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药学论文模板英语高中版

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药学论文模板英语高中版

一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人

作文常用句式总结开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了. It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为… Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为… With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点: People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为... People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论… Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论… Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论… There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点. All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题. 提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视. Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是… Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果: Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会… It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信… In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, … Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是… People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题. 批判错误观点和做法: As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,…. It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视…. There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示… As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知… All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.

由于英语作文考查的是学生词汇、语法、句式等各种知识的掌握情况,因此学生要写好英语作文,就必须全面掌握英语知识。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文模板,希望对你有帮助!

第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)

Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文:

第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论:

第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文:

第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is

that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论:

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板: 导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下) 正文:

第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论:

第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)

4."How to"类议论文模板:

导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文:

第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论:

第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下) 正文:

第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论:

第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板:

导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文:

第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论:

第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

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药学论文模板英语高中

英语作文是高考英语中的必考题型,它可以考查高中学生英语的综合运用能力,代表了学生的英语书面表达能力.下面,是我为你整理的高中英语议论文作文模板,希望对你有帮助!

第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)

Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文:

第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论:

第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文:

第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is

that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论:

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板: 导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下) 正文:

第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论:

第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板:

导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文:

第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论:

第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下) 正文:

第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论:

第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板:

导入:

第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文:

第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论:

第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

高考英语作文10大模板,高考英语作文十大模板!值得收藏!

高中英语实用模版1.书信开头:How nice to hear from you me tell you something about the ’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. ’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a ’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾:With best ’m looking forward to your ’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知呼语及开场白部分:Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分:All the teachers and students are required to attend take your notebooks and make listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分:Please come and join in is welcome to attend hope you’ll have a nice time ’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文导入:第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)正文:第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论:第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板:导入:第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文:第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论:第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下)正文:第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论:第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)4."How to"类议论文模板:导入:第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文:第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论:第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化, the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作:1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily .结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

高中英语作文的模板哪些可以万能的应用到不用类型的英语作文当中。小面整理了一些英语作文常用的模板以及句子之类的,提供给大家。

书信的常见写作模板

开头部分:

1. Let me tell you something about the activity.

2. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr.9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re comingto China for a visit.

3. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

4. And I would like to write a letter to tell you that…

结尾部分:

1. Bestwishes.

2. I’m looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.

3. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

议论文模板

1.正反观点式议论文模板:

导入部分:

第1段Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should...(导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

正文部分:

第2段Most of the students are in favor of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个同意的理由)

第3段However, the others are strongly against it.(反方观点) Their reasons are as follows.In the firstplace...What’s more...In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)

结论部分:

第4段Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

图画类写作模板

开头部分:

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

衔接句部分:

As well as l know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something inmy daily life.

结尾句部分:

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../Ashas been stated..

段首句

1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。

On the contrary,there are some people in favor of the same time,they say____.

2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve example, of all,___.

3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our country"s development and construction. First,"s more, important of all,______.

4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______

5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,

Confronted with______,we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing,______For another,______

中间段落句

1.早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about it.For example, addition. these measures will certainly______.

2.为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于…… Why______? The firstreason is that second reason is third is allthis, the main cause of ______due to ______.

3.然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides,______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.

4.尽管如此,我相信……更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that ______is moreadvantageous

5.完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下: I fully agree with thestatement that ______ because______.

结尾句

1.至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能…… For my part, I think itreasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____.

2.对我来说,我认为有必要……。原因如下:第一,……;第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是…… In my opinion, I think itnecessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First ______.Last but not least,______.

3.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……。 It is difficult to saywhether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situationof______.However, from a personal point of view find ______.

药学英语论文范文模板高中

药学专业是一门独立的学科,具有较强的专业性,所以就要求学生要为学好专业课而打下坚实的基础。下文是我为大家整理的关于药学大专 毕业 论文的内容,希望能对大家有所帮助,欢迎大家阅读参考!

试论儿科用药中存在的问题及合理用药

摘要:目的分析儿科用药中存在的不良问题,并结合问题所在探讨合理用药的有效 措施 。 方法 我院自2009年7月起,对儿科用药方面的合理性进行严格管制。研究从我院儿科科室2009年7月~2010年2月(执行用药规范管制后)收治的患儿中选取60例作为研究对象,设为观察组,并选取2009年1月~6月(未执行用药规范管制前)收治60例患儿设为对照组。通过分析两组患儿的临床资料,对两组患儿的用药情况以及不良反应现象进行对比。结果经研究,从患者的用药不良反应以及治疗效果等方面进行比较,观察组明显优于对照组,且观察组与对照组存在显著性差异,(P<)具有统计学意义。结论在儿科疾病的临床治疗中,合理应用药物,对保障药物治疗效果以及降低不良反应发生率均具有积极影响。

关键词:儿科用药;合理性;不良反应;治疗效果

由于 儿童 年纪过小,生理上多方面功能均与成人有明显出入,如内分泌、神经、肝、肾等方面的功能,因此儿童在防御外界疾病方面的能力较弱,染病概率也较大[1]。此外,因为小儿肾功能仍未完全发育,因此在对于药物的代谢能力以及排泄能力较弱,所以在治疗儿科疾病时,若临床医师未指导儿童合理用药,极易引起药物副作用、药源性疾病等。研究通过分析实行用药控制前后的儿科用药情况,从而掌握儿科的用药特征,确保用药的合理性。

1资料与方法

一般资料①观察组:本组60例研究对象为儿科于2009年7月~2010年2月收治的患儿,其中包括33例男性患儿与27例女性患儿,年龄6个月~12岁,平均为(±)岁;②对照组:本组60例研究对象为儿科于2009年1月~6月收治的患儿,其中包括30例男性患儿与30例女性患儿,年龄6个月~12岁,平均年龄为(±)岁;经对比,两组患儿的一般资料无明显差异,(P>)无统计学意义。

方法通过对两组患儿的临床资料进行回顾,比较两组患儿的用药情况以及不良反应现象的差异情况,分析儿科用药中存在的问题,并探讨观察组所采用的的用药合理性管理方法。

观察指标观察两组患儿在用药后,观察患儿有无呕吐、恶心、腹泻等消化系统症状;有无肝功能不全的症状;有无咳嗽、鼻塞等呼吸系统症状;有无皮疹、泌尿系统受损、急性肾功能衰竭等不良症状。

统计学方法采用t或χ2检验两组数据,以百分比表示儿科用药不良反应的发生概率,若(P<)则表示组间差异具有统计学意义。

2结果

经研究,两组患儿在用药治疗后,均有不同程度的不良症状,如皮疹、泌尿系统受损、咳嗽、急性肾功能衰竭、肝功能异常以及呕吐、恶心、腹泻等不良反应,见表1。

由表1可看出,观察组患儿用药后的不良反应率明显低于对照组,(P<)具有统计学意义。

3讨论

临床上药物的滥用情况依旧大量存在。因为患儿正处于生长发育期,患儿的机体生长发育不完善,对药物具有远远高于成人的敏感性,其药物依从性也相对较差,不稳定、不规律用药的情况突出,在临床的治疗方面,临床医生常常选择几类药物联合应用,这样就使药物在应用的过程中泛滥存在。滥用药物对于患者会出现许多不良反应,不良反应发生率增加,而药物间协同作用效率被降低。许多药物经由肝肾代谢之后排出,而药物滥用则会大大增加药品对肝肾脏器的功能损害。

儿科用药方面存在的问题

①未正确掌握用药剂量:儿科临床医师在选择用药剂量时,仅依据自身临床诊断 经验 进行判断,此为引起用药不良反应的一个主要原因[2]。小儿的胃酸浓度通常较低,加上胃部排空的时间比较长,使肠蠕动缺乏一定的规律,因此在药物吸收方面较为容易。若临床医师未注意到小儿的实际情况调整药物剂量,易引起泌尿系统受损的情况。②滥用药物:相比起成人,儿童生理上尚未完全发育,因此对于药物的敏感性较高,相应的对于服用药物的顺从性也较差,常有用药不稳定的情况,而临床治疗中,多种药物共同使用的情况较为多见,普遍存在滥用药物的情况。

如抗生素、解热镇痛药、激素、维生素、微量元素等药物的滥用。此类情况不仅会导致药物的治疗效果降低,还会提高不良反应的发生概率。③忽视了药物剂型:贴剂、注射液、栓剂、喷雾剂、颗粒冲剂、口服液、分散片、控释片、缓释片等均是临床上较为多见的药物剂型。其中,部分剂型若分散使用则会导致治疗效果受到一定的影响,如缓释片等。

儿科临床用药分析

在临床用药不断进步的环境下,具有耳毒性、发育毒性等毒性的抗生素在临床上的使用频率逐渐减少,也降低了用药不良反应情况的发生率。近几年,有相关医学研究表明,抗生素可分为3类[3]:①时间依赖类;②浓度依赖类;③时间依赖+浓度依赖类;对于儿科用药而言,此种分类方法对改变用药的间隔时间、疗效、毒性等起到了直接影响,成为临床上无法忽视的问题。抗生素的后效应(PostantibioticEffect,PAE)属于抗生素在浓度依赖、时间依赖等方面的最主要影响因素。抗生素的后效应是指细菌接触了抗生素后,抗生素中的血清浓度的降低值虽然低于抑菌最低浓度或是消失,但药物对于微生物仍可维持短时间的抑制效果。对于革兰阳性细菌而言,临床上的抗菌药物通常均具备不同程度的抗生素后效应,但是多种抗菌药物中,以喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等浓度依赖类抗生素的PAE较为可靠。浓度依赖类抗菌药物的效果由血药峰浓度值所决定,药物持续时间对于药效的影响不明显。然而,在儿童的临床治疗中应用浓度依赖型抗菌药物,引起并发症的可能性较大,因此现阶段儿科用药中采用浓度依赖型抗菌药物的情况较为少见。对于β-内酰胺类药物等时间依赖型抗菌药物,药物峰浓度对于药效的影响不大,儿科临床上多是通过控制用药的间隔时间以及剂量确保用药合理性。

用药管理措施

从2009年7月起,我院从三个方面入手,严格管制儿科的用药情况:①药物选择。在选择药物时,若仅使用一种药物即可达到治疗的目的,则不采取联用其他药物的做法,尤其是抗生素方面,需准确掌握患儿的适应证,若患儿受染情况处于可控制状态,可通过培养细菌后,对治疗方案进行调整,在治疗时尽可能使用毒性较低与窄谱的药物;②剂型选择。原则上,可通过口服给药进行治疗则尽量避免采用注射治疗。积极研制口感较好的药物,以降低患儿对药物的排斥性。尽量给予患儿半衰期较长的药物,从而通过缩短用药时间以及用药频率,增强患儿对口服药物的依从性;③剂量选择。进行用药治疗前,应指导患儿进行相关检查,如肝功能、肾功能等方面,从而掌握患儿的机体情况,确保用药方面的合理性。

4结论

随着临床用药的管理强度增加,临床上的药物副作用发生率已经有效降低。研究表明,抗生素的分类对于患儿用药的效率产生很大的作用,因此,在临床上,医生要认真选择用药。而抗生素的后效应则与药品浓度密切相关。而浓度依赖性药物的使用会产生较多的并发症,而时间依赖型药物如β-内酰胺类药物的临床作用则主要取决于血与药物浓度在组织中高于MIC的时间,药物峰浓度不会对此产生太大的影响。因此临床上常常遵循着"缩短给药时间,减小给药剂量"的原则对患儿进行用药。

参考文献:

[1]姚冰,潘洁,王远光,等.儿科用药现状与分析[J].中国医院用药评价与分析,2011,11(1):41-44.

[2]张法.儿科用药存在的问题与合理用药[J].中国现代药物应用,2010,4(18):179-180.

[3]王爱英,窦传斌.加强合理用药规范儿科抗生素的临床应用[J].中国中医药现代远程 教育 ,2010,8(5):147-148.

中医处方用药中存在的问题分析

【摘要】目的:分析 总结 中医处方用药中存在的某些突出问题,探讨怎样从根本上保证中医处方用药做到科学、安全、有效。方法:随机抽取我院中医处方1000张,从中药的品种来源及其药效成分、药理作用或临床疗效分析存在的突出问题及危害。结果:存在超量用药、药味偏多、同类药合用、脚注遗漏、别名滥用及名称书写混乱。结论:这些问题的解决要依靠临床医师与药房两个方面的协作配合。

【关键词】中医处方用药;中药品种

中医处方是临床医师为患者治疗或预防疾病而开给药房配方用药的重要书面文件,既是给中药调剂人员的书面通知,又是中药调剂工作的依据,也是计价、统计的凭证,且有法律意义。处方用药的科学正确与否,事关患者的治疗效果与用药安全。笔者从药剂专业毕业后曾从事中药配方工作7年,从历年的调剂工作中发现中医处方用药存在某些较突出问题,现分析如下。

一、临床资料

随机抽取我院1999年-2006年中医处方1000张,存在问题的处方有32张,不合格处方率达。其中有些处方同时有多处问题存在,特挑选有代表性的处方分析如下。

1.超量用药

超量用药是目前中医处方十分普遍的现象,指处方中药味的量明显超出《中国药典》规定的常用量。从本质上讲,中药治病的物质基础是其所含的有效化学成分(药效成分)。中医在诊治中按辨证论治的原则为患者所开具的处方,不仅其药物组成,而且各药味的用量大小都直接与药效成分的发挥相关。但不是量越大越好,如细辛的使用自古有“不过钱”之说,即临床用量超过3g时,有使用不安全问题,现已证实其地上部分含肾毒性成分马兜铃酸,故2005年版《中国药典》规定细辛药用部位为根,删除了含毒性成分的地上部分。而在临床的处方中,却用到了20g,马兜铃酸虽中毒缓慢,但严重时可出现肾功衰竭、尿毒症而死亡。

不少中医药人员认为,当前中药存在炮制不规范、人工栽培养殖品增多等问题,引起质量下滑,只有增加用药量才能保证药效。这种看法是片面的。首先,随着中药材生产及中药饮片质量管理的不断加强,中药质量在不断提高[1]。况且中医常用的很多大量品种,数百年或更长时间以来就使用人工栽培品,不存在质量下降的问题。

2.药味偏多

处方药味偏多,即每剂药方由近20味药甚至更多的药味组成,在抽查的处方中发现,由于药味偏多,处方平均用药剂量均高达约200g/剂甚至以上[2],最重有达457g/剂。用药味数偏多使“君、臣、佐、使”的规律难以体现,不仅影响到中药疗效发挥,而且在煎药时由于众多化学成分的干扰或相互作用,可能产生不利的化学变化,导致中药的不良反应,同时也是对药材资源的一种浪费。

3.同类药的合用问题

这里的同类药合用是指中医常将两种药性与疗效特别相近的药味相互 配对 使用或相须为用,目的是增加疗效。如合用“二芽”(麦芽、谷芽)以提高消食健胃作用,并用“乳、没”(乳香、没药)以增强活血止痛生肌作用。但对于有毒性的药物,如川乌与草乌,因二者均主含乌头碱(aconitine)等多种毒性脂型生物碱成分,《中国药典》本身规定其内服时均应先煎或久煎(以降低毒性),如在不减小用量的情况下合用,极可能使毒性成分含量超过药用安全范围。故笔者认为毒性成分相同的药味不可盲目合用。

4.脚注遗漏

这是一个常见而又议论较多的问题。中医处方的“脚注”是指在处方药名前、后注示说明性术语,用以对该药味的来源或产地、规格、炮制加工、煎法用法等情况作出说明。目的是保障用药准确、用药质量及服用后的疗效与安全。一是说明药材的来源或产地,如川贝母、北山楂、怀地黄、川黄柏等,二是控制饮片的特殊质量,如黄芩开“条芩”或“子芩”(指黄芩中较嫩的根)时,则所含药效成分黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷等的量比老根“枯芩”中为高,三是指明炮制要求,如生首乌与制首乌,生用治疗肠燥便秘、降血脂,制用补肝肾、填精血、乌发强筋骨;四是说明特殊煎法服法,如矿石、贝壳、甲壳类药味须注明“先煎”,以便使难煎出的药效成分充分溶出,大黄、番泻叶及含芳香性挥发油类成分的药味应标明“后下”,以免久煎降低疗效或使挥发性有效成分散失。此外,还有另煎、包煎、冲服、烊化等等特殊要求,均有利于患者服用或疗效发挥。

二、讨论与小结

综上所述,中医处方用药是一项十分严谨的技术工作,事关防病治病安全有效的大事,不仅要求书写认真、细致规范,还要求临床医师彻底弄清每一处方药味的品种规格、炮制加工、药效成分、理化性质、毒副作用,以及正名与别名等方面的异同。处方用药涉及到医与药两个方面,在临床医师辨证论证、理法方药完全正确的前提下,还要求药房配方时做到准确无误,药房人员应该能够在用药品种来源、药材饮片的理化性质等方面对医师用药给予咨询建议及监督。此外,医院还应定期组织医药人员学习新的药物知识,不断提高业务技术。这样方可从根本上保证中医处方用药的准确、科学、有效与安全。

参考文献

[1] 万定荣,陈科力.近年武汉市区中药材原料与饮片质量调查与分析[J].中药材,2003,26(10):766.

[2] 姜翠敏,王洪泉,蔡玉凤.上海市部分医院中医处方用药剂量调查[J].中成药,2001,23(12):907.

我所要研究的课题是“中国医药批发企业现状与发展”。对一个医药批发企业来说,最重要的就是药品的来源和销售,每个医药企业都有固定的供应商和一定的营销手段,药品的供应需要医药物流的支持,而销售呢,就需要医药销售的支持,所以医药批发企业的现状与发展,是随着医药物流和医药销售而走的。 然而,在进公司工作一段时间后,我慢慢的对企业有了一定的了解,知道了一个医药批发企业如果想做大做好,就要运用网络,建立医药电子商务,这样医药批发企业才会有更好的发展。最后,我根据自己的个人看法,对医药批发企业的发展趋势做了几点归纳, 本次我要做的课题的目的和意义是:随着医药行业的发展,医药批发企业也孕育而生,得到了飞速的发展。而医药批发企业又是药厂与医院、药店的连接线,所以,医药批发企业的现状和发展再医药行业中占有很重要的地位。同时,本次所做的课题,让我深刻地了解了医药批发企业现状与发展。使我对医药批发企业有了一个深刻的了解。同时对我以后的工作有很大的帮助。

我可以给你,不上传,

药学专业毕业论文

药学是连接健康科学和化学科学的医疗保健行业,它承担着确保药品的安全和有效使用的职责。下面是我整理的药学专业毕业论文范文,与大家分享了解。

摘要:

有机化学实验是培养药学人才的一门重要课程。本文主要从教学内容、教学方法和网络虚拟教学等方面阐述实验教学改革,以提高学生学习有机化学的积极性,培养出高素质的应用型药学人才。

关键词:

药学;有机化学;实验教学

目前,重点高等医药院校药学人才培养目标主要是围绕研究型和创新型开展。一个国家民族医药企业的强大除了依靠研究型人才外,还需要大量的技术应用型人才。地方性本科院校现已成为我国高等教育的中坚力量,是本科人才培养的重要基地,其定位于培养为地方服务的大批应用型专门人才。我院于2014年10月被河南省教育厅确定为第二批向技术应用型本科院校转型的试点学校,我院药学专业初步确定为转型示范专业。我院于2013年开设本科药学专业,其办学定位是为医药企业培养高层次的应用型人才。有机化学是药学类专业一门重要的必修课程,有机化学实验[1]的应用性已充分渗透到药学的各领域。近年来,我院把高素质技术应用型人才培养作为教学改革的方向,加大实验教学投入,整合教学资源,把实验室建设和实验教学改革作为培养应用型人才的重要途径[2]。现将我院有机化学实验教学改革总结如下。

1转变观念,充分认识实验教学的重要性

传统观念认为有机化学的理论教学占主导地位,实验教学为理论教学服务,处于从属地位。学生也普遍认为理论知识重于实验,因此做实验时,只是按照实验大纲要求和步骤进行,对实验可能出现的结果无预知和分析,难以实现理论与实践教学相结合的教学目标[3]。因此,转变观念,改革实验教学,加强实验教学成为培养应用型药学人才的重要举措。

2改革实验教学模式

实验教学内容改革

[4]验证性、综合性和探究性是实验教学的主要特点。传统实验教学多以验证性实验为主,综合性和探究性实验较少,学生只是机械地重复操作过程,制约了学生的主动性和探究性。为此,我院删减了一部分验证性实验,保留一些基本化学实验操作,同时加强操作技能训练,适当增加一些设计性和创新性实验。在实验教学过程中,不断优化实验内容,使其更科学、更具适用性。蒸馏(包括常压和减压)、重结晶及萃取分离是有机化学实验最常用和最基本的操作,在实验教学中,尽可能多安排与这些操作技能相关的实验。在操作训练中,让学生知道并理解实验操作中的注意事项;熔点、沸点、折光率和旋光度等物理常数的测定在理论教学中着重讲解其原理,实验中则着重训练学生的操作技能。实验课程体系以典型合成实验为主,精选具有综合性和设计性的实验项目。例如,环己烯和1-溴丁烷的制备,将性质验证贯穿于合成实验中,使学生能加深对书本上理论知识的理解。将熔点测定和色谱技术分析融入阿司匹林的合成中,构成一个综合性实验。通过整合实验内容,不但强化学生的基本操作技能,还培养学生运用理论知识综合分析和解决问题能力。引导学生探究实验中出现的一系列问题,激发其探索精神,让学生对理论知识有更进一步的理解。开展设计性实验主要是满足药学专业学生毕业后工作和继续深造的需求,同时也有利于应用型人才的培养。例如,环己酮有多种合成路线,实验课前,让学生发挥主观能动性,设计出可能合理的合成路线及操作步骤。课堂上教师给出文献报道的合成路线,让学生对比一下自己设计的路线与文献中的有何不同,然后教师再引导学生分析讨论得到最佳的合成路线,即用次氯酸钠氧化环己醇得到环己酮,此法可避免重金属污染环境的问题。设计性实验教学可有效激发学生的实验兴趣,且实验后的成就感更能激发他们对有机化学的学习兴趣。

运用新的教学方法

[5]在传统“灌输式”教学过程中,学生只是一味地接受教师传授的知识,未能激发其主动性,教学结果就是学生对知识理解不深且不能灵活运用。因此,改革传统的教学模式势在必行。我院根据开设实验项目的特点,采用不同的教学方法,如启发式、示范式、讨论式等。实验前学生必须做好预习,对本次实验的目的、原理和步骤做到心中有数,并对实验注意事项和实验思考题多加思考。上课时,教师通过提问[6]来检验学生的预习效果,并根据提问情况,对教学内容有所选择地讲授,避免无重点的重复,提高教学效率。对实验操作,请2~3名学生课堂上示范演习,让其他同学找出其正确和错误的地方,然后教师再讲解示范。这种纠错式教学可使学生普遍存在的操作问题得到有效纠正。乙酰苯胺的合成有两种实验方法:(1)冰醋酸法。(2)醋酸酐法。实验前,学生查阅资料比较两种方法的优缺点。用冰醋酸法分馏时温度为什么要控制在100~110度之间,过高可以吗?用醋酸酐法加入盐酸和碳酸钠的目的是什么?等一系列问题,让学生带着问题去思考。做实验时,相邻的两组分别做冰醋酸法和醋酸酐法,这样学生可以相互对比实验效果。在做肉桂酸合成实验时,教师引导学生设计不同投料比、不同催化剂和不同温度的正交试验。对比实验结果得到肉桂酸的最佳合成条件。正交试验法有利于培养学生的探索精神和科研思路。

利用网络虚拟实验辅助教学

[7]随着网络信息技术的飞速发展,其在现代教育中的应用越来越广泛。传统授课方法无法将有些实验操作描述的很清晰,学生也不容易接受。我们教研室采用动态PPT实验操作图或教学视频来讲授实验操作,学生普遍反映良好。这种教学方式能将抽象的内容转变成生动、鲜活的知识,学生的实验操作不规范和失误率大大减少。此外,某些实验因仪器特殊、药品控制较严等原因而无法开展,我们采用网络虚拟实验教学法,学生看过讲义后,在电脑上进行虚拟实验操作并观察实验现象。在进行每步操作时,如果正确,可继续进行;若错误,电脑会提醒学生该如何进行,保证实验顺利进行。网络虚拟可模拟某些特殊实验,弥补了现实无法进行的不足,有助于提高教学质量。

倡导绿色化学理念

[8]现在环境污染越来越严重,已影响到人们的生活,而有机化学实验中的试剂和原料等都会对环境造成污染,如果处理得不恰当,危害更严重。在实验教学中要有意识地引用“绿色”理念,合理设计实验课程体系,联系相关实验,将上一实验产物作为后面实验原料。为尽量减少化学实验对环境的危害,在不改变实验的前提下,尽量采用小规格的容器,如采用50ml的圆底烧瓶做反应装置,大大减少原料和试剂的使用量。选用毒性小的溶剂代替毒性大的'溶剂,如乙醇代替甲醇,甲苯代替苯等。乙醇、乙酸乙酯是化学实验中使用比较多的溶剂,且可回收再利用。将回收的乙醇废液经蒸馏得到大约95%乙醇,可作为清洗剂,也可用于咖啡x因的提取。对实验产生的废弃物让学生加以分类、集中收集,倒入指定地方,最后由教师统一处理,避免有害溶剂腐蚀管道和污染地下水。

3完善实验教学考核体系,综合客观评定学生成绩

[9]以往实验成绩主要是根据学生上交的实验报告来评定,从报告上无法了解学生对知识和操作技能的掌握情况,因此有必要建立一套能全面客观综合评价学生成绩的实验考核体系。综合评价法可有效评定学生的实验成绩,主要从4方面对学生进行考核:

(1)预习(占10%),主要考查学生预习情况,包括目的、原理等内容;

(2)实际操作能力(占30%),教师考查每组学生的装置安装和操作规范与否等;

(3)考勤及纪律(占10%);

(4)操作考核(占50%),主要以抽题形式进行,考查学生基本操作掌握情况。

通过这一年的改革实践证明:综合考核方式更能引起学生对实验的重视,更能客观评价每一位学生。地方性院校本科药学专业有机化学实验教学改革的目的就是提高学生学习有机化学的积极性,培养出具有技术应用型潜力的优秀人才。虽然实验教学改革取得了一些成绩,但是时代在发展,技术在进步,教学改革也应与时俱进,要积极吸取其他院校教改的成功经验,不断探索,不断完善有机化学实验教学体系。

参考文献:

[1]李如章,王书华.有机化学实验[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.

[2]柯方,周孙英.有机化学实验对药学专业学生素质培养的探讨[J].基础医学教育,2013,15(4):394-396.

[3]唐振林,高吉仁,李惠民,等.高职药学专业有机化学实验教学的改革探索[J].卫生职业教育,2014,32(15):92-93.

[4]付蕾,范卓文,张立剑,等.改革药学专业有机化学实验培养学生创新能力[J].实验室科学,2012,15(6):146-148.

[5]宋尔群,宋杨.药学本科有机化学课程和实验教学探讨[J].药学实践杂志,2013,31(5):398-400.

[6]刘春萍,刘X,孙林,等.基于问题教学法的有机化学实验教学案例[J].实验科学与技术,2011,9(5):142.

[7]熊万明,陈金珠,陈清,等.网络课程辅助下有机化学实验的教学改革研究与实践[J].化工高等教育,2014(6):57-59.

[8]赵丽娜,陆国志.高校化学实验中绿色化学的研究[J].实验技术与管理,2013,30(2):179-181.

[9]姚建文,王虎,孙海军.药学专业有机化学实验教学模式改革的探索[J].中国科教创新导刊,2011(1):26.

药学论文模板英语小学版

一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人

标题摘要关键词正文

英语论文格式模板2017

英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文,除了细心严谨之外,还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板,欢迎阅读!

英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。

英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。

字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。

行距:单倍行距。

页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。

文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)

图表:

标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。

照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。

参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为:题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。

1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。

2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。

3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。

4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。

5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。

6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。

7、论文打印纸张规格:A4210297毫米。

8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上:3厘米;下:厘米;左:厘米;右:厘米;装订线:厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:厘米;页脚厘米。

9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,缩进选0厘米,间距选0磅,行距选倍,特殊格式选(无),调整右缩进选项为空,根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。

10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样,并左对齐。

11、使用软件:MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。

文献注释

注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目,集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字,不要列入文末的参考文献,而要作为注释放在页下,用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式,如:

①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体,注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体,英语采用Times New Roman 9号。

Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's concern. However, different people hold different attitudes toward. A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________. Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 最近,_______问题已引起人们的关注,然而,人们的态度各不相同,很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问,对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处(好处)。我十分赞同这一论述_________________,主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________.它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点,把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然,现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。

药学论文模板英语翻译版

人工翻译,请放心采纳整体来说,药理学涵盖历史、来源、物理和化学性质、混配,生化和生理效果、作用机理、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄,以及药物治疗及其他用途的知识。因为一种药物大体上被定义为影响生命过程的任何化学制剂,药理学的学科主体显然相当广泛。可是,对于医生和医学学生,药理学的范围并不如上面定义指出的那么宽泛。临床医生主要对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有用的药物感兴趣,或对于预防怀孕有用的药物感兴趣。他对这些药物的药理学的研究可以合理地限制在为其合理的临床用途提供基础的那些方面。

不用非得机械的翻译 你可以多查查文献 把文献中的语句套过来 整合成你自己的摘要 不一定非要自己来翻译

当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

去创新医学网一定能找到的,上面24科室的论文都有,而且全部免费,自己去找找吧!

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