发布时间：
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
PubMed。PubMed是一个免费的搜寻引擎，提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要。它的数据库来源为MEDLINE。其核心主题为医学主要医学英文期刊Lancet柳叶刀JAMA美国医学会杂志NEngJMed新英格兰医学杂志Circulation循环杂志。
去创新医学网一定能找到的，上面24科室的论文都有，而且全部免费，自己去找找吧！
国外的医学视频没有，国内卫生部出版的一套倒是能搞到，不过我自个儿都是买的呢，去淘·宝上搜一个叫“拿拿教程专营”的店子，它哪里有
包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你，望采纳！
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
去PubMed检索，列表后面有fulltext提示，部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜，一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
我国权威医学期刊有, <中国地方病防治杂志>, , <中国实用眼科杂志>, <中国危重病急救医学> ,<中国行为医学科学>. <中国医师杂志> .<中国综合临床>. .<小儿急救医学>等等啊
中华医学会主办的是国内最权威的，以下都是。 中华外科杂志 美国医学杂志中文版 中华内科杂志 中华结核和呼吸杂志 中华妇产科杂志 中华儿科杂志 中华神经科杂志 中华口腔医学杂志 中华预防医学杂志 中华全科医师杂志 英国医学杂志中文版 中华传染病杂志 中华创伤杂志 中华超声影像学杂志 中华放射医学与防护杂志 中华放射肿瘤学杂志 中华创伤杂志英文版 中华肝胆外科杂志 中华肝脏病杂志 中华风湿病学杂志 中华航海医学与高气压医学杂志 中华航空航天医学杂志 中华骨科杂志 中华急诊医学杂志 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志 中华核医学杂志 中华理疗杂志 中华流行病学杂志 中华老年医学杂志 中华泌尿外科杂志 中华内分泌代谢杂志 中华麻醉学杂志 中华普通外科杂志 中华肾脏病杂志 中华烧伤杂志 中华实验外科杂志 中华手外科杂志 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志 中华围产医学杂志 中华糖尿病杂志 中华物理医学与康复杂志 中华显微外科杂志 中华胃肠外科杂志 中华消化杂志 中华小儿外科杂志 中华消化内镜杂志 中华胸心血管外科杂志 中华血液学杂志 中华心律失常学杂志 中华医史杂志 中华医院管理杂志 中华神经医学杂志 中华创伤骨科杂志 国际病毒学杂志 国际耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志 国际儿科学杂志 国际放射医学核医学杂志 国际护理学杂志 国际呼吸杂志 国际医学寄生虫病杂志 国际检验医学杂志 国际流行病学传染病学杂志 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志 国际泌尿系统杂志 国际免疫学杂志 国际内分泌学杂志 国际脑血管病杂志 国际皮肤性病学杂志 国际生物医学工程杂志 国际外科学杂志 国际眼科学杂志 国际遗传学杂志 国际输血及血液学杂志 国际肿瘤学杂志 国际移植与血液净化杂志 国际中医中药杂志 国际输血及血液学杂志 ·中国系列期刊· 小儿急救医学 医师进修杂志 中国地方病防治杂志 中国基层医药 中国实用眼科杂志 中国危重病急救医学 中国行为医学科学 中国医师杂志 中国综合临床 中国实用护理杂志 肿瘤研究与临床 白血病·淋巴瘤
丁香客
丁香客是丁香园旗下的一款产品。丁香园是面向医生这个群体的网站，据说有270万医生会员（占中国医生数量一半以上），其中超过70%的会员拥有硕士或博士学位，是中国医学网站与论坛的老大。丁香客可以查看动态、发布观点、上传图片、浏览文章、发布信息，是为医生群体提供专业知识交流的社交工具，适合医生及在校医学生使用。
医维度
医维度3d人体解剖app这个软件是一个提供三维画面人体解刨模型的免费软件，这个软件主要是为医学生以及专业的医疗人士提供的帮助服务软件，通过医维度人体解剖app你可以清晰的看到各种人体解刨动画，灵活控制3D模型，可以360度任意角度旋转、放大缩小察看，随时显示、隐藏、透明处理人体结构的任意一部分。这一款APP可以将繁琐的解剖学内容立体呈现，细致而准确，被称作最好的解剖学APP，可谓是学习解剖的神兵利器。
用药助手
用药助手也是丁香园旗下一款面向医生群体的APP，它可以用来查询药品说明书、查看用药指南及进行常用医学计算。它对临床医生及在校大学生（尤其是药学专业大学生）十分大！
杏树林医学文献
医学文献APP是杏树林旗下的一款产品。杏树林医学文献是国内首个个性化的医学专业文献手机应用。它囊括全球影响力最高的50多本医学杂志，包括新英格兰医学杂志（NEJM）、美国医学会杂志（JAMA）、柳叶刀杂志（Lancet）、英国医学杂志（BMJ）和中华医学会各科杂志等，覆盖超过20个专科。它对医务工作者及在校医学生的学习和科研有着巨大的帮助！（阅读专业论文对医学英语的要求非常高，所以医学生们一定要好好学习专业英语）
医景Medscape
Medscape是美国医疗健康服务网站WebMD旗下医景网的一款APP。其内容包括新闻资讯、药物配伍禁忌、治疗指南、医学计算器、医学培训等方面。Medscape是互联网上最大的免费提供临床医学全文文献和继续医学教育资源(CME)的网点。
PubMed On Tap
数据库APP，PubMed提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要，其数据库来源包括MEDLINE、OLDMEDLINE、Record in process、Record supplied by publisher，核心主题为医学，亦包括其他与医学相关的领域，例如护理学等。是进行生物医学研究的必备神器！
iRadiology
医学影像学APP，内容丰富，每张片子都有标注讲解，简单易懂（当然，你要能看懂这些专业的医学英语）。
除了医学app排行榜前十名，还有很多很多非常好的医学APP，例如医学时间、全科医生、PCI病例荟、骨科时间、AO surgery、plos reader等等，另外很多医学APP都是全英文的，因此一款电子词典APP也是必不可少的（当然最好能精通医学英语）！
疟疾(malaria)影响人类生活至少可溯自3000~4000年前，一些疟疾的病症，例如周期性发热、发冷、出汗及脾肿大等，都被记载在中国、印度或埃及的医事古典中。而在1800年代，世界上每年罹患疟疾者约有3亿人，而死于疟疾300万人。虽然比起古代把疟疾归咎为天神降祸或瘴疠之气，1800年代的人已经有了传染病的观念，但疟疾的传染途径，在当时仍是未解之谜。
热带地区发病率高被认为是瘴疠之气的「疟疾」
历史上因为感染疟疾去世的名人特别多。例如缔造了世界上第一个横跨欧亚非三洲帝国的亚历山大大帝和文艺复兴时期义大利著名的大诗人、《神曲》的作者但丁，都因疟疾而去世。这种病流行于世界各地，尤其在热带地区有很多人发病，所以被认为是瘴疠之气，而许多研究热带医学的科学家，也想要破解被认为是瘴疠之气的「疟疾」之谜。
热带病学专家Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran在1880年于疟疾患者的血液中发现了疟原虫，而英国热带医学之父Patrick Manson，根据疟疾病原体，推测出蚊子是丝虫病原体的传播者，并在1893年提出疟疾是由蚊子传播的假说。
疟疾被证实为蚊子叮咬传染 而出生于印度Ronald Ross，因为当时每年都有100万人死于疟疾，进而对疟疾问题产生兴趣。他认识了英国热带医学之父Patrick Manson，受到疟疾是由蚊子传播的假说影响，展开研究疟疾的工作。他首先证明饮用污染了受感染成蚊或幼虫的水不会患疟疾。而后又学会鉴定蚊种，将孑孓孵化出的库蚊和伊蚊放在疟疾病人身上吸血后，并没有观察到有疟原虫的反应。
直到1897年8月20日，Ronald Ross又用按蚊在疟疾病人身上吸血后，经过饲养、解剖，终于在按蚊胃腔和胃壁中发现了疟原虫，而这天在之后也变成了「世界蚊子日」。而在1898年，他研究疟原虫在罹患疟疾鸟类体内的生活史，并在蚊子的唾液腺中观察到疟原虫子孢子，证实了蚊子是传播疟疾的媒介，并且画出了疟原虫的传染途径，相关的论文发表在1897年12月18日的《British Medical Journal》《英国医学杂志》上。
在2年后的1899年，Ronald Ross又率领探险队深入疟疾猖獗的西非地区，经过3个月的实地考察，他终于在蚊子胃肠道中发现了人类疟原虫的卵囊，更进一步证实了疟疾是由疟蚊传播的。
对于疟疾流行病学的调查和评估方法上的贡献
Ronald Ross在非洲的苏伊士运河地区，希腊，模里西斯，赛普勒斯等疟疾肆虐的区域进行广泛的实地调查，并且发现疟疾和蚊子的关联，发现蚊子在水中繁殖，还有疟原虫是借由蚊子作为传播媒介，感染患者。并帮助流行学的研究开发了数学模型，在40年后，Ronald Ross建立的基础，构成了昆虫传播疾病的流行病学的研究方法。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
肯定重要了 专业的医学英语只有专业的人才懂得 要是你不学 开错了药。。 治病救人~。。。。。。。。。。。
当然重要了，很多前沿的研究都是英语的，只有足够的专业英语水平才能读懂，我们老主任曾经说过，要想当学科带头人，英语必须好，而且专业英语必须同样好！
【关键词】 医学英语论文； 标题写作； 修辞原则； 策略Abstract：As an important component part of a medical research paper，the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles：focuse on subject，be accurate，be concise，be words： Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能［1］。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略： 在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心；准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association, application, determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征［2］。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法： 首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写（首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写）；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。 其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”；“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”，而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitis C virus (HCV)，维甲酸：all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例： The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris （针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响） “影响”为中心词，但它在文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法，“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示，译文准确而明晰。［3］3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手： 在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”［4］。 在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式；名词或名词短语+过去分词；现在分词短语；介词短语结构；名词或名词短语+介词短语；以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children（关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用）宜改为：The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：例1：“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2：“Socioeconomic status，standard of living，and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目；例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。［5］如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases （输血后肝炎60例报告）。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo；心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease；严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
新英格兰医学杂志的网站有不少关于临床操作的规范化教学视频，很不错
Discovery 和很多Strong Medicine: Clinical Risk episode on - 73kHealth and Medicine - UCTV - University of California Television ... The Doctor's Channel | Internet TV for Doctors | Learn From Each Other ... The Doctor's Channel is a free resource for Physicians, featuring Free CME (Continuing Medical Education) ... Allergy & Clinical Immunology. Dermatology ... Medicine + Technology + Telecommunications=Telemedicine Channels ... widely-used technology is two-way, interactive television (IATV) ... Welcome to Pacific Healthcare Specialist Centre ... Singapore, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, diplomate of the ... Her clinical interest is in cosmetic dermatology, especially in non-invasive ... - Interactive Anatomy Register here for a 24 hour free trial to the full content of one of our titles ... This can be anything you like, for example your name ... - CachedDiscovery Health :: TV Listings :: Daily Schedule Find a Clinical Trial. Understanding Your Prescription. Family ScrapBlog. Games & Tools. Alternative Medicine Cabinet. Diseases & Conditions Tools. Cancer Tools ... - 71k - ™ – university channel – Ian Ramsey discusses postgraduate ... Ian Ramsey discusses postgraduate clinical programmes Video not displayed? ... Peter Bowling outlines priorities in teaching equine medicine & surgery ...... - ™ – vetpulse channel – Ian Ramsey discusses postgraduate ... Ian Ramsey discusses postgraduate clinical programmes Video not displayed? ... David Logue & Kathryn Ellis on what's new in the teaching of food animal medicine ...
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PubMed。PubMed是一个免费的搜寻引擎，提供生物医学方面的论文搜寻以及摘要。它的数据库来源为MEDLINE。其核心主题为医学主要医学英文期刊Lancet柳叶刀JAMA美国医学会杂志NEngJMed新英格兰医学杂志Circulation循环杂志。