(1)酶促反应动力学(kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions)是研究酶促反应速度及其影响因素的科学。这些因素主要包括酶的浓度、底物的浓度、pH、温度、抑制剂和激活剂等。Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is to study the factors that affect the speed of the chemical reaction including the enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, PH, temperature , inhibitor and activator etc. (2) Years of research at DSM allowed its scientists a unique technical insight into the activity of oenological yeast and enzymes and how they can improve specific aspects of a wine's profile. Developed by winemaking experts in close contact with leading oenological universities and institutes, the company produces and supplies a complete range of specially designed wine biotechnology ingredients for selected oenological applications. They have thus developed enzymes and tested enzymatic activity to specifically improve wine quality. Whether producing bulk or super premium wines, these enzymes, wine yeasts and fermentation aids provide solutions tailored to any winemaking style. Rapidase Glucalees, for example, is an effective new enzyme which has the ability to optimize filtration and enhance ageing on lees, and improving the clarification and mouthfeel of wine. “With an in-depth knowledge of grape, wine and yeast constitution, DSM has been able to select the optimum spectrum of enzymatic activities for Rapidase Glucalees, a preparation associating β-glucanases and pectinase,” said Céline Fauveau, product application specialist, DSM Food Specialties. ß-glucans are present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls or found in wines when grapes are affected by Botritis cinerea, the fungus responsible for noble or gray rot. B. cinerea polysaccharides interact with other wine components to increase viscosity and block filtration. However, the hydrolysis of S. cerevisiae cell walls releases numerous compounds into the wine which have positive effects on its stability and organoleptic profile. “The financial benefits of this enzymatic preparation are noteworthy,” continued Fauveau, “as the savings observed in filtration largely exceed the cost of the enzymatic treatment. In ageing on lees, the use of Rapidase Glucalees provides superior results in 3 to 6 weeks compared to many months of traditional ageing, as it allows a greater yield of mannoproteins than would be extracted even after years of ageing on lees.”