发布时间：
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
英文毕业论文致谢信范文(五篇)
【第1篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第2篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第3篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis; I wish to exPss my sincere apPciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here atTai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.
Firstly, I would like to exPss my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its Psent form.
Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their Pcious suggestions for my study here.
Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
【第4篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.
High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.
I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.
Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.
【第5篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
At the very first, I am honored to exPss my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly apPciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.
Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.
At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.
这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
Is It Right to Require Class Attendance?Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it a good practice. But is it wise to do so? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course? The value of required attendance is being questioned by more and more teachers and is class attendance required? The reason seems fairly distinct and understandable. For one thing, to ensure that all the students in his or her class are attending it has been considered one of the responsibilities of the teacher in the long run. A strong sense of responsibility is acting on the teachers and making them feel lose face or even guilty if they are facing just several students in a classroom which should be filled with many more of them. Also playing a part is that teachers have to find ways to evaluate their students, and attendance, which is a perfect measurable factor, can be their good choice apart from mere paper does that make sense? Have teachers achieved their goal? Take the first glance and people may say "yes", because you can easily find that in the courses which require class attendance there are always a lot of students. But things are not just simply what they look like, however. "I'm tired of the course,but I've got to attend it. So I leave after my name is mentioned by the teacher." A college student said so and if you have experienced college life, you'll find he's not alone in saying so. In some courses attendance checking has been somewhat a burden to the students and they have developed several ways to escape classes while still retain good record on the teachers' way is to leave silently after attendance checking, and there's still other ways such as asking others to reply when his or her name is called, etc. Even just talk about the students who never escape classes. We can hardly assume they're really "taking" the course because none of the available data shows any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course. One may be sitting in the classroom, but who knows whether he or she is just sitting there daydreaming all the time?What surprises us is that there are students who get high marks without attending many classes. So now we seem to have reached a corner: how to explain all these phenomena? Is class attendance requirement really a ridiculous thing or have we missed something important that gives us the answer?Just consider the teachers' goal again and we can get more out of the problem. The point of all the things is that we should find a better way to arouse the students' enthusiasm and efficiency to study and attendance requirement is just one of the methods. One's course performance is measured by his or her efforts and efficiency rather than the time he spends to attend class. A student may have a high rate of attendance but low study efficiency. What's more, if we make a close research about the college education we can see why college education is not welcome. A sense of being compelled to study and not being trusted is the most important factor in it. Students in colleges tend to think they are already grown-ups who're responsible for what they can do and what they want to do. The attendance checking makes them feel that they are treated like children and thus may destroy the enthusiasm of study or even cause them to cheat the teachers in different ways. Another factor that bears the same importance is the classes, or to say the teachers them selves. Why do students fail to follow the courses? One thing that can not be denied is that many classes are simply too only repeat their materials from the textbook and students feel they can gain nothing from it. For the third but not the least one, students do lack a strong desire to study and responsibility for themselves these days. Their life is filled with too many things such as PCs, TVs, and a lot of other make them impetuous and unable to sit down quietly studying."Awareness of the problem is half of the solution," Once Edison mentioned. Now that we have reached the conclusion that mere attendance requirement is not right, nor necessary, what shall teachers and students do to find the other half of the solution and end the "hide and see" game?First, maintaining students attention and interest is still a big challenge for the classroom lecturers. One way for professors to meet the challenge is to brighten the classes with anecdotes for comic relief. Another way is to integrate visuals into classroom activities. Still another way is to punctuate the classes with discussion. Through all these methods the students' enthusiasm of study may be aroused and they would have the desire to study instead of being compelled to sit in the classroom thinking how to escape themselves should take actions to solve the problems too. The essence of the problem is how to improve their study quality and students themselves, as those who benefit from all the endeavors, must give an active response to teachers and the society. Just as Newton once said, "Exploring the unknown is the happiest thing in my life."Students must develop their interest and desire to learn in classes. They should try their best to follow the courses to get knowledge from them instead of making all kinds of excuses to escape all, taking all these factors into account, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that to require class attendance is not an effective way to ensure the students' study quality and efficiency, but it stands for the endless endeavor of educators to improve the standard of education and to give students better tourscs. Awareness of the problem is the first step and other effective measures are being taken. We have strong belief that the situation in the near future will be better and students as well as the teachers will both get high efficiency and interest from the try and believe it! We cast our eyes forward because there will be a brighter future of education!它有权要求类出席？需要一流的出勤，像一个古老的习俗，是常见于我国高校，许多教师甚至学生自己承担它只是一个很好的做法。但是，明智的，它这样做？它有助于提高学生的人数上课。但没有任何证明的关系出勤率和性能的课程？所需的价值提出质疑出席正在为越来越多的教师和学生。为什么一流的出勤需要？其原因似乎相当明显的和可以理解的。一方面，以确保所有的学生在他或她的阶级参加它一直被认为是的责任，老师从长远来看。强烈的责任感是代理的教师，使他们觉得没面子，甚至如果他们有罪面临只是几个学生在课堂应该充满了更多的人。也发挥了部分教师必须找到办法来评价学生，入学，这是一个完美的衡量因素，可他们很好的选择除了单纯的文件马克。但是，这是否有意义？有教师实现其目标？采取乍一看，人们可能会说“是” ，因为你可以很容易地找到，在课程，需要有一流的出勤率一直是很多学生。但事情并不只是他们看起来像，但是。 “我已经厌倦了球场，但我必须参加它。所以，我离开后，我的名字是提到的老师。 ”大学生这么说，如果你经历过大学生活，你会发现他不是一个人这样说。在一些课程出勤率检查而得到某种程度的负担，学生和他们已经开发几种方式来逃避上课，同时仍保留良好记录的教师方式是默默离开后，出席检查，并还有其他方式，如要求别人的答复时，他或她的名字叫做等甚至只是谈论谁没有逃生的学生上课。我们也难以承担他们真正“同时”的过程，因为没有可用的数据显示任何证明关系出勤率和性能的课程。人不得坐在教室，但谁知道他或她是否只是坐在那里白日做梦吗？我们什么惊喜的是，有学生谁获得高分没有参加许多课程。因此，我们现在似乎已经达到一个角落：如何解释这些现象？是一流的出勤要求实际上是一个可笑的事情，或者我们错过了一些重要的是给我们提供了一个答案吗？只是考虑到教师的目标，我们可以再次获得更多的问题。这一点对所有的事情是，我们应该寻找更好的方式来调动学生的积极性和效率，研究和出勤率的要求是公正的方法之一。一个人的表现当然是衡量他或她的努力和效率，而不是花费的时间，他上课。一个学生可能有很高的出席率低，但学习效率。更何况，如果我们作出的密切研究大学教育，我们可以看到，为什么大学教育是不欢迎。感被迫学习和不信任的是最重要的因素了。高校学生往往认为他们已经大人谁是负责他们能做什么和什么，他们想做的事情。出席检查使他们感到他们是一样对待孩子，从而可能破坏研究的积极性，甚至导致他们作弊的教师以不同的方式。另一个因素是承担同样重要的是阶级，或说他们的老师身上。为什么学生不能按照课程？有一点不能否认的是，许多班级太只能重复其材料的教科书和学生认为他们可以从它得到任何好处。第三，但并非最不重要的，学生们缺乏强烈的愿望，研究和责任为自己这些天。他们的生活充满了太多的东西，如电脑，电视，还有很多其他使他们浮躁，无法坐下来安静地学习。“对这个问题的认识是成功的一半的解决方案， ”一旦爱迪生提及。现在，我们已经得出的结论是，仅仅出席的要求是不正确的，也没有必要，什么应做教师和学生找到另一半的解决方案和最终的“隐藏和见”的游戏？第一，保持学生的注意和兴趣仍然是一个很大的挑战的教室讲师。一种方式教授，以满足目前的挑战是良好的班级轶事的漫画救济。另一种方法是把视觉到课堂活动。还有另一种方法是点状的班级讨论。所有这些方法，通过学生的积极性，研究可能会引起他们将有希望的研究，而不是强迫坐在教室思维如何解脱出来。学生自己应采取行动来解决问题。问题的实质是，如何改善他们的学习质量和学生本身，因为这些谁从中受益的一切奋斗，必须给予积极回应教师及社会的。正如牛顿曾经说过， “探索未知是最幸福的事情在我的生命。 ”学生必须发展自己的兴趣和愿望，学习班。他们应该尽力按照课程获得的知识，他们不是使各种借口逃避班级。毕竟，考虑到所有这些因素考虑进去，我们可以安全地到达的结论是，需要一流的出勤率不是一个有效的途径，以确保学生的学习质量和效率，但它代表了无尽的教育工作者的努力，以改善标准教育，并让学生更好地tourscs 。对这个问题的认识是第一步和其他有效措施，目前正在采取。我们有坚定的信念，这种情况在不久的将来将能更好地和学生以及教师都将获得高效率和兴趣的课程。刚刚尝试，并认为它！我们把我们的眼睛向前，因为将有一个更加光明的未来的教育！
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
不可能帮你——————
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
Is It Right to Require Class Attendance?Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it a good practice. But is it wise to do so? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course? The value of required attendance is being questioned by more and more teachers and is class attendance required? The reason seems fairly distinct and understandable. For one thing, to ensure that all the students in his or her class are attending it has been considered one of the responsibilities of the teacher in the long run. A strong sense of responsibility is acting on the teachers and making them feel lose face or even guilty if they are facing just several students in a classroom which should be filled with many more of them. Also playing a part is that teachers have to find ways to evaluate their students, and attendance, which is a perfect measurable factor, can be their good choice apart from mere paper does that make sense? Have teachers achieved their goal? Take the first glance and people may say "yes", because you can easily find that in the courses which require class attendance there are always a lot of students. But things are not just simply what they look like, however. "I'm tired of the course,but I've got to attend it. So I leave after my name is mentioned by the teacher." A college student said so and if you have experienced college life, you'll find he's not alone in saying so. In some courses attendance checking has been somewhat a burden to the students and they have developed several ways to escape classes while still retain good record on the teachers' way is to leave silently after attendance checking, and there's still other ways such as asking others to reply when his or her name is called, etc. Even just talk about the students who never escape classes. We can hardly assume they're really "taking" the course because none of the available data shows any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course. One may be sitting in the classroom, but who knows whether he or she is just sitting there daydreaming all the time?What surprises us is that there are students who get high marks without attending many classes. So now we seem to have reached a corner: how to explain all these phenomena? Is class attendance requirement really a ridiculous thing or have we missed something important that gives us the answer?Just consider the teachers' goal again and we can get more out of the problem. The point of all the things is that we should find a better way to arouse the students' enthusiasm and efficiency to study and attendance requirement is just one of the methods. One's course performance is measured by his or her efforts and efficiency rather than the time he spends to attend class. A student may have a high rate of attendance but low study efficiency. What's more, if we make a close research about the college education we can see why college education is not welcome. A sense of being compelled to study and not being trusted is the most important factor in it. Students in colleges tend to think they are already grown-ups who're responsible for what they can do and what they want to do. The attendance checking makes them feel that they are treated like children and thus may destroy the enthusiasm of study or even cause them to cheat the teachers in different ways. Another factor that bears the same importance is the classes, or to say the teachers them selves. Why do students fail to follow the courses? One thing that can not be denied is that many classes are simply too only repeat their materials from the textbook and students feel they can gain nothing from it. For the third but not the least one, students do lack a strong desire to study and responsibility for themselves these days. Their life is filled with too many things such as PCs, TVs, and a lot of other make them impetuous and unable to sit down quietly studying."Awareness of the problem is half of the solution," Once Edison mentioned. Now that we have reached the conclusion that mere attendance requirement is not right, nor necessary, what shall teachers and students do to find the other half of the solution and end the "hide and see" game?First, maintaining students attention and interest is still a big challenge for the classroom lecturers. One way for professors to meet the challenge is to brighten the classes with anecdotes for comic relief. Another way is to integrate visuals into classroom activities. Still another way is to punctuate the classes with discussion. Through all these methods the students' enthusiasm of study may be aroused and they would have the desire to study instead of being compelled to sit in the classroom thinking how to escape themselves should take actions to solve the problems too. The essence of the problem is how to improve their study quality and students themselves, as those who benefit from all the endeavors, must give an active response to teachers and the society. Just as Newton once said, "Exploring the unknown is the happiest thing in my life."Students must develop their interest and desire to learn in classes. They should try their best to follow the courses to get knowledge from them instead of making all kinds of excuses to escape all, taking all these factors into account, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that to require class attendance is not an effective way to ensure the students' study quality and efficiency, but it stands for the endless endeavor of educators to improve the standard of education and to give students better tourscs. Awareness of the problem is the first step and other effective measures are being taken. We have strong belief that the situation in the near future will be better and students as well as the teachers will both get high efficiency and interest from the try and believe it! We cast our eyes forward because there will be a brighter future of education!它有权要求类出席？需要一流的出勤，像一个古老的习俗，是常见于我国高校，许多教师甚至学生自己承担它只是一个很好的做法。但是，明智的，它这样做？它有助于提高学生的人数上课。但没有任何证明的关系出勤率和性能的课程？所需的价值提出质疑出席正在为越来越多的教师和学生。为什么一流的出勤需要？其原因似乎相当明显的和可以理解的。一方面，以确保所有的学生在他或她的阶级参加它一直被认为是的责任，老师从长远来看。强烈的责任感是代理的教师，使他们觉得没面子，甚至如果他们有罪面临只是几个学生在课堂应该充满了更多的人。也发挥了部分教师必须找到办法来评价学生，入学，这是一个完美的衡量因素，可他们很好的选择除了单纯的文件马克。但是，这是否有意义？有教师实现其目标？采取乍一看，人们可能会说“是” ，因为你可以很容易地找到，在课程，需要有一流的出勤率一直是很多学生。但事情并不只是他们看起来像，但是。 “我已经厌倦了球场，但我必须参加它。所以，我离开后，我的名字是提到的老师。 ”大学生这么说，如果你经历过大学生活，你会发现他不是一个人这样说。在一些课程出勤率检查而得到某种程度的负担，学生和他们已经开发几种方式来逃避上课，同时仍保留良好记录的教师方式是默默离开后，出席检查，并还有其他方式，如要求别人的答复时，他或她的名字叫做等甚至只是谈论谁没有逃生的学生上课。我们也难以承担他们真正“同时”的过程，因为没有可用的数据显示任何证明关系出勤率和性能的课程。人不得坐在教室，但谁知道他或她是否只是坐在那里白日做梦吗？我们什么惊喜的是，有学生谁获得高分没有参加许多课程。因此，我们现在似乎已经达到一个角落：如何解释这些现象？是一流的出勤要求实际上是一个可笑的事情，或者我们错过了一些重要的是给我们提供了一个答案吗？只是考虑到教师的目标，我们可以再次获得更多的问题。这一点对所有的事情是，我们应该寻找更好的方式来调动学生的积极性和效率，研究和出勤率的要求是公正的方法之一。一个人的表现当然是衡量他或她的努力和效率，而不是花费的时间，他上课。一个学生可能有很高的出席率低，但学习效率。更何况，如果我们作出的密切研究大学教育，我们可以看到，为什么大学教育是不欢迎。感被迫学习和不信任的是最重要的因素了。高校学生往往认为他们已经大人谁是负责他们能做什么和什么，他们想做的事情。出席检查使他们感到他们是一样对待孩子，从而可能破坏研究的积极性，甚至导致他们作弊的教师以不同的方式。另一个因素是承担同样重要的是阶级，或说他们的老师身上。为什么学生不能按照课程？有一点不能否认的是，许多班级太只能重复其材料的教科书和学生认为他们可以从它得到任何好处。第三，但并非最不重要的，学生们缺乏强烈的愿望，研究和责任为自己这些天。他们的生活充满了太多的东西，如电脑，电视，还有很多其他使他们浮躁，无法坐下来安静地学习。“对这个问题的认识是成功的一半的解决方案， ”一旦爱迪生提及。现在，我们已经得出的结论是，仅仅出席的要求是不正确的，也没有必要，什么应做教师和学生找到另一半的解决方案和最终的“隐藏和见”的游戏？第一，保持学生的注意和兴趣仍然是一个很大的挑战的教室讲师。一种方式教授，以满足目前的挑战是良好的班级轶事的漫画救济。另一种方法是把视觉到课堂活动。还有另一种方法是点状的班级讨论。所有这些方法，通过学生的积极性，研究可能会引起他们将有希望的研究，而不是强迫坐在教室思维如何解脱出来。学生自己应采取行动来解决问题。问题的实质是，如何改善他们的学习质量和学生本身，因为这些谁从中受益的一切奋斗，必须给予积极回应教师及社会的。正如牛顿曾经说过， “探索未知是最幸福的事情在我的生命。 ”学生必须发展自己的兴趣和愿望，学习班。他们应该尽力按照课程获得的知识，他们不是使各种借口逃避班级。毕竟，考虑到所有这些因素考虑进去，我们可以安全地到达的结论是，需要一流的出勤率不是一个有效的途径，以确保学生的学习质量和效率，但它代表了无尽的教育工作者的努力，以改善标准教育，并让学生更好地tourscs 。对这个问题的认识是第一步和其他有效措施，目前正在采取。我们有坚定的信念，这种情况在不久的将来将能更好地和学生以及教师都将获得高效率和兴趣的课程。刚刚尝试，并认为它！我们把我们的眼睛向前，因为将有一个更加光明的未来的教育！
英文毕业论文致谢信范文(五篇)
【第1篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第2篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第3篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis; I wish to exPss my sincere apPciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here atTai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.
Firstly, I would like to exPss my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its Psent form.
Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their Pcious suggestions for my study here.
Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
【第4篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.
High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.
I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.
Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.
【第5篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
At the very first, I am honored to exPss my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly apPciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.
Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.
At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.
随着我国改革开放的不断深入,英语教学,作为基础教育的一部分,也日益受到人们的关注。 下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于小学英语论文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!小学英语论文参考文献(一) [1]朱梅. 小学英语教学中应如何培养学生的核心素养[J]. 英语广场，2016,07:161-162. [2]王静波. 互动教学在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,06:1. [3]钟焕情. 小学英语课堂情境创设的探析[J]. 亚太教育，2016,13:25. [4]徐贺. 小学英语开放式课外作业的有效设计[J]. 教育实践与研究(A)，2016,03:38-39. [5]水波. 基于语用的小学英语作业设计[J]. 宁波教育学院学报，2016,02:122-124. [6]江景干. 农村小学英语教学问题与对策探讨[J]. 海外英语，2016,06:12-13. [7]李建文. 问题引导法在小学英语教学中的应用策略[J]. 西部素质教育，2016,09:168. [8]夏凌. 刍议小学英语翻转课堂教学模式[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,11:118. [9]刘珊珊. 小学英语课堂有效教学研究[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,12:107. [10]邱菲菲. 新课程改革理念下的小学英语教学[J]. 学周刊，2016,17:154-155. [11]易凤. 浅谈小学英语教学中的单词记忆方法[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:200-201. [12]李文娜，梁付民. 微信辅助小学英语教学探析[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,05:37-38. [13]殷景芹. 信息技术在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,05:47-48. [14]顾诗月. 也谈构建“生活化”的小学英语有效教学课堂[J]. 读与写(教育教学刊)，2016,04:207-208. [15]林吉. 探究多媒体技术在小学英语教学中的运用[J]. 科学大众(科学教育)，2016,04:60. 小学英语论文参考文献(二) [1]李爱平. 在农村小学英语教学中做好学困生转变工作[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,07:79-80. [2]陈金业. 构建小学英语快乐课堂初探[J]. 学周刊，2016,21:229-230. [3]盛敏. 小学英语各板块预习模式的探究[J]. 基础教育研究，2016,08:73-74. [4]梁君玉. 小学英语语法教学的现状和对策[J]. 西部素质教育，2016,10:171. [5]王赫微. 小学英语课堂分级阅读教学应用初探[J]. 中国校外教育，2016,14:95. [6]张琪. 小学英语教学中激发阅读兴趣的探索[J]. 内蒙古教育(职教版)，2016,05:43. [7]费巧莲. 激情教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J]. 内蒙古教育(职教版)，2016,05:72. [8]李征娅. 舞台式教学法在小学英语教学中的应用[J]. 英语教师，2016,06:78-80. [9]李莉. 夸张手法在小学英语课堂教学中的有效运用[J]. 教育现代化，2016,09:272-274. [10]李彦子. 浅谈小学英语课堂变革[J]. 亚太教育，2016,01:40. [11]何轶君. PBL模式对小学英语自我效能的影响[J]. 科教文汇(中旬刊)，2016,01:110-111. [12]王东芳. 如何让“动”成为小学英语课堂的主旋律[J]. 科学大众(科学教育)，2016,02:68. [13]韩笑. 绿色背景下的小学英语课堂教学探析[J]. 生物技术世界，2016,02:244. [14]宋丽敏. 互联网+背景下小学英语未来课堂探微[J]. 中国教育技术装备，2016,01:120-121. [15]杨进. 小学英语教师创造性使用教材策略研究[J]. 中小学教材教学，2016,01:20-23. 小学英语论文参考文献(三) [1]张海娟. 针对小学英语高段教学中两级分化现象的研究策略[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:52. [2]李艳文. 浅谈如何构建小学英语高效课堂[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:104. [3]张盼静. 小学英语教学中学生学习兴趣的培养[J]. 学周刊，2016,05:185. [4]张婷婷. 如何提高小学英语词汇教学的有效性[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:63. [5]石丽君. 浅谈如何提高农村小学英语课堂教学的有效性[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:123. [6]张琦. 小学英语有效教学途径的几点尝试与探索[J]. 学周刊，2016,08:178. [7]骆北刚，陈伟娜. 性别差异对小学英语学习成绩影响的研究[J]. 教育观察(中下旬刊)，2016,02:45-46+135. [8]陈欢. 小学英语口语教学存在的问题及建议[J]. 科教导刊(下旬)，2016,01:130-131. [9]刘顺利. 小学英语歌谣情境剧课堂教学模式的研究[J]. 英语广场，2016,04:153-154. [10]马毅新. 让情感教育成为小学英语和谐课堂的催化剂[J]. 教育观察(下半月)，2016,06:123-125. [11]彭熹. 小学英语翻转课堂教学模式应用探索[J]. 现代商贸工业，2016,09:178-179. [12]张婧. 小学英语教育理论与移动学习资源设计和应用的有效结合[J]. 电子测试，2016,07:165-166. [13]张桂莲. 小学英语教学策略探究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:38-39. [14]张忠伟. 小学英语课堂情境教学研究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:49-50. [15]郝晨霞. 自然拼读法在小学英语拼读教学中的应用研究[J]. 学周刊，2016,20:86-87. 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语论文的参考文献大全 2. 初中英语论文参考文献 3. 小学英语论文范文 4. 毕业论文英文参考文献 5. 小学英语论文大全
作为一名教师，写好教学教案是很重要的，也有助于教学的顺利进行，下面是我整理的小学英语教学论文 范文 ，希望对大家有帮助。
【摘要】英语教学中，教师应努力创造一种轻松、愉快、和谐、平等的课堂学习氛围。课堂教学在吸收了传统教学的优点的同时，还应融入任务型小组合作教学活动，来进一步完善英语学科教学体系，使英语课堂教学更能体现学生学习的主体性和创造性。
【关键词】快乐;学习兴趣;英语课堂教学
“兴趣是最好的老师”，学生只有有了兴趣，他才会乐于学、主动学，学习过程才会轻松。所以，教师应努力创造一种轻松、愉快、和谐、平等的课堂学习氛围。课堂活动教学在吸收了传统教学的优点的同时，还应融入任务型教学活动来进一步完善英语学科教学体系，使英语学科课堂教学更能体现学生学习的主体性和创造性，并且也自然而然地融入了新课程理念。如何做到让学生轻松、快乐、主动、有效地 学习英语 ，笔者认为英语教学中教师应该注意以下几个方面：
1营造快乐氛围，让课堂充满爱
任何一种 教育 都应该是渗透着爱的教育，在充满爱的氛围里，学生们才能快乐地学习。在小学英语课堂教学中，教师应关注学生，努力创设一种平等、和谐、快乐的氛围。因此，我们不妨这样去做：首先教师要充分尊重学生，建立一个平等的师生关系。如在进行口语训练时，不能只关注优等生，应面向全体学生，要给后进生更多的锻炼机会。其次教师的语言要自然亲切，眉宇间发自内心地流露出对学生的喜爱，这样学生情绪自然活跃，能最大限度地表现出积极主动的乐学精神。
2教学中以学生发展为本
新课程带给学生的是全新的面孔与 思维方式 ，而带给教师的是全新的挑战。教的过程其实也是学的过程。面对素质教育的今天，这就势必要求我们教师要创设适合学生学习的高效率的教学课堂，从而使学生学有所获，形成学习英语的学习能力，兴致勃勃地学习英语。
逐步使课堂教学英语化，教学表情化、动作化、合作化。
学生学习英语缺乏英语语言环境，这就要求教师尽量用英语组织和进行教学，给学生提供浓厚的英语语言学习氛围。每节课，笔者都使用英语教学，从简单的课堂用语开始，并逐渐增加句数。经过日积月累，学生基本上适应了英语授课，增强了学习英语的信心，觉得听说英语并不难，为实施素质教育打下了坚实的基础。
坚持值日演讲及每日一句等常规活动。
每天，笔者让学生坚持做值日演讲，内容从简单到复杂，话题广泛，形式多样，有猜谜、讲 故事 、 唱歌 、笑话、小品等等。生动形象又具有趣味性。久而久之，学生通过上台演讲体验到交际目的后的成功感和愉快感，进一步激发了同学们学英语的兴趣，逐步能够轻松愉快地进行表达，增强了自信心和毅力。
采用探究式合作型 学习 方法 ， 把课堂还给学生学生。
学生在课堂中不只是倾听者、接受者、被训练者，还是作为一个主动参与者、实验者、探索者加入进来的。让学生真正进入角色，成为课堂活动中的真正一员，是发挥学生主观能动性的关键。
例如，笔者指导学生采用研究性学习方法， 通过开展小组活动积极合作，相互学习，由学生自己动手、动脑来利用图书馆、网络等一切可利用的 渠道 查找、制作并讲解自己的研究成果或作品。通过挖掘学生的学习潜能创设情景，“授之以渔”，让学生自主学习。在这样一个和谐民主的氛围里，学生学习的主观能动性被充分调动起来。
每个学生都有自己的优势智力领域，有自己的学习类型和方法，学校里不存在“差生”。每个人都是独特的，同时，每个人又都是出色的。我们的教育应多方面、多角度，以多种方式去发现学生、培养学生，视学生为教学中的真正主人。这样，活跃了课堂学习气氛，缩短了课堂与生活的距离，学生在类似生活的情景中学习英语轻松愉快，学生听说英语的整体素质也得到了较快的提高。
3课堂设趣，寓教于乐
古人云：“未见意趣，必不乐学。”可见，兴趣是学生认识的需要，也是学习的强大动力。兴趣越浓，注意力越集中，观察也就越细致，反应越清晰，思维、记忆等各种智力活动也最有成效。
快乐——动
传统的课堂教学，往往很注意课堂纪律，课堂上学生静静地坐在那儿，人云亦云，这样学生很容易失去学习的兴趣。因此，教师应根据小学生好动、好玩、好胜的特点和思维发展规律，采用多种活动形式。如做游戏、讲故事、 绕口令 、猜 谜语 、唱歌、跳舞等形式，特别是游戏，因为游戏是小学生生活的重要组成部分，90%以上的小学生喜欢课堂教学游戏，使他们的身心达到完全的投入，而且游戏会使枯燥、机械的句型操练变的生动、活泼、趣味无穷。
因此，在小学英语教学中，我们要充分发挥游戏的作用，如教一组颜色的单词，教师可以设计这样一种游戏。每个学生拿一种不同颜色的纸牌，教师发出指令：red , red , red , sit? down? please ; yellow ,yellow, yellow,? touch? your? nose ; white , white , white , open? your? book。拿出相应颜色纸牌的学生就根据指令完成动作。这样学生既掌握了各种颜色的单词，又避免了反复诵读记忆单词的枯燥无味，又运用这些词汇进行了交际练习。
快乐——物
小学生年龄较小，缺乏知识和 经验 ， 抽象思维 不够发达，但形象思维占优势。所以，要经常利用图片、实物、录音机、多媒体等多种辅助工具和设置情景进行教学，这样就能使英语课堂形象化和趣味化有助于调动学生的积极性，使学生快乐地接受知识。
如教apple、banana、orange等实物单词时，可以把实物带进课堂。虽然这些实物都是日常生活中经常接触的，但教师把它们带进课堂教学，学生会产生一种新鲜感，注意力马上被吸引，在 英语单词 与实物之间建立直接的联系，生词就可以在很短的时间之内记住并说出，但对于一些不便于带入教室的实物，我们可以用相应的图片、卡片、多媒体展示，用玩具代替等。用实物激活学生言语活动的兴趣，学生充满好奇兴奋，快乐地学习英语单词。
快乐——想
想象是创造的源泉，没有想象就没有创造，要培养学生思维的独创性。首先要培养学生的 想象力 ，教师可利用实物、图片、 简笔画 和教师的形体语言等不同形式激发学生丰富的想象力。
例如在练习Do you like……? Yes, I do.( No, I don’t)句型时，教师可以把教室布置成一个餐厅，里面画有各种食物和饮料，让学生想象他们去餐厅，两人一问一答：Do you like chicken curry? Yes, I do .I like spicy food. Do you like pineapple juice? No, I don’t. I don’t like pineapple. 或者让一个学生充当小记者，去采访 其它 同学都喜欢什么味道的食物，这时学生们都非常高兴，一个个争先恐后地要做小记者，去了解其他同学的喜好。
快乐——评
学习最大的快乐在于经过艰苦努力而获得成功。成功的学习再受到教师的表扬，能推动学生进一步提高学习兴趣。因此，在对任何一个学生进行评价时，切不可轻描淡写，一笔带过。在评价中老师应用深情的赞许或是热情的鼓励，以巩固提高学习兴趣。根据学生表现的优劣，可以依次运用程度不一的话语：Ok / Good / Wonderful /Great等。当学生有了精彩的表演，我们可以说：”“ Great ! Boys and girls, Clap your hands !|接着引导全班同学鼓掌对其表扬，集体喊：“XXX, Very good ! ”有时教师也可以奖励他们一些贴纸，或者送一些小礼物等。如果有的学生由于种种原因没有说好，则说：“Try again!”这样的评价不会挫伤他的积极性，使他有勇气，有兴趣再试一次。
4培养学生用英语思维学英语
处理好语言知识与交际能力的关系。语言是重要的交际工具，学习英语的目的，不仅仅是掌握语言知识，更是为了提高运用语言进行交际的能力。学生能学以致用课堂上的知识到真实生活中，学习的动力和兴趣会与日俱增，逐步养成用英语思维学习英语，从而可以轻松快乐地学习英语。
学生交际能力的培养，学生不仅在听说方面的交际能力大大增强，同时也促进了读写交际能力的发展，取得了学习英语的较好效果。更重要的是，学生从以前被动的听讲者转变为课堂的积极参与者，他们的主体意识在这个过程中得到了充分的尊重与强化，从而增强了主动学习的意识，提高了学习能力，增强了创新意识，培养了创造能力。这些正是素质教育的核心。
例如，学习了“天气预报”后，笔者让学生用所学句型自由对话，同时还找来China Daily和其他日报，让学生参阅天气预报这一版进行对话。学习和练习中要始终用英语进行思维，这样学生在自由交谈中既巩固了所学知识，又扩大吸收了书本以外的相关知识。这样，不仅在交际活动中提高了他们听、说、读、写和语言的交际能力，达到了多元培养目标，而且还使学生在学习中感受到轻松、自如，享受到了学习的乐趣，培养了用 英语学习 英语的学习习惯，达到有效的学习效果。
实践证明，教师设计与所教内容有直接或间接联系的情景，提供一些有用词组和句型， 通过交际训练，即培养学生用英语学英语，能够帮助学生摆脱无从开口或无话可说的尴尬，从而迅速进入角色，更好地理解和适应交际训练。交际性练习是整个课堂教学的最高形式，设计得当，学生乐于参与，其语言交际能力的发挥达到高潮，课堂气氛的活跃达到顶点。学生在轻松的气氛中主动快乐地练习，培养了用英语进行交际的能力，这是最理想的学习环境与学习效果。
教学中通过给学生提供一个展示自己的舞台，让他们在这个舞台上充分发挥自己的想象力和创造力，运用英语进行交际，轻松快乐、积极主动地学习，在学习过程中能够得到充分的尊重与强化，从而增强了主动学习的意识，提高了学习能力，增强了创新意识，培养了创造能力，这正是素质教育的核心。
综上所述，小学英语教学，教师应运用各种 教学方法 ，使学生充分享受学习英语的快乐，让学生在“乐”学，“乐”中练，变苦学为乐学，真正做到“乐而好学”。 在今后的教学中，笔者会深入探索，并不断地充实和完善自己的教学方法，提高学生自主学习英语的兴趣，大力提高英语教学质量。
一、树立全新的教学观念，实现从教师的教转向学生的学
1.了解学生的实际情况。
无论是备课还是具体的教学活动，教师都需要切实站在学生的角度上来考虑与设计，要基于学生基础、认知规律与接受水平，考虑到学生的兴趣、 爱好 等来综合设计教学活动，真正做到贴近学生的学情，符合学生的最近发展区，能够激起学生参与学习的激情。
2.给予学生主体参与的时间。
在教学时教师要合理分配教师讲解与学生练思的时间，要让学生有更多自主学习、思考的时间，这样才能让学生切实感受到自身的主体地位，从而使学生主动而积极地参与到教学中来，使传统教学中教师的“一言堂”成为师生的“群言堂”。
3.给予学生更多选择的空间。
学生学习主体地位的确立并不是单一地体现在时间上，还体现在自主选择的权利上。在教学中我们要坚持扶放有度，既要给予学生充分的空间，让学生有自主选择的机会，同时又要加强教师的指导，让学生学会在最恰当的时机进行自主选择。
二、设计丰富的教学内容，实现从教材转向多种资源的优化
以往的教学中视教材为经典、权威，教师在教学时不敢越雷池半步，严格地执行教材，这是典型的以教材为中心、带着教材走向学生的教材观。教师教学与学生学习的视野完全集中在教材上。现代教学提出生活即教育，这是当前教育发展的主要趋势，只有这样的教学才是“活”的教育，学生所学到的才是真正有用的知识。因此，在教学中我们要改变以往以教材为中心，带着教材走向学生，以教材为全部教学内容的教学观，要实现多种教学资源的优化与整合，带着学生走向教材，为学生提供丰富的教学内容，使教学更加富有生活气息，更加具有趣味性，以此来激起学生强烈的学习热情，以达到开阔学生视野，丰富学生见识的效果。
1.立足教材、创造性地运用教材。
教材是最重要的教学资源，但不是唯一的教学资源。在具体的教学中，我们要对教材进行全面掌握，要站在一定的高度来掌控教材，而不是沦为教材的“奴隶”，要对教材的各个知识，根据各年级学生的具体学情来合理调整，以使教材更加符合学生的学情。
2.整合资源，开发校本课程资源。
对于英语学科来说，只有与生活场景结合起来，学生才能真正掌握语言的真谛。我们要将教学与生活实际结合起来，将教学与学生具体的学情结合起来，及时补充一些图片、音频与视频资料，让学生可以接触到各种类型的教学资源。这样教学内容才能更丰富，才能真正将英语学习与 文化 背景结合起来，才能激起学生浓厚的兴趣，让学生的语言能力得到全面提升。
三、改革教学方法与手段，实现从单一到多元化的教学手段
1.形象教学法。
小学生年龄小，以形象思维为主，对形象直观、新颖有趣的事物更为感兴趣。传统的教学手段枯燥无味，无法激起学生参与的激情。针对小学生的特点，我们可以采取形象教学法，这样更符合学生的思维特点，更能激起学生学习的激情，更利于学生的理解与记忆。因此，在教学中我采用图片、简笔画、多媒体、实物等形象事物来进行教学，这样大大增强了教学的形象性与趣味性，小学生的学习兴趣更浓厚，热情更高涨，整个课堂教学异常活跃，取得了较好的教学效果。如在学习单词时，针对名词类如apple、banana、ruler、desk等采用实物、图片或简笔画，动词类如jump、run、drink、eat等用多媒体来动态模拟或用简笔画来展现等。这样的教学真正实现了寓教于乐，更利于调动学生学习的主动性与积极性。
2.角色扮演法。
小学生有着极强的表演与模仿天赋，为学生提供剧本，让学生进行表演，这样更能激起学生参与的激情，从而使学生在表演中学到知识，更为重要的是，这样可以将语言真正与运用结合起来，让学生学会在真实的交际情景中学习语言，将有声语言与无声语言结合起来，从而真正提高学生口语表达与交流能力。如让学生分别扮演顾客和售货员进行购物，扮演医生和患者等等，从而将教室变成舞台，每个学生都可以成为主角，充分地展现着自己，从而使教室成为学生展现自我、展现个性的舞台，成为学生学习的重要场所。
3.多媒体教学法。
多媒体最大的优势在于图文并茂、声像俱全、动静结合，实现了由无形到有形、由静止到动态、由抽象到形象的转变，为学生展现了丰富多彩的教学世界，更能吸引小学生的眼球，使学生由无意注意转为有意注意，进入学习与思维的最佳状态。事实证明，在学生注意力最集中、思维最活跃时进行教学，更能取得事半功倍的效果，而且整个学习过程也是愉悦而快乐的。
4.任务驱动教学法。
自主学习能力是现代社会人才所必须具备的一项重要素质。在教学中，我们可以通过设置科学合理的教学任务引发学生的探究动机，促进学生积极地调用所学知识来展开主动而积极的探究性学习。当学生个体无法解决时，让学生以小组为单位来展开合作交流，发挥小组成员的集体力量，在小组间进行积极的交流与讨论，从而掌握知识，学到技能，全面提高学生的素养与能力。
总之，教无止境，我们要紧跟教育形势的发展，认真学习新理念，研究新教法，树立新观念，加快英语教学改革的步伐，为学生构建一个开放的富有活力与趣味性的课堂，让学生愉悦学习、主动学习，让学生学有动力，学有激情，学有成效。
一、小学英语语法教学的现状和存在的问题
1.缺乏语境。
语言的学习最重要的就是创设相关语言的语境，从小到大我们生活在汉语普通话的语境下，即便没有人对我们进行专业汉语的教学，我们也能够用普通话和他人进行交流，这就是语境的作用。语境对于英语语法知识的学习也很重要，不过现阶段，小学英语语法知识的教学中，老师并没有给学生创造良好的语言环境。很多英语老师只采用汉语进行英语语法的教学，对于英语单词也是让学生记住汉语意思，而不注重英语单词的运用，造成学生听写单词时，老师负责报中文学生写英文，很多学生却写不出相应的英文单词。
2.老师不善于从学生的角度进行教学。
语法的学习是一个长期的过程，在这个过程中，老师应该密切注意学生动态，很多时候，老师在英语上的学习已经达到了十几年，然而，小学生在英语方面却是刚刚起步的阶段。在英语语法教学的过程中，学生难免会产生许多疑问，老师应该耐心细致地作出回答，从学生的角度出发，不要因为学生的问题比较幼稚就随意应付学生。同时很多老师在课堂上不注意倾听学生的心声，做学生的朋友，也没有关注学生的情绪和反应，师生交流太少，英语语法教学气氛沉闷。
二、英语语法教学理念和实践
1.隐性原则的运用。
在语法教学的过程中主要有两种教学方法，一种是显性语法教学，主要侧重于在课堂上直接讲述语法规则，另外一种是隐性语法教学，这种教学方法则强调在教学过程中，避免直接谈论所学的语法规则，而是创造相关的情景让学生体验语言，接着通过对语言的使用归纳出语法规则。英语课堂的枯燥性往往是因为老师与学生之间缺乏交流，而通过隐性原则的运用，则可以帮助老师与学生进行交流。
2.语法教学与多媒体结合。
小学英语语法教学显得比较乏味的原因，主要是老师的教学方法比较单一，只运用课堂的口头教学已经无法满足当今时代的要求了，随着科学技术的不断提高，多媒体设备开始进入现在的中小学课堂，英语语法教学除了采用一般的教学方式，还应该采用多种多样的教学方式，特别是采用多媒体教学手段。
3.故事学习法。
英语语法教学中通过故事的引用，可以让乏味的知识变得生动形象，小学生正处于成长的过程，听故事的兴趣较为浓厚，在讲解语法的同时，如果穿插进一两个故事，学生会很乐意认真听讲的。
4.创设语境进行语法教学。
创设语境对于语言的学习十分重要，它可以在潜移默化之中改变学生的思维方式，提高学生的英语水平。由于小学生的能力有限，不可能做到课堂教学全程英语，但是也应该采用双语教学，帮助学生在英语的语境下学习英语语法知识。还可以鼓励学生开展英语兴趣小组，类似于大学“英语角”的模式，采用英语进行交流。让学生在交流的过程中互 相学 习，这种做法也弥补了师生之间缺乏交流、互动的弊端，使英语语法教学更活跃，学生学习兴趣更浓。
三、结束语
随着英语在我国的普及，已经在小学开设了英语课程，英语教学的重要性也被人们意识到，小学英语语法教学更是受到人们的关注，英语老师在小学英语语法的教学过程中，应该从学生的角度出发，以故事的模式展开教学。善于利用包括多媒体在内的多种教学手段，在教学中注意创设相关的语境，培养学生学习英语语法的兴趣，注重以人为本的教学理念，通过不断地实践，把学生的英语水平提升到一个新的层次。
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这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
Sample 1
How to Study Effectively
In conclusion, there is always a maximum of efficiency and time for study in a day. More time spent in study doesn’t always mean better efficiency. This may tell us how we can study effectively.（范文 .）
Sample 2 Natural Gas Output in China With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasing demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China beeen 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it.
New car problem Nowadays more and more families own their private people would find it hard to think what life could look like without a cars have led us to a better life,they have also brought us many new problems. Cars produce wasted gases and smokes,which pollute air polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to our the increasing development of cars,cities are becoming more and more is not enough room for cars to be still,more traffic accidents happen in big cities,even in the countryside. More cars need more resource will run out one day if more gas is the same time,some old and damaged cars are thrown away as will cause another new pollution. Plastic surgery. As megical technics has been improved,plastic surgery has became more and more porpular. You can always this on your magzin:One of those celebrities was discovered going to a famous plastic surgery maybe this phenomenon does not only belongs to celebrities,maybe one day,you bump into a stranger who claims knowing you turn out to be your high school friend,and out of the blue,she did a plastic surgry. I cannot help asking myself:What is wrong with this world?Why do people become so desperate to change something that is given by nature?After all,i'm against plastic surgery. First,in my opnion,plastic surgery is a waste of 's the point of making so many doctors and nurces around you when there are so many people in somewhere else are wating for doctors to save their lives? Seoconly,beauty is skin deep,one can never change into a better person only by changing his/her apearence! At last,i wanna say to all these who are eger to do a plastic surgery:If you use your money to save people who need it,you will find yourself become to a person not only beautiful by the cover,but also deep inside. Trees Are Important to Use Trees are very useful to provide us with wood and other give us shade and they help to prevent drought and floods. Unfortunately,in many parts of our country,people haven't realized the importance of cut them down at are usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new a result,the forests continue to disappear. Where there are no trees the rain falls on the surface,causing floods,and carries away with the rich topsoil,in which crops grow so all the topsoil is gone,nothing remains but worthless deserted. The big floods of 1998,in parts of China,have already taught us a good every one of us must love trees,protect forests,and keep on planting trees each year.
去创新医学网一定能找到的，上面24科室的论文都有，而且全部免费，自己去找找吧！
英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
新形势下,社会对儿科护理学人才培养提出了新的要求。下面是我为大家推荐的儿科护理学论文 范文 ，欢迎浏览。
《 儿科护理学 》
【摘要】小儿头皮静脉输液是儿科护理中一项最基本但又最重要的基本功，儿科护士在平时的护理 工作中，不但要有饱满的热情、无私的爱心和强烈的责任心，而且还要有精湛的技术、丰富的 经验 ，善于 总结 工作 方法 ，注意小儿的 心理护理。
【关键词】头皮静脉穿刺;静脉穿刺;按压方法;心理护理Shallowly discussed how carries on the young child scalp venous transfusion
【Abstract】The young child scalp venous transfusion is the department of pediatrics nurses an item to be most basic but the most important basic skills, the department of pediatrics nurse in usual nurses in the work, not only must have full warm, the selfless compassion and the intense sense of responsibility, moreover also must have the exquisite technology, the rich experience, is good at summarizing the method of work, pays attention to young child’s psychology to nurse.
【Key words】 Scalp venipuncture; Venipuncture; Holds back the method; The psychology nurses1头皮静脉穿刺的基本方法
血管选择：小儿从出生~3岁这一时期，头部皮下脂肪少，静脉清晰表浅，呈网状分布，血液可通过侧支循环回流，因此，这个时期的小儿宜选用头皮静脉穿刺。3～12岁的患儿头皮皮下脂肪增厚，头发厚密，血管不清晰，不利于头皮静脉的穿刺。从解剖位置方面讲，额正中静脉固定表浅，血管中粗，易穿刺，但输液过程容易渗漏，主要用于药物刺激性小，短时间内输液的患儿;眶上静脉表浅，清晰，输液时不易渗透漏;颞前静脉及颞静脉粗大，位置深，适用于大量输液及注射刺激性大的药物时使用。
光线的强弱：光线的明亮及照射角度，直接影响穿刺的成功率。光线太强瞳孔缩小，光线太弱瞳孔增大，明亮的 自然 光线是最理想的光线，静脉显得清晰，操作者眼睛不易疲劳，光线不好时，我科选用2 根30W日光灯，灯管在操作者前上方，距穿刺静脉在50cm左右，以保证充分的照明条件。
针头的选择：对于出生到3岁的小儿，一般选用412～512号大小的头皮针，用2～5ml注射器抽生理盐水并与头皮针连接。
进针手法:进针时针头与皮肤成10～15°夹角，针头斜面向上，右手持针，左手绷紧皮肤，直接通过皮肤刺入静脉，见回血后不宜再进，直接固定。如未见回血，右手抽注射器针栓，如穿刺成功，即可回血。
针头的固定：穿刺成功后，左手拇指固定针柄，用3～4条胶布固定，头皮针小辫绕圈后用1条短胶布固定于耳廓上，头皮针小辫绕圈范围不宜过大，以免在输液过程中被牵拉或碰掉，要特别提出在穿刺前要剃掉穿刺点周围毛发，以利于胶布固定。如遇到有患儿因哭闹或 应用退热药物引起头部多汗而影响胶布固定时，可用头围固定法。长35～45cm，宽2～3cm的松紧带两端连接，套入头部，固定于穿刺点所粘胶布之上，可避免因出汗胶布脱落，拔针时不粘头发。
肥胖小儿头皮静脉穿刺方法：肥胖小儿头皮静脉不清晰，头皮脂肪厚，进针深浅不易握，我们掌握运用以下3点来进行操作:
肥胖小儿头皮边缘常有静脉显露，但管腔细回血慢。穿刺时要求持针稳，进针慢，感觉针头进入血管后，回抽注射器针栓，可见回血，证明穿刺成功。
根据静脉解剖位置，在额正中静脉，颞前静脉，耳后静脉等血管的相应部位，用手指横向触摸时，可触及“沟痕”感，触摸“沟痕”时可感觉静脉的走向及深浅，穿刺时进针角度15～20°，进针速度宜慢，有时进入静脉会有落空感，见回血时，穿刺成功。
小儿头颅沿额缝、冠缝、矢状缝、人字缝均有静脉走行。穿刺时摸清骨缝，进针角度45～60°，针头斜面进入皮内后，平行向前刺入，见回血，即可固定。
2静脉穿刺及输液时的注意事项
在配药及穿刺过程中，严格按无菌技术操作规程操作。
穿刺时从静脉一端开始穿刺，逆行顺行均可，而不应从血管中段开始穿刺，以防穿刺失败，形成皮下瘀血，致整段血管模糊不清，无法再穿刺。
固定胶布要牢固：固定时针头不能漂浮在皮肤上，以致针头移位，穿出血管，造成局部肿胀。
注意按压方法。
拔针时先分离胶布，将消毒棉球放在穿刺部位，左手拇指沿血管方向纵向压住棉球，迅速拔出针头，这样可将进皮针眼及进血管针眼同时压住，以防皮下瘀血。
因血小板及其他凝血物质形成的“生理性止血”需1～3min，加之小儿在拔针时因疼痛及恐惧而哭闹时头皮血管内压力增高。固需按压3～5min。切忌边压边柔，揉搓可使已凝血的进血管针眼重新出血，发生皮下瘀血。
做好宣教 工作：告知患儿家长在进行静脉穿刺前不要喂奶喂水，以免在穿刺过程中患儿因哭闹引起恶心呕吐，造成窒息，发生意外。进行穿刺操作前告诉家长协助约束患儿头及腿部的方法，可采取一人约束头部，一人约束膝部的方法，穿刺成功后可采用喂奶的姿势抱患儿，并适当约束患儿双手，以免患儿拔掉针头。
输液过程中要加强巡回观察以及时发现患儿面色，神志变化，及固定胶布的松动，针头移位，局部的肿胀等异常情况，及时采取 措施 ，保证输液的顺利进行。
3 心理护理
环境及氛围：我科护士均着淡粉色工作衣，头戴淡粉色燕帽，床单及窗帘为淡粉色碎花样，通风条件良好，灯光明亮，营造了一种活泼、愉快、轻松、亲切的环境，给人以温馨、愉快之感。
利用小儿注意力易被转移及喜欢表扬鼓励等特点，穿刺前安抚及逗引患儿，语调柔切、 语言温柔、耐心和蔼，消除其陌生和恐惧感，尽量减轻他们的痛苦，以减轻哭闹。小儿哭闹时尽可轻轻拍一拍，摸一摸他们的脸颊、四肢等。并亲切、温柔的安抚他们，用爱心体贴和爱护他们受伤的小心灵。
4提高护士的心理素质
提高自身修养，理解家属心情:患儿哭闹时，患儿家长心情紧张，心疼孩子，遇事易冲动，激动的 情绪会干扰护士的操作，因此，做为护士，要理解家长的心情，用自己博大的爱心和宽容心，理解和宽容患儿家长的过分语言及行为，用温和的语言化解家长的不安情绪。
克服急躁情绪，提高应变能力:护士在操作时一定要保持平稳的心理状态，集中精力，沉着镇静，从容不迫，排除干扰，工作忙而不乱，尽力做到1次穿刺成功。
要有高度的责任感:建立高度的责任感有利于护士在工作中加强学习， 总结 经验，并在工作中认真负责，一丝不苟，有利于提高护士的业务技术，提高静脉穿刺的成功率。
5总结
小儿静脉输液是 临床给药的重要途径之一，同时也是抢救危重患儿的一个重要手段，是儿科护理工作中一项不可缺少的基本操作，其水平的高低，直接关系到医护质量、患儿康复及护患关系。同时在工作中不断提高护士自身的心理素质及自身修养，不仅可以提高小儿头皮静脉穿刺的成功率，提高护理质量，而且还可以改善医患关系。
《 浅析儿科护理学教学改革 》
【摘要】由于一些所特有的疾病在临床上缺乏典型病例，如重度营养不良、重度脱水的腹泻病等已很难见到，加上临床见习常常缺乏典型的病例，甚至没有相关的患者，教学内容和临床疾病脱节的现象尤为突出。要在有限的教学时间内，教好儿科护理学这门课，协调授课内容与临床见习的矛盾，是摆在我们每位教师面前一项艰巨的任务。
【关键词】儿科护理 改革 建设
由于一些所特有的疾病在临床上缺乏典型病例，如重度营养不良、重度脱水的腹泻病等已很难见到，加上临床见习常常缺乏典型的病例，甚至没有相关的患者，教学内容和临床疾病脱节的现象尤为突出。要在有限的教学时间内，教好儿科护理学这门课，协调授课内容与临床见习的矛盾，是摆在我们每位教师面前一项艰巨的任务。为了摆脱儿科护理学教学工作面临的困境，也为了培养了学生的 创新思维 能力和综合分析能力，
下面是我对儿科护理学教学的内容、方法和手段上作的一些改革尝试：
1教材建设
目前我校护理专科生使用的儿科护理学教材是人民卫生出版社的，以后应由我校儿科专家、教授和护士长等尝试着编写一本适合护理专科的儿科护理学教材。根据现代医学模式的改变，本书从护理临床与教学实际出发，重点突出了病情判断、治疗原则和护理措施，强调了以患者为中心，有利整体护理的思想和原则贯穿其中。
2教师建设
以往历届护理专科生的儿科护理学都是由护理系内儿教研室的教师承担。
以后应有自己的专职儿科护理教师，并充分利用临床的护理教学力量，聘请一些经验丰富的兼职教师，既解决了专职护理教师不足的问题，又较好地发挥了临床一线护理人员在教学中的作用，兼职护理教师每次授课前均要进行试讲，由教学组长严格把关，保证教学质量。
3教学内容更新
以往儿科护理的教学是理论授课和生产实习为主，理论与临床实践有脱节。
调整授课内容，该精讲的必须精讲，如总论、新生儿常见疾病、维生素D缺乏性佝偻病、腹泻病、支气管肺炎等;一些临床极少见的疾病，要发挥学生主观能动性，让他们自学，如遗传性疾病、传染性疾病患儿的护理;同时开设 儿童 常见心理问题、儿童学习困难等问题内容的讲座课，以补充学习内容的不足。使学生在较短时间内能较系统地了解儿科护理学是一门研究小儿生长发育规律、儿童保健、疾病预防和临床护理的学科[1]。
3、2补充见习内容，增强学生的动手能力。首先认真制订见习计划，细化带教内容，从临床护理工作的需要出发。增加儿科常用仪器的使用方法和适应症，老师边操作边介绍。如蓝光照射箱、保暖箱、超声雾化治疗仪等，使学生增加自己动手操作的机会，为早下临床实习打好基础。同时组织安排学生下社区幼儿园1次，对不同年龄的儿童进行体格测量，给予初步的评价，写一份体检 报告 。另外安排学生外出参观1次，主要是儿童专科医院，加深学生对儿科护理现状和发展的认识。
4 教学方法 和手段更新
加强临床思维改革后我们除原有传统讲授外，增加病例讨论课、自学课和讲座课等，运用多样化的教学形式，培养学生的临床思维能力和病情判断能力。
精讲课 及时收集教学图片，在讲课时，注重把握重点和难点。在授课形式上采用多媒体幻灯、相关疾病的VCD、录像、模型或国内外各种典型教学图片。这种“由形象中来又回到象中去”的教学方法可以加深学生对课堂内容深刻的记忆，也补充临床病例的缺乏现象，每次课后根据所学内容布置2～3题简单病例分小组进行讨论，提高学生学习儿科学的兴趣和积极参与的主动性。
病例讨论课 在整个课程中组织1～2次病例讨论课。
课前1周将病史摘要分发给同学，每组6～8人，按要求准备该病例的病史、诊断、治疗原则及护理措施等。然后课堂集中先由各小组同学代表上台发言， 对该病例进行整理分析和判断，时间为10分钟，其他同学向发言者提问，然后老师总结该病例的病史特点，介绍临床诊断和护理措施，最后围绕本病讲课时间 2学时。通过病例讨论课，学生学会收集临床资料、寻找疾病诊断和护理问题。同时学生的学习能力、语言表达能力、临床思维能力、临场应变能力都得到提 高。不但巩固了所学知识，而且能运用所学知识指导临床实践。
自学课：儿科学内容很多，由于学时有限。有些内容只能通过自学来完成。对儿科临床常见住院疾病的某些章节，我们采用自学为主，，根据疾病特点出一些思考题，让学生带着问题进行自学，老师随时进行辅导，培养学生的自 学能力，并提高总结归纳水平。通过自学，学生不但学到了知识，而且提高了自学能力，变被动学习为主动学习。
开展第二课堂，了解学科动态为满足学有余力同学的需要，结合教研室老师专业特色，我们开设儿童保健专题讲座，讲解儿童良好习惯的培养、社会适应能力的培养、意外事故的预防等;儿童心理专题讲座，讲授小儿常见心理问题与干预措施如行为问题、情绪问题、多动综合症等。让学生了解并关注儿童健康已从单纯的躯体健康发展到躯体健康、心理健康和社会功能健全的综合问题，更好地贯彻整体护理的主导思想。
改革考核方法，以往主要采用理论考试，常常是“上课记笔记，下课看笔记，考试背笔记”的应试 教育 ，学生进入临床实习时不能马上熟练运用所学知识。改革后的理论考试成绩为60%，并制定考核认知领域方面的目标层次，即记忆、领会、应用、 分析、综合能力等，其中基础层次目标(理解+记忆占2/3)，高层次目标(综合分析占1/3)，对学生的认知水平进行评价。护理操作成绩为30%，包括儿科常用护理技术，如小儿生长发育指标的测量、头皮静脉注射，小儿喂药方法、保暖箱和蓝光箱操作及适应证。综合素质成绩为10%，包括课堂回答问题、病例讨论发言、体检报告的书写、爱伤护伤的观念和学习主动性等项目。这样的考评方法，既能比较客观地反映学生认知水平和技能水平，又能反映学生的综合素质。
结合儿科学科的发展，合理调整课程，采用多种教学方法和手段，既保留了传统授课在知识传递方面的优势，又体现了以学生为中心的教学方针，培养了学生的创新思维能力和综合分析能力，为儿科护理学临床教学不断地开拓新方法，探索新路子，也为即将进入临床工作打下坚实的基础。
参考文献：
1.范玲，住院患儿的护理。儿科护理学，2007
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