“温度”,这个范围也太大了吧,从哪些方面考虑呢?叫人摸不着头脑。 In physics, temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. On the macroscopic scale, temperature is the unique physical property that determines the direction of heat flow between two objects placed in thermal contact. If no heat flow occurs, the two objects have the same temperature; otherwise heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object. This is the content of the zeroth law of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature can be defined as the average energy in each degree of freedom in the particles in a system- because temperature is a statistical property, a system must contain a few particles for the question as to its temperature to make any sense. For a solid, this energy is found in the vibrations of its atoms about their equilibrium positions. In an ideal monatomic gas, energy is found in the translational motions of the particles; with molecular gases, vibrational and rotational motions also provide thermodynamic degrees of freedom. Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the kelvin scale, which is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 K[1]= − °C, or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the ., especially high-tech ones, also use the kelvin and degrees Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the . also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as , temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold something is, although the most immediate way in which we can measure this, by feeling it, is unreliable, resulting in the phenomenon of felt air temperature, which can differ at varying degrees from actual temperature. On the molecular level, temperature is the result of the motion of particles which make up a substance. Temperature increases as the energy of this motion increases. The motion may be the translational motion of the particle, or the internal energy of the particle due to molecular vibration or the excitation of an electron energy level. Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect the translational thermal motions, thermal collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The thermal motions of atoms are very fast and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record-setting cold temperature of 700 nK (1 nK = 10−9 K) in 1994, they used optical lattice laser equipment to adiabatically cool caesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of 7 mm per second in order to calculate their , such as O2, have more degrees of freedom than single atoms: they can have rotational and vibrational motions as well as translational motion. An increase in temperature will cause the average translational energy to increase. It will also cause the energy associated with vibrational and rotational modes to increase. Thus a diatomic gas, with extra degrees of freedom rotation and vibration, will require a higher energy input to change the temperature by a certain amount, . it will have a higher heat capacity than a monatomic process of cooling involves removing energy from a system. When there is no more energy able to be removed, the system is said to be at absolute zero, which is the point on the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where all kinetic motion in the particles comprising matter ceases and they are at complete rest in the “classic” (non-quantum mechanical) sense. By definition, absolute zero is a temperature of precisely 0 kelvins (− °C or − °F).The formal properties of temperature follow from its mathematical definition (see below for the zeroth law definition and the second law definition) and are studied in thermodynamics and statistical to other thermodynamic quantities such as entropy and heat, whose microscopic definitions are valid even far away from thermodynamic equilibrium, temperature being an average energy per particle can only be defined at thermodynamic equilibrium, or at least local thermodynamic equilibrium (see below).As a system receives heat, its temperature rises; similarly, a loss of heat from the system tends to decrease its temperature (at the--uncommon--exception of negative temperature; see below).When two systems are at the same temperature, no heat transfer occurs between them. When a temperature difference does exist, heat will tend to move from the higher-temperature system to the lower-temperature system, until they are at thermal equilibrium. This heat transfer may occur via conduction, convection or radiation or combinations of them (see heat for additional discussion of the various mechanisms of heat transfer) and some ions may is also related to the amount of internal energy and enthalpy of a system: the higher the temperature of a system, the higher its internal energy and is an intensive property of a system, meaning that it does not depend on the system size, the amount or type of material in the system, the same as for the pressure and density. By contrast, mass, volume, and entropy are extensive properties, and depend on the amount of material in the plays an important role in almost all fields of science, including physics, geology, chemistry, and physical properties of materials including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma), density, solubility, vapor pressure, and electrical conductivity depend on the temperature. Temperature also plays an important role in determining the rate and extent to which chemical reactions occur. This is one reason why the human body has several elaborate mechanisms for maintaining the temperature at 37 °C, since temperatures only a few degrees higher can result in harmful reactions with serious consequences. Temperature also controls the type and quantity of thermal radiation emitted from a surface. One application of this effect is the incandescent light bulb, in which a tungsten filament is electrically heated to a temperature at which significant quantities of visible light are of the speed of sound in air c, density of air ρ and acoustic impedance Z vs. temperature °C
也许我可以做这翻译,但要先弄明白‘大棚’的意思。
很乐意的提供给你参考的。
文献综述的范文
在学习、工作生活中,大家都经常接触到论文吧,论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。写起论文来就毫无头绪?下面是我为大家收集的文献综述的范文,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
本科毕业论文(设计)文献综述范例
论文题目: 温室环境测控系统及其发展趋势
摘要 :本文阐述了温室环境测控系统在国内外的发展情况,包括从温室诞生起,美国、日本、荷兰等温室测控技术发展比较先进的国家在各自领域内的研究成果,以及国内引进温室技术后,各个高校及专业人员就自己擅长的方面进行探索并取得一定的研究成果。其次浅谈了温室测控系统的发展前沿,即该领域的先进技术,如无线电监控系统、GPRS技术、远程温室大棚控制系统等。最后具体讲述了温室测控中主要的影响因素,包括温度、湿度、光照、CO2浓度,以及当下比较适宜的处理办法。
关键词 : 温室环境测控;无线电监控;远程监控
Greenhouse environment controling systems and its
development
Abstract : This paper said the development of the greenhouse environment control system at home and aborad , since the birth of greenhouse , United States , Japan , the Netherlands and other greenhouse monitoring and control technology more advanced countries in their respective areas of research , and after the introduction of greenhouse technology as well as domestic , various universities and professionals to explore their own good and have made certain aspects of the research results . Second ,on the forefront of the development of the greenhouse control system , such as radio control system , GPRS technology , remote control system of greenhouse and so on . Finally , Specific about the main factors of greenhouse monitoring and control , Including temperature, humidity , light , CO2 concentration and the more appropriate approach at present Keyword: greenhouse monitoring and control technology ; radio control system ; remote control system of greenhouse.
引言
目前,我国农业正处于从传统农业向以优质、高效、高产为目标的现代化农业转化新阶段。而温室作为现代化设施农业的重要产物,在国内多数地区得到了广泛应用。温室可以模拟成一个由人工智能监测的半封闭生态系统,它可以避开外界种种不利因素的影响,人为控[1]制或创造适宜农作物生长的气候环境。由于温室中各种环境因素是可以人为控制的,因此控制技术直接决定着温室中农作物的产量和质量。
温室测控系统一般包括三个模块:环境信息采集模块、数据处理模块和执行模块。在目前的测控系统中,环境因子的采集主要包括温度、湿度、CO2浓度、光照强度、土壤湿度等。
1温室环境测控在国内外的发展
自二十世纪七十年代温室诞生以来,各国对测控技术的研究越来越多,也越来越深入,逐步向着网络化、智能化、综合化的方向发展[2]
国外温室技术发展概况
美国是最早发明计算机的国家,也是将计算机应用于温室控制和管理最早、最多的国家之一。美国开发的温室计算机控制与管理系统可以根据温室作物的特点和要求,对温室内光照、温度、水、气、化肥等诸多因子进行自动调控,还可利用温差管理技术实现对花卉、果蔬等产品的开花和成熟期进行调节及控制。
在日本,作为设施农业主要内容的设施园艺建设相当发达,比如塑料温室和其它人工栽培设施达到普遍应用,设施栽培面积位居世界前列,蔬菜、花卉、水果等普遍实行设施温室生产,并针对种苗生产设施的高温、多湿等不良环境进行了若干设施项目的研究[3],主要有设施内播种装置、苗接触刺激装置、苗灌水装置和遮光装置的开闭装置、缺苗不良苗的检测及去除和补栽装置、CO2施肥装置等方面的自动化研究[4]。
2002年,英国伦敦大学农学院利用计算机遥控技术,可以观测50km以外温室内的温度、湿度等环境状况并远程控制。另外针对CO2浓度对作物的影响这一点,温室中通常安装通风机,搅动空气使温室中的CO2浓度一致[5]。
荷兰园艺温室发展较早,由于地处高纬度地区,日照短,全年平均气温较低等不利于作物生长的气候因素,因此集中较大力量发展经济价值高的鲜花和蔬菜,大规模地发展玻璃温室和配套的工程设施并且全部采用计算机控制,大大提高了作物的产出及品质要求。
现今随着科技的不断发展,国外温室业正致力于高科技的广泛应用。遥测技术、网络技术、控制局域网已逐渐应用于温室的管理与控制中,近几年各国温度控制技术提出建立温室行业标准并朝着网络化,大规模,无人化的方向发展[6]。
国内温室技术发展概况
国内的计算机应用开始于70年代中期,当时主要用于数据的统计分析和计算。自70年代末起,我国陆续从美国、日本、荷兰等国引进了许多先进的现代化温室技术,在借鉴及学习发达国家高科技温室技术的基础上,我国农业科研工作人员进行了温室内部温度、湿度、光照、CO2浓度等环境因子控制技术的综合研究,在边学习边发展的道路上我国温室技术也有了长足的进步。
早期温室技术引进是1987年中国农业科学院引进了FELIXC 512系统,并建立了全国农业系统的第一个计算机应用研究机构[7]。到了90年代初期,计算机开始用于温室的管理和控制领域。
2000年,金钰研究了工业控制机IPC在自动化温室控制中的应用[8]。该研究是以工业控制机为核心采集环境信息,控制外围设施执行控制。实现了温室的封闭环境控制,但该系统布线复杂,维护困难且成本过高。
2005年,杜辉等研究了基于蓝牙技术的分布式温室监控系统[9]。该系统将蓝牙技术和现场总线技术相结合运用于温室群的监控,提高了系统的可靠性、降低了数据传输过程中干扰。但由于蓝牙技术本身的不成熟,与其他技术相结合以后会导致系统的紊乱,难以调控,顾该系统的实际应用仍需要深入研究。
2007年,唐娟等研究了基于新型AVR单片机的温室测控系统[10]。该系统把个体生产和规模化生产相结合,在单个温室大棚生产实现智能自动化的基础上实现连栋温室大棚的规模化生产。
2008年,周茂雷,郭康权研究出了基于ARM7微处理器的温室控制器系统[11]。该系统能通过AD算法实现温室各路模拟量、开关量实时动态采集,将采集到的数据经处理后定时保存并送出控制量。
2 温室技术新型发展
现代化农业设施技术得到了极大的发展,利用不同的先进科技创造了利于作物生长的温室环境,下面讲述了五种新型温室技术。
无线电监控系统
随着生产规模的不断扩大,大棚数量的增多,有线监测系统布线复杂、维护困难、不能任意增加节点等缺点就暴露出来了. 随着电子技术的发展,出现了一体化的无线收发芯片nRF905,该芯片体积小巧,外围只需添加少量几元件即可工作,而且编程简单,可实现信息的无线传输, 以上位机为信息处理终端,构成了温室大棚环境参数监控系统, 该系统具有无需布线、可以任意增减采集点、结构简单、功耗低及组网方便等特点,因而具有较高的实用价值[12]
GPRS技术的应用
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)是通用分组无线业务的简称,是一种基于GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)系统的无线分组交换技术。同一无线信道又可以由多个用户共享,只有当某个用户需要发送或接收数据的时候才会占用信道资源,从而有效地利用了信道资源。监控中心服务器通过GPRS 可以在移动状态下使用各种采集到的信息数据, 在移动通信服务商提供的GPRS业务平台上构建温室大棚环境监控信息数据传输系统, 实现智能化温室控制信息采集点的无线数据传输,监控系统同时可以实现资料、指令的.反向传输,以达到远程控制的目[13]。的温室大棚环境监控中心也可以通过服务器来浏览各个温室大棚的作物生长状况。
基于CAN和Profibus总线的温室分布式监控系统
CAN(controller area network)总线是一种分布式实时控制系统的串行通信局域网[14-15],其信号传输采用短帧结构,具有传输时间短、受干扰的概率低、实时性强、性能好和可靠性高等优点,广泛应用于各种控制系统中的检测和执行机构之间的数据通信。
Profibus总线的温湿度分布式测控系统也和CAN总线的功能差不多。在现有的各种现场总线中, Profi2bus 总线占有很大的市场份额, 并提供了DP、PA3和FMS三种协议类型。
虚拟仪器的应用
温室大棚测量系统的发展经过了模拟仪器、分立元件仪器、数字化仪器和智能化仪器,到现在发展到了虚拟仪器。虚拟仪器以计算机为核心组成的虚拟仪器平台,可以通过不同的虚拟仪器软件实现多种测试功能,能由虚拟仪器代替部分传统的仪器硬件,并利用虚拟仪器强大的数据采集和数据分析功能,进行各种信息的处理,然后将结果送出显示或控制调节机构,调节大棚的环境参数[16]。
远程温室大棚控制系统
为实现农民对大棚的简捷控制,实现农民增产增收,远程温室大棚控制系统显然是一项值得研究和推广的工程。该系统实时要求很高, 传输距离较远, 对稳定性以及抗干扰性的要求也很高, CC2Link造价低廉, 能满足现场环境的通讯要求而成为主要的新型现场通讯方式,另外以太网实时、高速且传输距离较远, 而成为主流的远程通讯方式。两者相结合便实现了温室大棚远程控制网[17]。
3 影响作物生长的各项因素及处理办法
作物的生长发育,一方面取决于作物本身的遗传特性,另一方面取决于外界环境条件。在生产上,则要通过优良的栽培技术及创造适宜的环境条件来控制生长和发育。
影响作物生长发育的主要环境条件包括:温度(空气温度及土壤温度)、光照(光的强度和光周期)、水分(空气湿度和土壤湿度)、土壤(土壤肥力及土壤溶液的反应)、空气(大气及土壤中空气的特性,CO2的含量,有毒气体的含量)、生物条件(土壤微生物及病虫害)等。下面就温度、湿度、光照、CO2浓度这四方面进行具体的论述。
温度
作物的生长发育环境中以温度最为敏感,也是最重要的。自然环境下,温度在时间上随
四级变化而周期变化,在空间上随纬度和海拔的升高而降低。
另外在室内的话,由于作物的茂密生长会使得温度的空间变得比较复杂,实际上温度的空间分布受室外气候因子、室内调控方式、植物群体结构的综合影响,空气温度不论在水平方向还是在垂直方向往往都不均匀。
处理办法:
目前温室的温度调控主要包括增温、保温、降温[18]。加温有热风采暖系统、热水采暖系统、土壤加温三种形式;保温包括减少贯流放热和通风换气量、增大保温比、增大地表热流量;降温最简单的途径是通风.
湿度
适宜的空气湿度和土壤湿度是温室内作物健康生长的重要条件。根据研究发现,除了阴雨天以外,室内午后过低的空气湿度会导致作物发生光合作用的午休现象。
一般情况下,作物适宜的相对湿度是60%~80%。所以温室内空气相对湿度的大小直接影响作物的光合作用,影响作物生产的质量;另外,空气湿度过大,作物植株也易于生病。
土壤湿度对植物的影响也很大,若温室内排水不良,灌水不当,土壤渗水性不好,造成土壤水分过剩,使土壤中的氧气减少,植物根部呼吸的水分减少,从而影响植物的水分代谢,阻滞植物的生长或者发生根部腐烂的情况[19]。
处理办法:
除湿的方法有通风换气、加温除湿、覆盖地膜、使用除湿机、除湿型热交换通风装置。 加湿的方法包括喷雾加湿、湿帘加湿、温室内顶部安装喷雾系统[20]。这几种方法除了有加湿功能还可以达到降温的功效.
光照强度
光照是作物生长发育的关键条件之一。没有光照,就谈不上植物的生长,光照不足,势必影响植物的生长发育。
光照的强度直接影响到作物光合作用的强度。与室外相比较,室内光明显的差异表现在数量减少,光质改变及光分布不均匀等三个方面,从而形成独特的温室光环境[21]。
处理办法:人工调节大棚外部设施的方法来改变温室内的光照强度
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