人工翻译,请放心采纳整体来说,药理学涵盖历史、来源、物理和化学性质、混配,生化和生理效果、作用机理、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄,以及药物治疗及其他用途的知识。因为一种药物大体上被定义为影响生命过程的任何化学制剂,药理学的学科主体显然相当广泛。可是,对于医生和医学学生,药理学的范围并不如上面定义指出的那么宽泛。临床医生主要对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有用的药物感兴趣,或对于预防怀孕有用的药物感兴趣。他对这些药物的药理学的研究可以合理地限制在为其合理的临床用途提供基础的那些方面。
问题一:毕业论文 用英语怎么说? Graduation thesis 问题二:论文题目中的“以...为例”怎么翻译? illustrated by the case of Chengdu illustrated by the exampl俯 of Chengdu 也可以。 然后其实很多英文教材书名都会说: An Asia Perspective,你觉得你这里用A Chengdu Perspective如何呢。就是从成都的角度来分析。 问题三:论文题目英文翻译 Cultivation of Senior Students' Ability in Solving Chemistry Problems --- Examples with Chemical Flow Diagrams 问题四:写论文时,要英文题目。那么 论 字如何翻译? 一般不翻译,若翻译可用 On \ talk about \ A report about \ A report on 恭 sth. report 也可换成talk 建议用On 希望有帮助 问题五:论文题目的英语翻译 Analytical research report on the particularities of major traffic accidents(或 incidents) in our country recently. 我国近年来重大交通事故的特征分析 问题六:论文标题翻译成英语 1、Research on Process Reengineering of Corporate Payment Based on Bank-pany Direct Linkage 2、Research on Process Reengineering of Corporate Payment Based on Bank-pany Direct Linkage-A Case of pany A 问题七:在学士论文英文题目翻译中以…为例英文和汉语格式是怎样的? take A for example 问题八:英语论文一级标题二级标题怎么表示 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms (题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”) (学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。) 【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms The characteristics of English idioms (正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:…,…;小节的编号为:, …。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a),......>> 问题九:论文题目英语怎么说 the title of the dissertation 论文题目 the title of the dissertation 论文题目 问题十:论文题目英文翻译 Cultivation of Senior Students' Ability in Solving Chemistry Problems --- Examples with Chemical Flow Diagrams
一般是title
我一般用这个 title 希望采纳 谢谢
Purpose: to laevigata for root and stem the anti-inflammatory effects of comparative study, to study the root and stem rose laevigata the pharmacological effects of contrast, ensure the safe and effective medication and laevigata scientific research work, as its quality standards, regulating market. Method: acute and chronic inflammatory experiment inflamed by the : Gold cherry stem in mice have acute and chronic Pro-and anti-inflammatory effect, and there is no laevigata; anti-inflammatory effect stems from rose laevigata ethanol extract of the anti-inflammatory effect than water extracts strong anti-inflammatory : this product stem of different solvent extracts in acute inflammatory experiments on mice have toes swelling obvious inhibitory effect, swelling volume and blank-control group has significance; in chronic inflammatory experiments stem of different solvent extracts on Granuloma growth inhibitory effect, there is an obvious Granuloma weight compared with a control group and obvious ease; different solvents of the root extracts of acute inflammation experiments on mice toes without obvious inhibitory effect, and the control group, no significance; in chronic inflammatory experiment with different solvents of the root extract on agar-induced Granuloma no clear inhibitory effect, and the control group, no significance.
哈,你也是英专的啊?我们班写翻译的好多
有很多啊 一下供你参考英汉翻译方向On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation(浅谈翻译中文化因素的异化和归化)On Treatment of Cultural Factors in Translation (翻译中文化差异的处理方法)On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese (汉英公示语的翻译)On Translation of English Names of Commendation (英语商品名称的翻译)The relationship between Cultural Difference and Translation Skill 中英文化差异与翻译技巧An Approach to the Translation of Poetic Image诗歌翻译的意象问题探讨A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Films英语电影片名汉译研究A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Novels英语小说题目的汉译问题A Comparative Study of the English Version of the Poem “ Untitled “ by Li Shangyin李商隐的诗〈无题〉的英译比较研究Foreignization and Translation of IdiomsOn Culture Translation under ForeignizationOn Faithfulness in TranslationOn Fidelity and Expressiveness in TranslationInterpreting and Interpreting SkillsOn Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English IdiomsEquivalence and its Application in Translation Cultural Equivalence in TranslationLearning a Foreign Language Through TranslationArts in Verse TranslationA Comparative Study of Two English Version of Hong Lou MengOn Translating the Passive VoiceOn the Translation of English Long SentencesThe Social and Cultural Factors in Translation PracticeThe Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural TranslationExploring English-Chinese Audiovisual TranslationOn Chinese Translation of Journalistic EnglishOn the Criteria of InterpretationOn the Unit of TranslationThe Cultural Differences and Arts of Translation in Advertising LanguageOn Transformation between Parts of Speech in E-C TranslationExploring Substitution and Ellipsis in TranslationOn English Proverbs TranslationOn the Criteria of TranslationThe Analysis of Translation StyleCultural Differences and Translation StrategiesTranslation and Foreign Language YeachingChinglish in C-E YranslationA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Allusions and their TranslationEnglish Neologisms in Newspaper and their TranslationOn Translation of Humor in Pride and PrejudiceOn Features of Journalistic English and its TranslationCultural Discrepancies and their Influences on TranslationEnglish and Chinese Translation Song lyricsTranslation of Address Term between English and ChineseOn the Importance of Context in TranslationOn the Translation of English Pun into ChineseThe Role of Dictionary in TranslationThought Pattern and its Influence on TranslationLexical Characteristics of Legal English and Legal Lexicon TranslationFeatures of Foreign Trade English and its Translation ModelOn Euphemism TranslationTranslation of Metaphor from English into ChineseFeatures of Tourism English and its Translation翻译中的文化因素影视字幕翻译的原则影响长句翻译的因素例析英译汉中形象语言的处理生活中广告英语的翻译特色对翻译原则“以信为本,求真求美”的思考翻译中的中国英语与中国式英语南昌旅游景点中英翻译错误及纠错对策背景知识在口、笔译中所扮演的角色分析商务英语翻译的不对等性
英语的论文题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义。为此以下是我为大家整理的关于的内容,一起来看看吧! 一 on Translation of Trade Marks and Culture 商标翻译与文化研究 Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice 影响翻译实践的社会和文化因素 the Translation of English Idioms 论英语习语的翻译 on Features and Translation of English Idioms 英语习语翻译特点研究 parison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms 中英习语翻译与比较 on Loyalty in English-Chinese Translation 中英互译的忠实性研究 Equivalence in Translation 翻译中的文化对等性研究 Translation and the Important of it 文学翻译与重要性研究 the Du Fu’s Poems Translation 论杜甫的诗词翻译 Analysis of Techniques for Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation 通过翻译学习外语的技巧分析 11.中英颜色词的文化差异及翻译 Cultural Differences and Translation in Chinese and English Color words 翻译中不可译性的文化阐释 Cultural Perspective on Untranslatability 中英动物文化内涵的不同及翻译 Connotation and Translation in Chinese and English Animals 浅论翻译中的译者主体性发挥的度 Degree of Translators Subjectivity in Translation 修辞策略在广告英语中的效用探究 Probe of the Effect of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement Analysis of the English Translation of the Information about Scenic Spots in Wuhan 武汉旅游景点资料的英译错误分析 Most Favorable Method for Translating Foreign Words into Chinese 音意兼译外来词中译之首选方法 Tentative Study on the Cohesion and Coherence in Sun Zhili’s Chinese Translation of Pride and Prejudice 浅论《傲慢与偏见》孙致礼中译本的衔接与连贯 Translation of Attributive Clauses in English for Science and Technology 科技英语中定语从句的汉译 Titles and Their TranslationA cross-cultural perspective 从跨文化角度分析电影片名及其翻译 Expressions on Public Signs from Chinese into English 汉语公示语英译 22.论文化差异与翻译 Cultural differences and translation 23.商标名的翻译原则与品牌文化 The Translation Principle of Brand Names and Brand Culture 24.英文电影片名的翻译策略与翻译方法研究 On Translation of English Film Names 25.意美、音美、形美--英文商标的汉译 Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form--On Translation of English Trademarks into Chinese 26.中文商标英译探 On the Translation of Trademarks from Chinese into English 二 1. 商务英语函电翻译技巧 2. 论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 3. 浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 4. 商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 5. 商务函电翻译的用词技巧 6. 商标名称的翻译与策略 7. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 8. 如何翻译好日常商务文书 9. 商务英语信函的语体分析 10. 浅谈商务信函的文体特征 11. 英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 12. 商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 13. 论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 14. 跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 15. 浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 16. 商务英语函电翻译技巧 17. 论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 18. 浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 19. 商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 20. 商务函电翻译的用词技巧 21. 商标名称的翻译与策略 22. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 23. 如何翻译好日常商务文书 24. 商务英语信函的语体分析 25. 浅谈商务信函的文体特征 26. 英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 27. 商务英语汉英翻译中从句的运用技巧 28. 论跨文化因素对商业广告英语翻译的影响 29. 跨文化商务交际中的语言和非语言因素 30. 浅谈英语告示语的语言特色与翻译 三 1、 文化差异与英汉习语翻译 2、 浅析《虞美人•春花秋月何时了》的三种英译 3、 浅谈如何综合选用直译和意译 4、 中国特色新词的英译 5、 汉语成语的英译技巧探索 6、 英语习语的翻译技巧 7、 张扬中国文化,让世界了解中国---汉英翻译中的“求同存异”原则 8、汉英颜色词对比研究 9、广告翻译技巧 10、英语习语翻译技巧 11、从“三美”原则来谈诗歌翻译 12、浅谈直译与意译
有很多啊 一下供你参考英汉翻译方向On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation(浅谈翻译中文化因素的异化和归化)On Treatment of Cultural Factors in Translation (翻译中文化差异的处理方法)On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese (汉英公示语的翻译)On Translation of English Names of Commendation (英语商品名称的翻译)The relationship between Cultural Difference and Translation Skill 中英文化差异与翻译技巧An Approach to the Translation of Poetic Image诗歌翻译的意象问题探讨A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Films英语电影片名汉译研究A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Novels英语小说题目的汉译问题A Comparative Study of the English Version of the Poem “ Untitled “ by Li Shangyin李商隐的诗〈无题〉的英译比较研究Foreignization and Translation of IdiomsOn Culture Translation under ForeignizationOn Faithfulness in TranslationOn Fidelity and Expressiveness in TranslationInterpreting and Interpreting SkillsOn Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English IdiomsEquivalence and its Application in Translation Cultural Equivalence in TranslationLearning a Foreign Language Through TranslationArts in Verse TranslationA Comparative Study of Two English Version of Hong Lou MengOn Translating the Passive VoiceOn the Translation of English Long SentencesThe Social and Cultural Factors in Translation PracticeThe Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural TranslationExploring English-Chinese Audiovisual TranslationOn Chinese Translation of Journalistic EnglishOn the Criteria of InterpretationOn the Unit of TranslationThe Cultural Differences and Arts of Translation in Advertising LanguageOn Transformation between Parts of Speech in E-C TranslationExploring Substitution and Ellipsis in TranslationOn English Proverbs TranslationOn the Criteria of TranslationThe Analysis of Translation StyleCultural Differences and Translation StrategiesTranslation and Foreign Language YeachingChinglish in C-E YranslationA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Allusions and their TranslationEnglish Neologisms in Newspaper and their TranslationOn Translation of Humor in Pride and PrejudiceOn Features of Journalistic English and its TranslationCultural Discrepancies and their Influences on TranslationEnglish and Chinese Translation Song lyricsTranslation of Address Term between English and ChineseOn the Importance of Context in TranslationOn the Translation of English Pun into ChineseThe Role of Dictionary in TranslationThought Pattern and its Influence on TranslationLexical Characteristics of Legal English and Legal Lexicon TranslationFeatures of Foreign Trade English and its Translation ModelOn Euphemism TranslationTranslation of Metaphor from English into ChineseFeatures of Tourism English and its Translation翻译中的文化因素影视字幕翻译的原则影响长句翻译的因素例析英译汉中形象语言的处理生活中广告英语的翻译特色对翻译原则“以信为本,求真求美”的思考翻译中的中国英语与中国式英语南昌旅游景点中英翻译错误及纠错对策背景知识在口、笔译中所扮演的角色分析商务英语翻译的不对等性
哈,你也是英专的啊?我们班写翻译的好多
论文选题参考方向 \x0d\x0a1. 谈英语谚语的翻译 \x0d\x0a2. 谈英语幽默的翻译 \x0d\x0a3. 英语汉译技巧初探 \x0d\x0a4. 地方名胜古迹汉译英 \x0d\x0a5. 翻译中常见错误分析 \x0d\x0a6. 中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 \x0d\x0a7. 会话含义的推导与翻译 \x0d\x0a8. 词汇的文化内涵与翻译 \x0d\x0a9. 语境在翻译中的作用 \x0d\x0a10.翻译技巧探索 \x0d\x0a11.商标词翻译 \x0d\x0a12.广告语言的翻译 \x0d\x0a13.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 \x0d\x0a14.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 \x0d\x0a15.英汉谚语的理解和翻译 \x0d\x0a16.浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译 \x0d\x0a17.中西文化差异与翻译障碍 \x0d\x0a18.英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译 \x0d\x0a19.英语意义否定表现法及其汉译 \x0d\x0a20.浅谈新闻标题的翻译 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a也可以自己根据查阅的资料确定题目。
英语翻译论文题目
写英语翻译的论文需要写哪些内容呢?选什么样的题目合适?下面是我为大家收集的关于英语翻译论文题目,欢迎大家阅读!
1、谈英语谚语的翻译
2、谈英语幽默的翻译
3、英语汉译技巧初探
4、地方名胜古迹汉译英
5、翻译中常见错误分析
6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响
7、会话含义的推导与翻译
8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译
9、语境在翻译中的作用
10、翻译技巧探索
11、商标词翻译
12、广告语言的翻译
13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题
14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响
15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译
16、浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译
17、中西文化差异与翻译障碍
18、英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译
19、英语意义否定表现法及其汉译
20、浅谈新闻标题的翻译
21、互文性理论下的电影片名翻译
22、从唐诗《春望》英译比较看译者主体性
23、功能对等理论在英文电影字幕翻译中的应用-以《肖申克的救赎》为个案
24、语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯
25、从关联理论视角看汉语习语的英译
26、从目的论角度看新闻标题英汉翻译
27、目的论关照下的汉语标语翻译
28、影视翻译的特点及技巧-阿甘正传个案研究
29、The Characteristics of Athletic English and Its Translation体育英语的特点及翻译
30、Chinese Reduplicated Words and their Translation into English 汉语叠词及其英译
31、Non-Correspondence in English-Chinese Translation of Color Words中英文翻译中颜色词的非对应
32、On the Cultural Signification of Animal Idioms and Translation 动物俚语文化含义与翻译
33、Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations in Cross-cultural Vision跨文化视野中的异化和归化翻译
34、The Loss of Affective Meaning in Translation ―from the Perspective of Cultural Differences 从文化差异的角度看翻译中情感意义的丢失
35、On the Explicitness and Implicitness of Conjunctions in English-Chinese Translation Process 论连词再英汉翻译中的显性和隐性存在
36、Approaching Domestication and Foreignization in Translation from a Functional Perspective 从功能翻译角度看归化与异化
37、Conversion of Part of Speech in English-Chinese Translation 英译汉中词类的转换
38、The Transfer of Culture Image and of English and Chinese Idioms in Translating 论英汉习语翻译中的文化意象的转化 VI 旅游英语方向的选题
39、科技汉英翻译中的.修辞现象述评 ( An Overview of Rhetoric in Scientific English Translation )
40、科技英汉翻译中的虚实互化现象微探 ( Research on the Change from Abstractness to Concreteness in Scientific Translation )
41、翻译方法个案研究?如?“从海明威的短篇小说《一个 干净、明亮的地方》看简洁句的翻译”?
42、两个译本比较研究 ?或某 个译本翻译评论?
43、某个著名翻译家翻译方法或翻译风格研究
44、英汉习语翻译方法研究
45、广告翻译策略 研究
46、Culture Differences and Translation of English &Chinese Idioms
47、浅析应用文体之翻译
48、烹饪英语 翻译探微
49、科技英语翻译方法例析
50、中式菜谱的英译
51、汉语颜色 词的英译
52、福克勒小说的英译
53、英语俚语的汉译
54、论英语委婉 语的差异和翻译对策
55、实用文体翻译中的语 言、文化透视?结合语言学、跨文化交际等相关内容分析影响实 用文体翻译的因素?
56、关于对外交流翻译中不足 的反思?如?电影名的误译?旅游翻译的误译及其他。?
57、对某一翻译的理解与 探讨?如“信、达、雅”的探讨与新解?等等
58、中国特色词汇及其英译
59、中英数字文化对比及其翻译策略
60、论小说风格的传译
61、英文小说中对话的翻译
62、英汉修辞格 的语篇衔接作用及其在翻译中的再现
63、文学翻译批评简论
64、英汉语篇衔接 作用及其翻译策略
65、汉语广告英译中的巧 译策略探微
有很多啊 一下供你参考英汉翻译方向On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation(浅谈翻译中文化因素的异化和归化)On Treatment of Cultural Factors in Translation (翻译中文化差异的处理方法)On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese (汉英公示语的翻译)On Translation of English Names of Commendation (英语商品名称的翻译)The relationship between Cultural Difference and Translation Skill 中英文化差异与翻译技巧An Approach to the Translation of Poetic Image诗歌翻译的意象问题探讨A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Films英语电影片名汉译研究A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Novels英语小说题目的汉译问题A Comparative Study of the English Version of the Poem “ Untitled “ by Li Shangyin李商隐的诗〈无题〉的英译比较研究Foreignization and Translation of IdiomsOn Culture Translation under ForeignizationOn Faithfulness in TranslationOn Fidelity and Expressiveness in TranslationInterpreting and Interpreting SkillsOn Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English IdiomsEquivalence and its Application in Translation Cultural Equivalence in TranslationLearning a Foreign Language Through TranslationArts in Verse TranslationA Comparative Study of Two English Version of Hong Lou MengOn Translating the Passive VoiceOn the Translation of English Long SentencesThe Social and Cultural Factors in Translation PracticeThe Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural TranslationExploring English-Chinese Audiovisual TranslationOn Chinese Translation of Journalistic EnglishOn the Criteria of InterpretationOn the Unit of TranslationThe Cultural Differences and Arts of Translation in Advertising LanguageOn Transformation between Parts of Speech in E-C TranslationExploring Substitution and Ellipsis in TranslationOn English Proverbs TranslationOn the Criteria of TranslationThe Analysis of Translation StyleCultural Differences and Translation StrategiesTranslation and Foreign Language YeachingChinglish in C-E YranslationA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Allusions and their TranslationEnglish Neologisms in Newspaper and their TranslationOn Translation of Humor in Pride and PrejudiceOn Features of Journalistic English and its TranslationCultural Discrepancies and their Influences on TranslationEnglish and Chinese Translation Song lyricsTranslation of Address Term between English and ChineseOn the Importance of Context in TranslationOn the Translation of English Pun into ChineseThe Role of Dictionary in TranslationThought Pattern and its Influence on TranslationLexical Characteristics of Legal English and Legal Lexicon TranslationFeatures of Foreign Trade English and its Translation ModelOn Euphemism TranslationTranslation of Metaphor from English into ChineseFeatures of Tourism English and its Translation翻译中的文化因素影视字幕翻译的原则影响长句翻译的因素例析英译汉中形象语言的处理生活中广告英语的翻译特色对翻译原则“以信为本,求真求美”的思考翻译中的中国英语与中国式英语南昌旅游景点中英翻译错误及纠错对策背景知识在口、笔译中所扮演的角色分析商务英语翻译的不对等性
【关键词】 医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略: 在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法: 首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。 其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响) “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手: 在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。 在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
哈,你也是英专的啊?我们班写翻译的好多
去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
哈,你也是英专的啊?我们班写翻译的好多
翻译方向的.英语习语方面的.觉得这方面的很有趣,并且材料也很好搜集,写作角度也很广.在写作过程中,无论是从中西方文化方面还是从语言方面确实都学到不少东西. 每个人的兴趣不一样,不知道你会不会对这方面的感兴趣.“论电影片名的翻译”,这个题目比较好写,答辩的时候老师听的也比较有兴趣,资料也不难找。楼主可以试试。合同翻译中的经济、法律术语翻译如果以后要做翻译工作,也非常实用
很多,比如主位、述位与英汉互译英汉语篇对比与翻译西方翻译理论概述中国翻译史大纲口译技巧与训练等等
有很多啊 一下供你参考英汉翻译方向On Foreignization and Domestication of Cultural Factors in Translation(浅谈翻译中文化因素的异化和归化)On Treatment of Cultural Factors in Translation (翻译中文化差异的处理方法)On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese (汉英公示语的翻译)On Translation of English Names of Commendation (英语商品名称的翻译)The relationship between Cultural Difference and Translation Skill 中英文化差异与翻译技巧An Approach to the Translation of Poetic Image诗歌翻译的意象问题探讨A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Films英语电影片名汉译研究A Study of the Chinese Version of Titles of English Novels英语小说题目的汉译问题A Comparative Study of the English Version of the Poem “ Untitled “ by Li Shangyin李商隐的诗〈无题〉的英译比较研究Foreignization and Translation of IdiomsOn Culture Translation under ForeignizationOn Faithfulness in TranslationOn Fidelity and Expressiveness in TranslationInterpreting and Interpreting SkillsOn Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English IdiomsEquivalence and its Application in Translation Cultural Equivalence in TranslationLearning a Foreign Language Through TranslationArts in Verse TranslationA Comparative Study of Two English Version of Hong Lou MengOn Translating the Passive VoiceOn the Translation of English Long SentencesThe Social and Cultural Factors in Translation PracticeThe Application of Functional Equivalence in English and Chinese Cross-cultural TranslationExploring English-Chinese Audiovisual TranslationOn Chinese Translation of Journalistic EnglishOn the Criteria of InterpretationOn the Unit of TranslationThe Cultural Differences and Arts of Translation in Advertising LanguageOn Transformation between Parts of Speech in E-C TranslationExploring Substitution and Ellipsis in TranslationOn English Proverbs TranslationOn the Criteria of TranslationThe Analysis of Translation StyleCultural Differences and Translation StrategiesTranslation and Foreign Language YeachingChinglish in C-E YranslationA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Allusions and their TranslationEnglish Neologisms in Newspaper and their TranslationOn Translation of Humor in Pride and PrejudiceOn Features of Journalistic English and its TranslationCultural Discrepancies and their Influences on TranslationEnglish and Chinese Translation Song lyricsTranslation of Address Term between English and ChineseOn the Importance of Context in TranslationOn the Translation of English Pun into ChineseThe Role of Dictionary in TranslationThought Pattern and its Influence on TranslationLexical Characteristics of Legal English and Legal Lexicon TranslationFeatures of Foreign Trade English and its Translation ModelOn Euphemism TranslationTranslation of Metaphor from English into ChineseFeatures of Tourism English and its Translation翻译中的文化因素影视字幕翻译的原则影响长句翻译的因素例析英译汉中形象语言的处理生活中广告英语的翻译特色对翻译原则“以信为本,求真求美”的思考翻译中的中国英语与中国式英语南昌旅游景点中英翻译错误及纠错对策背景知识在口、笔译中所扮演的角色分析商务英语翻译的不对等性