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艾滋病论文手写版

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艾滋病论文手写版

一、发病机理二、发病症状三、传播途径四、预防措施五、关爱艾滋病人...

1、艾滋病对个人的危害生理上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦发展成艾滋病人,健康状况就会迅速恶化,患者身体上要承受巨大的痛苦,最后被夺去生命。心理、社会上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦知道自己感染了艾滋病病毒,心理上会产生巨大的压力。另外,艾滋病病毒感染者容易受到社会的歧视,很难得到亲友的关心和照顾。2、艾滋病对家庭的危害社会上对艾滋病人及感染者的种种歧视态度会殃及其家庭,他们的家庭成员和他们一样,也要背负其沉重的心理负担。由此容易产生家庭不和,甚至导致家庭破裂。因为多数艾滋病病人及感染者处于养家糊口的年龄,往往是家庭经济的主要来源。当他们本身不能再工作,又需要支付高额的医药费时,其家庭经济状况就会很快恶化。有艾滋病病人的家庭,其结局一般都是留下孤儿无人抚养,或留下父母无人养老送终。3、艾滋病对社会的危害艾滋病主要侵害那些年富力强的20-45岁的成年人,而这些成年人是社会的生产者、家庭的抚养者、国家的保卫者。艾滋病削弱了社会生产力,减缓了经济增长,人均出生期望寿命降低,民族素质下降,国力减弱。社会的歧视和不公正待遇将许多艾滋病人及感染者推向社会,造成社会的不安定因素,使犯罪率升高,社会秩序和社会稳定遭到破坏。4、艾滋病对儿童的影响艾滋病使千千万万的儿童沦为孤儿,使千万无辜儿童被迫承受失去亲人的痛苦,还要经常忍受人们的歧视、失学、营养不良以及过重的劳动负担。艾滋病是我们人类共同的敌人,要消灭艾滋病需要全社会的共同努力,需要培养预防艾滋病的社会责任感,需要从"我"做起。

忘记了是从那一天起,爱滋病这个略带西方色彩的字眼闯如了我们的生活.它惊醒了沉睡中的我们.让我们认识了爱滋,了解了爱滋,惧怕了爱滋,远离了爱滋病人. 人性就在这时体现了.普存忻这个我不太熟知,但是他是有名的爱滋病大使.也许我连他的名字都不会写,可是我从心里崇拜他,因为他有一颗剔透的心,高尚的灵魂.其实我心里也知道,爱滋病是靠性传播,血液传播,母婴传播的.可是就是人性的自私,我也保护我自己,如果有一个人他站在我面前说要和我握手,而且告诉我他是爱滋病人,恐怕我也会胆怯,我也会踌躇.可是他呢!毅然的和他们握手,吃饭,交流.也许这些在正常人与正常人之间太微不足道了.可是如果是一个正常人和一个爱滋病人之间,那么是多么的崇高的一种气节.是多么的伟大.他们做到了,可是今天的我真的做不到. 人之初,性本善.也许是自私抹杀了我的善良.也许是自己保护的意识让我收起了善良.今天我只能在这里高唱凯歌,百般称赞那些能做到和爱滋病人平等的人,对不起,今天的我依然做不到~ 艾滋病是一种有艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵人体后破坏人体免疫功能,使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤,最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。天猫爱卫唾液收集器不用抽血在家取样,保护隐私。 全球艾滋病20年来造成2800万人死亡,目前还有4300万患者,并且每天新增病人万人。我国现有65万艾滋病感染者,去年每天新增192人。 艾滋病传染途径主要有三种:一是性接触传播;二是血液传播;三是母婴传播。 目前,艾滋病仍然是不治之症。它威胁着每个人和每个家庭,预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。 ]1、洁身自爱。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。2、使用避孕套。正确使用避孕套不仅能避孕,还能减少感染艾滋病、性病的危险。3、治疗性病。及早治疗并治愈性病可减少艾滋病的感染。正规医院能提供正规、保密的检查、诊断、治疗和服务咨询,必要时可借助当地性病、艾滋病服务热线进行咨询。4、远离毒品。避免共享针头,禁止吸毒,减少血液接触。处理伤口时,一定要注意避免皮肤、眼睛、口腔接触到别人的血液。5、防止交叉传染。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的不安全拔牙和美容等,使用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。 只要按照预防艾滋病的方法去做就不会感染到这种病。就可以不让自己的生命白白浪费掉。

分段写,第一段,第二段……

艾滋病论文结论手写稿

爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.

.文艾防艾论坛 可以领公益试纸.

忘记了是从那一天起,爱滋病这个略带西方色彩的字眼闯如了我们的生活.它惊醒了沉睡中的我们.让我们认识了爱滋,了解了爱滋,惧怕了爱滋,远离了爱滋病人. 人性就在这时体现了.普存忻这个我不太熟知,但是他是有名的爱滋病大使.也许我连他的名字都不会写,可是我从心里崇拜他,因为他有一颗剔透的心,高尚的灵魂.其实我心里也知道,爱滋病是靠性传播,血液传播,母婴传播的.可是就是人性的自私,我也保护我自己,如果有一个人他站在我面前说要和我握手,而且告诉我他是爱滋病人,恐怕我也会胆怯,我也会踌躇.可是他呢!毅然的和他们握手,吃饭,交流.也许这些在正常人与正常人之间太微不足道了.可是如果是一个正常人和一个爱滋病人之间,那么是多么的崇高的一种气节.是多么的伟大.他们做到了,可是今天的我真的做不到. 人之初,性本善.也许是自私抹杀了我的善良.也许是自己保护的意识让我收起了善良.今天我只能在这里高唱凯歌,百般称赞那些能做到和爱滋病人平等的人,对不起,今天的我依然做不到~ 艾滋病是一种有艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵人体后破坏人体免疫功能,使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤,最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。天猫爱卫唾液收集器不用抽血在家取样,保护隐私。 全球艾滋病20年来造成2800万人死亡,目前还有4300万患者,并且每天新增病人万人。我国现有65万艾滋病感染者,去年每天新增192人。 艾滋病传染途径主要有三种:一是性接触传播;二是血液传播;三是母婴传播。 目前,艾滋病仍然是不治之症。它威胁着每个人和每个家庭,预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。 ]1、洁身自爱。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。2、使用避孕套。正确使用避孕套不仅能避孕,还能减少感染艾滋病、性病的危险。3、治疗性病。及早治疗并治愈性病可减少艾滋病的感染。正规医院能提供正规、保密的检查、诊断、治疗和服务咨询,必要时可借助当地性病、艾滋病服务热线进行咨询。4、远离毒品。避免共享针头,禁止吸毒,减少血液接触。处理伤口时,一定要注意避免皮肤、眼睛、口腔接触到别人的血液。5、防止交叉传染。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的不安全拔牙和美容等,使用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。 只要按照预防艾滋病的方法去做就不会感染到这种病。就可以不让自己的生命白白浪费掉。

艾滋病病人手术论文

是一份原创的了。啊

爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.

忘记了是从那一天起,爱滋病这个略带西方色彩的字眼闯如了我们的生活.它惊醒了沉睡中的我们.让我们认识了爱滋,了解了爱滋,惧怕了爱滋,远离了爱滋病人. 人性就在这时体现了.普存忻这个我不太熟知,但是他是有名的爱滋病大使.也许我连他的名字都不会写,可是我从心里崇拜他,因为他有一颗剔透的心,高尚的灵魂.其实我心里也知道,爱滋病是靠性传播,血液传播,母婴传播的.可是就是人性的自私,我也保护我自己,如果有一个人他站在我面前说要和我握手,而且告诉我他是爱滋病人,恐怕我也会胆怯,我也会踌躇.可是他呢!毅然的和他们握手,吃饭,交流.也许这些在正常人与正常人之间太微不足道了.可是如果是一个正常人和一个爱滋病人之间,那么是多么的崇高的一种气节.是多么的伟大.他们做到了,可是今天的我真的做不到. 人之初,性本善.也许是自私抹杀了我的善良.也许是自己保护的意识让我收起了善良.今天我只能在这里高唱凯歌,百般称赞那些能做到和爱滋病人平等的人,对不起,今天的我依然做不到~ 艾滋病是一种有艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵人体后破坏人体免疫功能,使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤,最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。天猫爱卫唾液收集器不用抽血在家取样,保护隐私。 全球艾滋病20年来造成2800万人死亡,目前还有4300万患者,并且每天新增病人万人。我国现有65万艾滋病感染者,去年每天新增192人。 艾滋病传染途径主要有三种:一是性接触传播;二是血液传播;三是母婴传播。 目前,艾滋病仍然是不治之症。它威胁着每个人和每个家庭,预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。 ]1、洁身自爱。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。2、使用避孕套。正确使用避孕套不仅能避孕,还能减少感染艾滋病、性病的危险。3、治疗性病。及早治疗并治愈性病可减少艾滋病的感染。正规医院能提供正规、保密的检查、诊断、治疗和服务咨询,必要时可借助当地性病、艾滋病服务热线进行咨询。4、远离毒品。避免共享针头,禁止吸毒,减少血液接触。处理伤口时,一定要注意避免皮肤、眼睛、口腔接触到别人的血液。5、防止交叉传染。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的不安全拔牙和美容等,使用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。 只要按照预防艾滋病的方法去做就不会感染到这种病。就可以不让自己的生命白白浪费掉。

一、周密思考,慎重落笔论文提纲论文是一项“系统工程”,在正式动笔之前,要对文章进行通盘思考,检查一下各项准备工作是否已完全就绪。首先,要明确主题。主题是文章的统帅,动笔之前必须想得到十分清楚。清人刘熙载说:“凡作一篇文,其用意俱可以一言蔽之。扩之则为千万言,约之则为一言,所谓主脑者是也。”(《艺概》)作者要想一想,自己文章的主题能否用一句话来概括。主题不明,是绝对不能动手写文的。其次,是理清思路。思路是人订]思想前进的脉络、轨道,是结构的内在依据。动笔之前,对怎样提出问题,怎样分析问题,怎样解决问题,以及使用哪些材料等,都要想清楚。第三,立定格局。所谓“格局”,就是全文的间架、大纲、轮廓。在动笔之前先把它想好“立定”,如全文分几部分,各有哪些层次,先说什么,后说什么,哪里该详,哪里该略,从头至尾都应有个大致的设想。第四,把需要的材料准备好,将各种事实、数据、引文等找来放在手头,以免到用时再去寻找,打断思路。第五,安排好写作时间、地点。写作要有相对集中的时间,比较安静的环境,才能集中精力专心致志地完成毕业论文写作任务。古人说:“袖手于前,方能疾书于后。”鲁迅也曾说,静观默察,烂熟于心;凝神结想,一挥而就。做好了充分的准备,写起来就会很快。有的人不重视写作前的准备,对所写的对象只有一点粗浅的认识就急于动笔,在写作过程中“边施工边设计”,弄得次序颠倒,手忙脚乱,或做或掇,时断时续,结果反而进展缓慢。所以,在起草之前要周密思考,慎重落笔。二、一气呵成,不重“小节”在动笔之前要做好充分的准备,一旦下笔之后,则要坚持不懈地一口气写下去,务必在最短时间内拿出初稿。这是许多文章家的写作诀窍。有的人写文章喜欢咬文嚼字,边写边琢磨词句,遇到想不起的字也要停下来查半天字典。这样写法,很容易把思路打断。其实,初稿不妨粗一些,材料或文字方面存在某些缺陷,只要无关大局。暂时不必去改动它,等到全部初稿写成后,再来加工不迟。鲁迅就是这样做的,他在《致叶紫》的信中说:先前那样十步九回头的作文法,是很不对的,这就是在不断的不相信自己——结果一定做不成。以后应该立定格局之后,一直写下去,不管修辞,也不要回头看。等到成后,搁它几天,然后再来复看,删去若干,改换几字。在创作的途中,一面炼字,真要把感兴打断的。我翻译时,倘想不到适当的字,就把这些字空起来,仍旧译下去,这字待稍暇时再想。否则,能因为一个字,停到大半天。这是鲁迅的经验之谈,对我们写毕业论文也极有启发。三、行于所当行,止于所当止北宋大文学家苏拭在谈到他的散文写作时说:“吾文如万斜泉涌,不择地而出。在乎地,滔滔汩汩,虽一日干里无难;及其与山石曲折,随地赋形而不可知也。所可知者,常行于所当行,常止于不可不止,如是而已矣。”(《文说》)苏拭是唐宋八大散文家之一,作文如行云流水,有神出鬼没之妙,旁人不可企及。但他总结的“行于所当行,止于所不可不止”,则带有一定的普遍性。“行于所当行”,要求作者在写作时,该说的一定要说清楚,不惜笔墨。如一篇文章的有关背景,一段事情的来龙去脉,一种事物的性质特征等,如果是读者所不熟悉的,就应该在文章中讲清楚,交代明白,不能任意苟简,而使文意受到损害,以致出现不周密、不翔实的缺陷。“止于所不能不止”,就是说,不该写的,一字也不可多写,要“惜墨如金”。如果情之所至,任意挥洒,不加节制,也不肯割爱,势必造成枝蔓横生,冗长拖杏,甚至出现“下笔千言,离题万里”的毛病。

艾滋病论文模版

关爱艾滋病患者生活里有很多人都患有艾滋病。许多人都以为艾滋病会传染,连拥抱、握手这种动作都会传染。那我要告诉你们,你们错了,你们错的太离谱了。和艾滋病病人做这种动作,是不会传染的,即使你们知道不会传染,也不愿意去和他们做这种动作,你们在心里排斥他们,在生活上排斥他们。有些人甚至连靠近他们,都不愿意去靠近。患有艾滋病病人知道这种病不会传染,但是,在他们身边人不知道他们患有艾滋病的情况下,尽量不让自己被别人碰触自己身体的每一处。他们这么做是为什么?为的是不想让别人也感染到,尽管自己知道不会传染,但还是这么做了。艾滋病患者一直都在保护着我们,不让我们受到感染。我们却连句话都不和他们说,连一句温暖的话也不和他们说一句。艾滋病患者需要的是我们更多的关爱和支持,他们也想和正常人一样,做着正常人能做的事。当患有艾滋病的人上学时,全校的家长和师生都在反对。他们不想让一个患有艾滋病的人和他们一起生活,一起上下学,没有一个人愿意和他们做朋友,没有人愿意接近他们,没有一个人能站在艾滋病患者的角度来想想,他们这时是最需要关爱和支持的。而我们,却没有一个人站出来为他们解说。世上有好人,有爱心的人。但这些人却不是很多,艾滋病患者同样是人。他们曾经也是和我们一样的人。曾经,他们有很多的朋友。可现在,却是自己一个人。我们应该多多关注他们,给他们需要的关爱和支持。关爱和支持,对于艾滋病者是很珍贵的。就算只剩一点的时间,能在这个世界上得到关爱和支持,在天堂的他们也没有什么遗憾了。请为艾滋病患者做出一点贡献。与其把心思花在没用的地方,还不如把心思花在帮助艾滋病患者的身上。就算他们走了,也要让他们知道,这个世界不只有他们一个人。这个世界的每一个人都是他们的亲人,都时时刻刻地陪在他们身边。这个世界的他们不再孤单,让他们觉得活这个世界上很值得。要在这个世界上坚强地活着,于艾滋病顽强抗争,不能被艾滋病屈服!

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昨天,第20个世界艾滋病日,一对男女举着“我是艾滋病人,请给我一个拥抱!”的牌子,在黄兴路步行街索拥抱。多数路人唯恐避让不及,有的则主动上前,与两人一一拥抱。这其实是湖南师范大学两位青年志愿者假扮的艾滋病人,以此宣传预防艾滋病,关爱艾滋病人。《来源网络》 关爱艾滋病患者,这个口号正在越来越广泛的被关注,每年的12月1日被定为“世界艾滋病日”,因此在这一天,总是有许许多多关于艾滋病的宣传活动,除了告诉大家“关爱生命,学会保护自己”之外,还会呼吁大家对艾滋病患者“消除岐视,关爱他们”。这对举着想要拥抱的男女大学生,正是想希望通过这种简单的关爱来消除大家对艾滋病患者的蔑视与恐惧,只是效果好不好,相信只有真正的艾滋病患者才能明白了。 这个世界是需要平等的,艾滋病患者需要得到大家的平等对待。可是为什么大家会岐视艾滋病患者?只有解开这个结才能够真正的解决这种岐视。在某种程度上,人们对于艾滋病普遍存在误解,大多认为患有这种病的人,都是一些吸毒者,卖淫嫖娼者,以及同性恋者等边缘化的少数群体,其实据有关方面统计,有相当一部分的人除了通过不正当性行为以及吸毒的途径感染艾滋病之外,通过血液以及母婴传染也成了艾滋病的传僠途径。也许有人会说前者是自作自受,可是后都却值得同情了。 艾滋病的可怕之处正在于它的无药可治,也正是人们的这种恐惧,偏见,岐视以及自我保护心理,将那些艾滋病患者推向无助及绝望的境界。可是光凭“关爱与消除岐视”的口号并不能真正的解决艾滋病给社会带来的危害,他们更加需要的是国际社会提供必要的资源,采取必要的行动,切切实实的将艾滋病列为工作议程的头等大事中,研发出可以抑制及治疗的药物出来。而在提倡消除岐视艾滋病的同时更应该加强宣传预防的力度,因为防范给治理更加重要。 消除岐视是好事,可是有必要当街假扮艾滋病患者来考验路人的承受能力吗?艾滋病患者需要关爱是真,可是这两位假扮艾滋病患者的男女大学生,他们其实对艾滋病也非常的恐惧,不只是刻意的找来口罩戴上,以示艾滋病患者的“与众不同”,还举着牌子大肆宣传。在通过记者的采访当中,他们也毫不掩饰内心对于艾滋病患者存在的隔膜,他们担心在大街上被熟人看到误解他们,会给他们以后的生活带来诸多的负面影响。所以说,此等行为无异于自相矛盾了. 所幸大街上行色匆匆的行人们大多能够真正的认识艾滋病,对于这种刻意要求的“拥抱”,很多人都能够坦然的去接受。当一位位的市民向这两位假艾滋病患者张开双臂时,可能真正受感动的是那些真正的艾滋病患者,因为正正需要理解与关爱的人是他们。所以这个活动或者来说是件好事,因为由此可见人们对于艾滋病患者已经越来越宽容,可是个人还是认为没有必要如此刻意的求证,因为能够理解的人自然能够理解,不能理解的人也不会通过几次拥抱就能够理解。相反,对于那些不能接受的人,对此方式反而会加深反感。 艾滋病患者在现实社会受到岐视是显而易见的,可是光凭喊喊口号不可能会消除这种岐视的,所以除了对于这些人群的理解与关怀之外,每个人都应该学会自重与自我保护,毕竟经过性乱感染此病的也不在少数。如今,艾滋病已经不仅仅是人类的健康问题了,而是涉及到了诸多的社会因素,因为有些染上艾滋病的患者,因为绝望而产生对社会的报复之心,刻意隐瞒自己的病情而加速此病的传播,这样的人是非常可怕的。所以在呼吁关爱与理解的同时,更应该加深艾滋病患者的社会责任感,不要将自己的不幸扩大开去。

世界携手,共同努力艾滋病的全名是“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”,它是由艾滋病病毒(人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV病毒)引起的一种病死率极高的传染病,HIV病毒侵入人体后,会破坏人体的免疫系统。虽然人体的免疫系统有一定的消灭病毒的反应,但产生的艾滋病病毒的抗体并不能完全杀死HIV病毒。HIV病毒一般在人体中潜伏7-10年,在此期间,艾滋病病毒感染者并没有很多异常反应,外表看上去一切正常,也能正常工作生活很多年。但潜伏期一过,艾滋病病毒就会严重破坏感染者的免疫系统,以至于感染者不能维持最低的免疫能力,艾滋病病人也会出现一些原因不明的长期低热,体重下降,慢性腹泻,咳嗽等症状。慢慢地,病人的体内就会出现多种难以治愈的感染和肿瘤,最终死亡。从出现到现在,艾滋病已在全球蔓延几十年,但至今没有治愈艾滋病的药物。所以,艾滋病被称为“史后世纪瘟疫”,也被称为“超级癌症”和“世纪杀手”,引起了全世界的关注。全世界第一例确诊的艾滋病病人死于1959年,病人是一位刚果男子。那时并没有引起全世界太多的关注,直到1981年在美国洛杉矶5名同性恋身上同时发现了HIV病毒后,这就意味着HIV病毒开始大规模传播,也引起了全世界其他国家的普遍关注。那时候美国报道的艾滋病死亡人数是121人。其后,艾滋病病毒广泛传播,以迅雷不及掩耳之势波及全世界。到1999年,全世界确诊的艾滋病患者和艾滋病病毒感染者就有3300万人,而死亡人数也达到2000万人。短短的20年,艾滋病引起了全世界的恐慌。为了遏制艾滋病的过快蔓延,1987年,世界卫生组织(WHO)正式启动了全球艾滋病防治计划。其后的一年,也就是1988年,世界卫生组织将每年的12月1日作为每年的世界艾滋病日。而我国的艾滋病现状也不容乐观。1985年,北京协和医院正报到中国境内第一例艾滋病患者,是一位外国游客。其后的几年间,在中国境内发现的艾滋病患者也都是来华外国人和海外华人。直到1989年,在云南吸毒人群发现正式确诊了艾滋病感染者146人后,这标志着艾滋病已从国外输入变为国内扩散。也是在短短的20年内,到2009年,世界卫生组织推测我国的艾滋病感染者和艾滋病病人78万人,我国的艾滋病流行也进入了快速增长期。因此,预防艾滋病传播迫在眉睫。我们都知道艾滋病主要通过性接触、血液和母婴三种途径传播。所以,预防艾滋病传播也应该从这三个方面着手。在世界范围内,性接触是传播艾滋病的最主要途径。艾滋病通过性交的方式在男女之间、男男之间传播,而且性交的次数越多,被感染的几率也就越大。所以,正确使用避孕套就是有效破坏这个途径的好方法。对于避孕套来说,可能大多数人认为其用来防止怀孕的,其实不然,避孕套也可以防止感染艾滋病和性病。虽然使用避孕套不是100%的安全,但总会起到很好的效果。另外,性病患者比没有性病的患者更容易感染艾滋病,因此有性病的患者应及早到正规医院或者性病防治机构检查、咨询和治疗。切忌不要找一些游医治疗,胡乱吃一些所谓的灵丹妙药,不但没有治疗病症,还会延误治疗的最佳时期,恶化病症。预防因性接触传播艾滋病的最根本措施是洁身自好,遵守性道德,树立健康积极的恋爱,婚姻,家庭和性观念。对于青年人来说,要学会克制性从动,过早的进行性行为,不但损伤彼此的友谊,还会影响身心健康;对于性自由来说,应该及早的改掉这种不良的生活习惯,接触的人越多,被感染的几率就更大不然就会过早的断送自己年轻的生命;对于夫妻来说,应该秉着忠诚的原则,最大程度的避免艾滋病在夫妻之间传播。血液传播也是艾滋病传播的重要途径。艾滋病在离开人体后,常温下只能存活数小时或者数天,高温、干燥以及常用的消毒剂都可以杀死HIV病毒。因此,共用不经消毒的注射器吸毒极易感染艾滋病。这对这一点,我们因该杜绝毒品,防微杜渐。吸毒不但是一种违法行为,也会对自己对家人甚至对社会带来危害。远离毒品,远离艾滋病。另外,献血和输血也有可能感染艾滋病。献血应到正规的医院或者有医疗卫生组织检疫合格的献血点,这样可以避免因使用不严格消毒的注射器而被HIV病毒感染。记得顾长卫导演的《最爱》,在一个偏远的乡村,有很多村民为了满足自己的金钱需要到一个小商贩那里集体卖血,由于使用的抽血机没有经过严格的消毒,使得那些卖血的人都感染上了艾滋病,这不是个个例,其实有很多时候,不幸就这么发生了,最后那些感染者都慢慢的死去了。这就是没有很好做到预防艾滋病的工作。总而言之,依法无偿献血,杜绝贩血卖血,加强血液检测是保证用血安全的重要措施。母婴传播也是一个不可忽略的途径。患有艾滋病的母亲会在怀孕期,分娩和产后母乳喂奶时将HIV病毒传向婴儿。如果母女患有艾滋病,应该防止她怀孕,即使是怀孕了也要人工流产,否则,孩子生下来也会夭折。有一点值得注意,婴儿出生后,人工喂奶会在一定的程度上降低被感染艾滋病的可能性。虽然艾滋病是一种不治之症,但也不要谈“艾”色变。与艾滋病患者正常接触如拥抱,握手等是不会感染艾滋病的,艾滋病病毒也不会经过马桶圈、电话机、餐饮具和卧具传播,也不会经过打喷嚏或者蚊虫叮咬传播。所以,我们应该关心、帮助而非歧视艾滋病患者和艾滋病感染者,因为他们的合作与参与也是防止艾滋病传播的有效途径,另外也可以降低他们成为社会不安定因素的可能性。艾滋病威胁每个人,每个家庭,预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。在各级政府部门的大力宣传下,我们应该相应号召,积极宣传预防艾滋病,让红丝带飘满世界。

英文版艾滋病论文

英文演讲:奥巴马演讲 公布抗击艾滋病战略1 THE PRESIDENT: Hello, everybody! Hello! (Applause.) Hello. Hello, hello, hello. Hello. Well, good evening, everybody. This is a pretty feisty(活跃的,吵闹的) group here. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, President!THE PRESIDENT: Love you back. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Well, it is a privilege(特权,优待) to speak with all of you. Welcome to the White me begin by welcoming the Cabinet Secretaries who are here. I know I saw at least one of them, Kathleen Sebelius, our outstanding Secretary of Health and Human Services. (Applause.) I want to thank all the members of Congress who are present and all the distinguished guests(贵宾) that are here -- that includes all of particular, I want to recognize Ambassador Eric Goosby, our Global AIDS Coordinator. (Applause.) Eric’s leadership of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is doing so much to save so many lives around the world. He will be leading our delegation to the International AIDS Conference in Vienna next week. And so I’m grateful for his outstanding service. (Applause.)And I want to also thank the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS. (Applause.) Thank you -- and the Federal HIV Interagency Working Group for all the work that they are doing. So thank you very much. (Applause.)Now, it’s been nearly 30 years since a CDC publication called Morbidity(发病率,病态) and Mortality Weekly Report first documented five cases of an illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. In the beginning, of course, it was known as the “gay disease” –- a disease surrounded by fear and misunderstanding; a disease we were too slow to confront and too slow to turn back. In the decades since -– as epidemics have emerged in countries throughout Africa and around the globe -– we’ve grown better equipped, as individuals and as nations, to fight this activists, researchers, community leaders who’ve waged a battle against AIDS for so long, including many of you here in this room, we have learned what we can do to stop the spread of the disease. We’ve learned what we can do to extend the lives of people living with it. And we’ve been reminded of our obligations to one another -– obligations that, like the virus itself, transcend(胜过,超越) barriers of race or station or sexual orientation or faith or the question is not whether we know what to do, but whether we will do it. (Applause.) Whether we will fulfill those obligations; whether we will marshal(整理,引领) our resources and the political will to confront a tragedy that is of us are here because we are committed to that cause. We’re here because we believe that while HIV transmission rates in this country are not as high as they once were, every new case is one case too many. We’re here because we believe in an America where those living with HIV/AIDS are not viewed with suspicion, but treated with respect; where they’re provided the medications and health care they need; where they can live out their lives as fully as their health we’re here because of the extraordinary men and women whose stories compel(强迫,迫使) us to stop this scourge(鞭,灾祸) . I’m going to call out a few people here -- people like Benjamin Banks, who right now is completing a master’s degree in public health, planning a family with his wife, and deciding whether to run another half-marathon. Ben has also been HIV-positive for 29 years -– a virus he contracted during cancer surgery as a child. So inspiring others to fight the disease has become his ’re here because of people like Craig Washington, who after seeing what was happening in his community -– friends passing away; life stories sanitized(消毒,使清洁) , as he put it, at funerals; homophobi(对同性恋的恐惧) , all the discrimination that surrounded the disease –- Craig got tested, disclosed his status, with the support of his partner and his family, and took up the movement for prevention and awareness in which he is a leader ’re here because of people like Linda Scruggs. (Applause.) Linda learned she was HIV-positive about two decades ago when she went in for prenatal care. Then and there, she decided to turn her life around, and she left a life of substance abuse behind, she became an advocate for women, she empowered them to break free from what she calls the bondage(奴役,束缚) of secrecy. She inspired her son, who was born healthy, to become an AIDS activist ’re here because of Linda and Craig and Ben, and because of over 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS and the nearly 600,000 Americans who’ve lost their lives to the disease. It’s on their behalf -– and on the behalf of all Americans -– that we began a national dialogue about combating AIDS at the beginning of this recent months, we’ve held 14 community discussions. We’ve spoken with over 4,200 people. We’ve received over 1,000 recommendations on the White House website, devising an approach not from the top down but from the bottom today, we’re releasing our National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which is the product -- (applause) -- which is the product of these conversations, and conversations with HIV-positive Americans and health care providers, with business leaders, with faith leaders, and the best policy and scientific minds in our , I know that this strategy comes at a difficult time for Americans living with HIV/AIDS, because we’ve got cash-strapped states who are being forced to cut back on essentials, including assistance for AIDS drugs. I know the need is great. And that’s why we’ve increased federal assistance each year that I’ve been in office, providing an emergency supplement this year to help people get the drugs they need, even as we pursue a national strategy that focuses on three central goal: prevention. We can’t afford to rely on any single prevention method alone, so our strategy promotes a comprehensive approach to reducing the number of new HIV infections -– from expanded testing so people can learn their status, to education so people can curb risky behaviors, to drugs that can prevent a mother from transmitting a virus to her support our new direction, we’re investing $30 million in new money, and I’ve committed to working with Congress to make sure these investments continue in the future.

爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.[2][3] This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily is now a pandemic.[4] In 2007, an estimated million people lived with the disease worldwide, and it killed an estimated million people, including 330,000 children.[5] Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa,[5] retarding economic growth and destroying human capital.[6] Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century.[7] AIDS was first recognized by the . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified by American and French scientists in the early 1980s.[8]Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is currently no vaccine or cure. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[9] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS epidemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[10] HIV affects nearly every organ system. People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and cancers of the immune system known as lymphomas. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss.[11][12] The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient infections X-ray of Pneumocystis jirovecii caused pneumonia. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumoniaPneumocystis pneumonia (originally known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and still abbreviated as PCP, which now stands for Pneumocystis pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy, immunocompetent people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment and routine prophylaxis in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per µL of blood.[13]Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable once identified, may occur in early-stage HIV disease, and is preventable with drug therapy. However, multidrug resistance is a potentially serious problem. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per µL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting bone marrow, bone, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, regional lymph nodes, and the central nervous system.[14]Gastrointestinal infectionsEsophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the esophagus (gullet or swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to mycobacteria.[15]Unexplained chronic diarrhea in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Campylobacter) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and viruses,[16] astrovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus and cytomegalovirus, (the latter as a course of colitis). In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the intestinal tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component of HIV-related wasting.[17]Neurological and psychiatric involvementHIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric sequelae, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness is a disease caused by the single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma encephalitis, but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs.[18] Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninx (the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fevers, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may also develop seizures and confusion; left untreated, it can be multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease, in which the gradual destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called JC virus which occurs in 70% of the population in latent form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.[19]AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV infected brain macrophages and microglia. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete neurotoxins of both host and viral origin.[20] Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4+ T cell levels and high plasma viral loads. Prevalence is 10–20% in Western countries[21] but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India.[22][23] This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria than a manic episode associated with true bipolar disorder. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less often seen with the advent of multi-drug and malignancies Kaposi's sarcomaPatients with HIV infection have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, especially Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human papillomavirus (HPV).[24][25]Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual men in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a gammaherpes virus called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), it often appears as purplish nodules on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and B cell lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and primary central nervous system lymphoma present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis. In some cases these lymphomas are AIDS-defining. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or KSHV cause many of these cancer in HIV-infected women is considered AIDS-defining. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).[26]In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, such as Hodgkin's disease and anal and rectal carcinomas. However, the incidence of many common tumors, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where HAART is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients.[27]Other opportunistic infectionsAIDS patients often develop opportunistic infections that present with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fevers and weight loss. These include infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and CMV retinitis can cause blindness. Penicilliosis due to Penicillium marneffei is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.[28]

让我们携手一起预防艾滋病。下面是由我为大家整理的“艾滋病英文作文”欢迎阅读,仅供参考,希望对你有所帮助。

AIDS, stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a deadly disease. It malfunctions the human body's defence system, making the infected person extremely vulnerable to diseases, and eventually cause death.

AIDS can be spread in many ways, but the main medium is through having unprotected intercourse with an infected person. Apart from that, AIDS can spread from mother to new born baby, or sharing of needles, shaving blades, or any means of blood contact.

Once infected, it may take years for the person to notice, and in these years, the infected person may not know and can infect many more, who in turn go and infect others, just like an exponential growth.

艾滋病是一种致命的疾病,它代表了获得性免疫缺陷综合症。它破坏人体的防御系统,使感染者极易感染疾病,并最终导致死亡。

艾滋病可以通过多种方式传播,但主要媒介是通过与感染者进行无保护的性交。除此之外,艾滋病可以从母亲传染给新生婴儿,或者共用针头、刮胡刀或任何接触血液的方法。

一旦感染,人们可能需要几年才能注意到,在这些年里,受感染的人可能不知道并可能感染更多的人,而这些人又反过来感染其他人,就像一个指数增长。

Last Sunday all of our class with our class together with our head teacher went to a hospital to see an AIDS sufferer. We brought a bound of flowers and a basket of fruit m send to the patient. The female patient was very glad to see us. She told us that most of the people avoided seeing her since she was told that she carried the HIV virus. The doctor told us that the HIV virus wouldn't be infected through daily communication. People in China are often ignorant of the disease and look down upon those who suffer from AIDS. It is wrong.

During our stay there, we talked with the woman bout her family and our school life. Some students sent her books and their favorite CDs. She was greatly touched and said in tears that she would be optimistic and confident of the disease. Our teacher hugged her good bye and promised we would come to see her often.

On our way back to school, I was thinking that if everyone of us loves each other more and gives a hand when others are in trouble, the world will become more beautiful.

上星期日,我们班所有的同学和班主任一起去医院看艾滋病患者。我们带了一束鲜花和一篮子水果送到病人那里。那位女病人很高兴见到我们。她告诉我们,大多数人都避免看到她,因为有人告诉她她携带了艾滋病毒。医生告诉我们,HIV病毒不会通过日常通讯传染。中国人往往不了解疾病和看不起那些患有艾滋病。这是错的。

我们在那里逗留期间,我们和那个女人谈论她的家庭和学校生活。一些学生寄了她的书和他们最喜欢的CD。她感动极了,哭着说她对这病很乐观也很有信心。我们的老师拥抱了她,答应我们经常来看她。

在回学校的路上,我在想,如果我们每个人彼此爱得更多,在别人遇到麻烦时伸出援助之手,这个世界将会变得更加美丽。

Aids has become one of the most terrifying desease in todays's world. that if we don't take measures soon enough,the hole human race will be under siege!

To fight against Aids,we definitely need to work together.

we shall realize first of all,this kind of desease is never too far from ourselves,it is for every one of us to learn about neccesary ways to prevent it from happening.

People who had been infected should not never be regarded as criminals,in fact, many of them are just harmless as we this case,any forms of discrimination shall be regarded as illegal.

Furthermore, we must solve the problem through global cooperation, only if we stick together,can we possibly give Aids a final strike.

艾滋病已成为当今世界最可怕的疾病。如果我们不尽快采取措施,人类会被围攻!

为了防治艾滋病,我们一定要一起工作。

我们要实现首先,这种病是永远不会太远,从自己做起,这是我们每一个人去学习必要的方法来阻止它的发生。

受感染的人不应该被视为罪犯,事实上,他们中的许多人都是无害的,在这种情况下,任何形式的歧视都应被视为非法。

此外,我们必须通过全球合作解决这一问题,只有团结起来,才能使艾滋病获得最后的打击。

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