化差异确实存在于商业与管理领域中，特别是东西方国家的文化差异，并且在商业活动中起到了重要作用。它在很大程度上影响到商业进程和公司的日常管理。通过细心地观察和总结，我们会发现在跨文化管理中起到辨证作用的某些规律性的模式和规则。一方面，文化差异是一种障碍，另一方面，在跨文化环境下，只有很好地掌握文化差异才有可能使其成为商务沟通和管理的桥梁。著名人类学家, 霍夫斯泰德所提出的理论贯穿全文,基于其中几个模型我们分析了上述主题。文化差异表现在很多方面，通过比较的方式，不同国家的文化差异特征显而易见，同时我们还了解到每一种文化差异都有其理论根源。伴随着中国加入 WTO，在这种特殊挑战的巨大压力下，越来越多的商务和管理问题出现了，跨国公司的经理们不得不面临这种特殊的挑战。在最后部分，本文基于中国的传统文化，分析了当今中国企业管理的现状与特征，并提出了建议性的未来发展方式。关键词： 文化差异； 管理； 沟通； 商业环境； 跨国公司ABSTRACTWith the swift growth of world’s economy, the rapid development of the transnational corporation and the increasing business activities in a global scale, together with the related management in a culturally diversified environment, people in transnational corporation have to deal with those from different cultural background, which may cause the misunderstanding, sometimes even conflict or may hinder the further cooperation in the thesis is aiming at drawing people’s attention to the importance of the cross-cultural problems in business. The argument of my paper is that the cultural differences, especially the disparity between the eastern and western countries, really exist and furthermore play an important role in doing business. It will greatly influence the advancement of our business and the daily run of a company. Our careful observation and summarizing being done, we could find some regular pattern and rules which have dialectical functions in cross-cultural management. Cultural difference will not only be, on the one hand, an obstacle, but will serve as a bridge in the business communication and management in cross-cultural environment on the other hand if it would be better theories advanced by a famous anthropologist, Hofstede, are running through my thesis that has closely analyzed the subject based on several aspects. Through comparison, the features of cultural differences are obviously seen. So is the root of the cultural difference in each China’s entry into WTO, increasing problems have to be dealt with in business and management, which are under severe pressure from the special challenges that all the managers in the transnational corporations have to face. Finally, the thesis analyses the condition and character of today’s enterprise management in China on the base of the Chinese traditional culture and suggests some approaches to further Words: Cultural Difference; Management; Communication; Business Environment; Transnational Corporation Contents1 The globalization of business 12 Culture theory and its function in business communication and management The definition and nature of culture Level of culture National culture Business culture Occupational culture and organizational culture 43 The introduction of mainstream culture theories and their application in business dimension Hofstede’s Model of National Culture applied in business area Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism/ Collectivism Masculinity/ Femininity Long-term and short-term orientation Kluckhohm’s Model of value Orientations used in business area Human nature Relationship with nature Time Being/ Doing 104 Cultural Differences and its performance in other countries Cultural Differences and Their Roots From business point of view to see the Cultural differences in Sino-Western countries Doing business in China Doing business in America and France Doing business in Arab countries 155 Cross- culture management and Management in other countries and Management in China China’s background information Managerial behavior in China Implications for managers 19Conclusion 21Bibliography 22(英语系毕业论文)文化差异在中美雇员协作中的问题分析摘 要全球经济一体化背景下，各国企业交流日益紧密，企业在经营管理活动中不可避免地会遇到由文化差异而引起的雇员协作问题，正确处理文化差异带来的文化冲突具有积极的现实意义。因此本文就联想并购IBM的PC与笔记本电脑部门为引，探讨了中西文化的差异性。本文首先简要介绍霍夫斯泰德的价值维度和霍尔的高语境和低语境取向理论；再由联想并购IBM的PC事件，提出中美雇员协作中所遇到的文化冲突方面的问题；然后比较中美文化差异，分析中美雇员协作冲突的原因；最后对不同文化背景下团队成员协作过程中的问题，从掌握文化差异、多文化培训和进行文化整合建立共同价值观三方面给出具体对策及解决途径。本文建议当处理由不同背景文化而引起的协作冲突时，要以尊重不同文化，认识文化差异，以及寻求有效的跨文化培训为基本。关键词：中美文化； 雇员； 协作； 差异； 文化培训 AbstractWith global economic integration, companies from different countries are involved in increasingly close interchange and, unavoidably, run into the problem of culture difference in the corporation of employees and properly handling the culture collide is of positive practical significance. In order to resolve the problems of the cooperation between the Chinese and American Employees, this paper expounds the cultural theories of Hofstede’s value Dimensions and Hall’s High/Low-Context Orientation at firstly. Then it describes Lenovo Acquire IBM’s PC Division as a particular case, and points out the problems between American and Chinese employees when they corporate in the same workplace. Through the analysis of the cause of the differences between Chinese and American cultures, it explores the reasons of the coworker interactions. Based on the concrete analysis of different cultural background, it gives correct guidance to culture conflict, so as to achieve culture harmonization and integration. The result shows that it requires cultivating common corporate values, seeking common ground and reserving differences, expanding communication channels and conducting cross-cultural the end, the author suggests that it is very important for people from different cultures to respect another culture, to realize the cultural difference, and to find effective intercultural training programs for the cross-cultural words：American & Chinese culture; employees; cooperation; differences; intercultural training programsContentsIntroduction…………………………………………………………11. Rationale for the Study……………………………………………11. 1 Hofstede’s value Dimensions……………………………………11. 2 Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Orientation…………42. Introduction of Lenovo’s Acquisition of IBM’s PC Division…52. 1 Lenovo and IBM………………………………………………52. 1. 1 Lenovo………………………………………………………52. 1. 2 IBM…………………………………………………………62. 1. 3 The new Lenovo——Acquisition of IBM’s PC Division……62. 2 The Problems for Employees in the New Lenovo……………72. 2. 1 Differences in Team-work value………………………………72. 2. 2 The relationship between employer and employees……………82. 2. 3 Differences in verbal style……………………………………83. Reasons for the Problems among Employees…………………93. 1 Chinese Culture and American Culture………………………93. 1. 1 Chinese Culture………………………………………………93. 1. 2 American Culture……………………………………………103. 2 Analysis in Details………………………………………………103. 2. 1 Harmonious Relationship versus Individualism………………113. 2. 2 Power versus Equality………………………………………133. 2. 3 Implicit versus Explicit Communication ……………………134. Solutions for the Problems among Employees ………144. 1 Manage Cultural Differences on Threes Distinct Levels……144. 2 Intercultural Training…………………………………………154. 2. 1 The Emergence of Intercultural Training Programs…………154. 2. 2 Object for Cultural Training…………………………………154. 2. 3 Culture Skills and Training Techniques………………………164. 3 Cultural Integration and value Building……………………174. 3. 1 Cultural Integration…………………………………………174. 3. 2 value Building………………………………………………17Conclusions and Suggestions……………………………………17Bibliography…………………………………………………………19

1\SCR post-processing techniques used to reduce diesel vehicle emissions2\On diesel vehicles with the environmental advantages of energy saving