1. 外阴的微生物定植来源于皮肤、阴道、尿道和肛门 尽管外阴由多种结构组成,每种结构都可能有不同的菌群,但仅有定居在阴唇、大阴唇和小阴唇上的群落被进行了调查,而且调查的范围非常有限。由于靠近肛门、阴道和尿道的外部开口,这些部位的菌群成员经常出现在外阴。 阴部上最常见的细菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和痤疮杆菌。与大多数其他皮肤区域不同,乳酸杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌也经常出现。 会阴是另一个皮肤区域,与阴部一样,阴道(例如乳酸杆菌)和尿道中的微生物也在会阴定植。此外,由于其靠近肛门,其菌群还包含来自胃肠道(GIT)的微生物,如大肠杆菌、其他肠杆菌科和肠球菌。 典型的皮肤微生物(CNS和棒状杆菌属)经常从大阴唇分离出来,但与阴唇和会阴一样,阴道和尿道微生物也经常存在于菌群中。一项对大阴唇菌群的培养性研究报告了大致相似的结果,即乳酸杆菌和CNS是主要的微生物。 2. 小阴唇的菌群与阴道的菌群相似 小阴唇的菌群与阴道的菌群相似,具有相似的群落类型。最常检测到的群落类型是以 和 为主。然而,小阴唇的菌群往往比阴道菌群呈现更高的多样性和丰富性,这可能是胃肠道中存在的微生物(由于在肛门附近),以及皮肤菌群的成员导致。某些属(慢反应脂肪酸菌属[ Segniliparus ]、默多克菌[ Murdochiella ]和梭杆菌属[ Fusobacterium ])在小阴唇上比阴道中更常见。 女性生殖系统菌群系列: 1.女性生殖系统主要结构: 【女性生殖系统菌群之一】女性生殖系统结构、生理与内环境 2.女性生殖系统检测到的微生物:【女性生殖系统菌群之二】生殖系统菌群受年龄和系统生理学变化的影响 【女性生殖系统菌群之二】女性性成熟时期生殖系统菌群 【女性生殖系统菌群之二】阴道菌群群落状态及类型 【女性生殖系统菌群之二】影响阴道菌群和群落特征的因素 【女性生殖系统菌群之二】阴道真菌、病毒以及宫颈菌群 【女性生殖系统菌群之二】子宫微生物 or 菌群? 参考文献 Brown CJ, Wong M, Davis CC et al. (2007). Preliminary characterization of the normal microbiota of the human vulva using cultivation-independent methods. J Med Microbiol 56:271–276. Cicinelli E, Ballini A, Marinaccio M et al. (2012). Microbiological findings in endometrial specimen: our experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285:1325–1329. Drell T, Lillsaar T, Tummeleht L et al. (2013). Characterization of the vaginal micro-and mycobiome in asymptomatic reproductive-age Estonian women. PLOS ONE 8:e54379. Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, Girerd PH et al. (2012). A new era of the vaginal microbiome: advances using next-generation sequencing. Chem Biodivers 9:965–976. Hickey RJ, Zhou X, Pierson JD et al. (2012). Understanding vaginal microbiome complexity from an ecological perspective. Transl Res 160:267–282. Hickey RJ, Zhou X, Settles ML et al. (2015). Vaginal microbiota of adolescent girls prior to the onset of menarche resemble those of reproductive-age women. MBio 6 pii:e00097–15. Huang B, Fettweis JM, Brooks JP et al. (2014). The changing landscape of the vaginal microbiome. Clin Lab Med 34:747–761. Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Akins RA et al. (2011). The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques. BJOG 118:533–549. Martin DH & Marrazzo JM (2016). The vaginal microbiome: current understanding and future directions. J Infect Dis 214(Suppl 1): S36–S41. McGuire MK & McGuire MA (2016). Got bacteria? The astounding, yet not-so-surprising, microbiome of human milk. Curr Opin Biotechnol 44:63–68. Mendling W (2016).Vaginal Microbiota. Adv Exp Med Biol 902: 83–93. Mitchell CM, Haick A, Nkwopara E et al. (2015). Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212:. Miyamoto T, Akiba S, Sato N et al. (2013). Study of the vulvar skin in healthy Japanese women: components of the stratum corneum and microbes. Int J Dermatol 52:1500–1505. Muhleisen AL & Herbst-Kralovetz MM (2016). Menopause and the vaginal microbiome. Maturitas 91:42–50. Prince AL, Chu DM, Seferovic MD et al. (2015). The perinatal micro-biome and pregnancy: moving beyond the vaginal micro-biome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5 pii:a02305. Rampersaud R, Randis TM & Ratner AJ (2012). Microbiota of the upper and lower genital tract. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 17: 51–57. Shiraishi T, Fukuda K, Morotomi N et al. (2011). Influence of menstruation on the microbiota of healthy women’s labia minora as analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene-based clone library method. Jpn J Infect Dis 64:76–80. van de Wijgert JH, Borgdorff H, Verhelst R et al. (2014). The vaginal microbiota: what have we learned after a decade of molecular characterization? PLOS ONE 9:e105998. Wassenaar TM & Panigrahi P (2014). Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment? Lett Appl Microbiol 59:572–579.