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题 目：试论英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略 一、选题的背景与意义： (一)选题的背景： 英语和汉语均是世界上历史悠久的语言之一，它们在长期的发展中积淀了大量的习语，其中包括含数字的习语。数字习语是指含有基数词和序数词的习语，是习语中不可或缺的一部分。在英语和汉语中，含数字的习语都占据了重要地位。随着21世纪经济全球化的快速推进，各国间文化的交流与合作也空前的多了起来，英汉习语研究领域也相应地出现了新的气象。作为英汉习语的重要组成部分，含数字的习语也成了中外学者着力研究的对象之一。越来越多的专家学者对含数字习语的翻译进行了大量而广泛的探讨与研究。 1.国外研究现状 国外对含数字习语的研究相对较少，但对习语的研究大致可分为三个阶段。早期的习语研究通常以L. P. Smith于1925年发表的《词与习语》(Words and Idioms)一书作为开始。他探讨了习语的来源与结构，根据习语的意象进行分类，并指出习语的基本特征：习语的意义不是它组成词的意义的总和。他指出：“习语的含义是不透明的，可以用来表达决心，愤怒，谩骂的内心情感，体现了英语词汇在习语中的巧妙用处” 。 从20世纪30年代到50年代，以结构主义理论为基础，C. F. Hockett强调了语境在识别和解释习语中的重要地位，解释了习语的深层结构和语义特征，使得习语的定义开始走向规范化。到了20世纪60年代，具有整体性、凝固性的习语受到Chomsky 生产语法理论的影响，其研究陷入了僵局，但始终没有停止。直到以B. Fraser为代表的语言学家提出了习语固定性等级理论，承认习语的固定性，但认为习语仍具有转换潜力 ，习语的研究再次得到了关注。从20世纪80年代开始，习语的研究进入了一个新阶段。语言学家们开始探讨习语在交际活动中所起的作用，开辟了习语在交际环境里的功能研究，更具有现实意义。其中研究成果最为突出的是澳大利亚语言学家C. Fernando，她的代表作为《习语与习语特征》(Idioms and Idiomaticity)。近年来，越来越多的学者从语言的文化背景角度来研究 习语的形成，Nida(1993)曾说过：“文化对习语、习语的意义的影响是非常深远的，如果没有认真地研究背景，就难以透彻理解习语的深刻含义” 。所以，要研究含数字的习语，首先要了解其数字的文化内涵。 在翻译方面，研究成绩最为卓著的应属美国的翻译理论家E. A. Nida和英国杰出的翻译理论家Peter Newmark。20世纪60年代，E. A. Nida 出版了《翻译的科学探讨》和《翻译理论与实践》，把语言学理论引入翻译研究，提出了“形式对等”和“动态对等”的概念。在2003年出版的《语言与文化——翻译中的语境》一书中，E. A. Nida从多学科角度研究翻译。他指出：“要想成为优秀的翻译者，仅仅会说两种语言是不够的，还要了解语言背后的文化” 。1981年，Peter Newmark在第一部著作《翻译问题探讨》中，提出了交际翻译(communicative translation)和语义翻译(semantic translation)的新概念。1999年，在其论著的《论翻译》一书中，他提出了全新概念的“翻译关联法” 。 翻译是一项艰巨而复杂的工作，习语的翻译更是翻译中的难点。Mona Baker在《换言之：翻译教程》(In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation)中指出了一种语言中的习语与其所处的文化背景息息相关，习语的翻译难点在于，用不同的文化背景的习语翻译，所引起的联想是不同的。书中列出了其翻译的难点：(a)没有对等的习语。(b)有相似的习语，但使用的情景不同，两个成语的内涵也不同。(c)译出语中字面意义和含义同时有效，有双重含义，而到了译入语中只能选择其一。也就是说，两者并不是形式和内容都能做到对等。Mona Baker在本书中还指出了习语翻译的策略：(a)使用意义对等、形式相似的习语。(b)使用意思相近但形式不同的习语。(c)使用释译。(d)略去不译 。 2.国内研究现状 在数字文化研究方面，刘明阁认为：“数字不独属于数字王国，还应用于成语或词组中，在不同民族、宗教、历史、社会习俗等因素作用下，被赋予特殊的联想意义，蒙上了神秘的文化色彩” 。他在《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》一书中具体阐述了英汉语中的偏好数字以及汉英数字文化差异的成因。 包惠南在其所著的《文化语境与语言翻译》中，分析了数字“四”、“六”、“七”、“八”、“九”的文化内涵，特别提到了西方人对数字“十三”的忌讳，反映了东西文化中不同的数字观念 。成昭伟在其所著的《英语语言文化导论》一书中对英语数字的表义功能和文化色彩进行了简要剖析，对中西方的数字文化提出了自己的见解 。李丽在“数字习语的文化根源”中重点研究英语数字的文化背景，对其中的“3”和“13”，“6”和“7”，“5”和单数崇拜进行了分析，并提出宗教文化，古希腊罗马神话和文化思维方式影响了英语数字习语的形成 。 在含数字习语的翻译方面，从20世纪90年代开始，国内对英汉语中含数字习语翻译的研究呈蓬勃发展之势。早在1989年，由邓炎昌和刘润清先生所著的《语言与文化》一书中对数字习语就有所提及 。刘明阁认为：“东西方语言文字、习语表达、风俗习惯等方面都含有许多数字词以及与数字有关的知识” 。在其2003年出版的《英语文化翻译学教程》一书中，用一个章节的内容描写了数字在习语中的应用和翻译，并将它们按数字进行分类研究。此外，全国各级报刊相继刊登了不少与此有关的研究文章。1998年，陈琳霞在“英汉数字习语互译方法中”一文中提出了7中翻译方法——对应直译、不等值翻译、习语套用法、夸张数字略译法、译特定含义、删略重复词义、采用引申义 。唐丽在2008年发表的“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”一文中探讨了数字与习语的关系及其翻译策略，提出了五种翻译方法——等值译法或直译法、注释法、借代法、意译法、归化译法 。 (二)选题的意义： 1.理论意义： 习语是从语言中提炼出来的短语或短句，是语言的核心和精华。习语作为一种特殊的语言形式，它与一个民族的地理环境、历史背景、经济生活、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、心理状态、价值观念等方面息息相关，能够清楚地反映出一个民族的文化特色。研究英汉语中含数字习语的翻译时，学者可以从中获取大量的有关中西方数字文化的知识，了解中西方的文化差异，增强文化意识。其次，对英汉含数字习语互译的研究有利于语言的发展，促进国际间的交流与合作。此外，研究含数字习语的翻译对英汉语的教学与学习也有一定的参考价值和启示作用。 2.实践意义： 实践证明，研究英汉语中含数字的习语有利于学者积累大量的习语词汇，提高学者的语言应用能力，在不同的语境中能够有效、得体、恰当地运用习语。在实际生活中，能够正确表达习语，消除误会，避免分歧。其次，有效地对其翻译策略进行研究有利于促进学者掌握正确的翻译方法，懂得将直译、意译、归化、异化等的翻译方法具体地应用于含数字习语的互译中。在平时的学习中，能够快速地辨别出文章中的习语及其含义，有助于正确翻译全文。掌握含数字习语的翻译策略，能够提高学者的整体水平，不仅包括语言水平，还包括文化素养。由于目前对含数字习语的研究大部分集中在理论方面，实际应用方面还不是很多，所以，笔者应该更侧重于实例研究，同时结合数字文化的理论知识，从两方面对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译策略进行分析和总结，从而提高学者的语言水平。 二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题： (一)研究的基本内容 1.含数字习语的介绍 .数与数字习语的关系 .含数字习语的定义：回顾学者以往对含数字习语的研究，探讨他们提出的定义 2.含数字习语的文化因素 .中国数字的文化内涵 .西方数字的文化内涵 .英汉含数字习语的文化内涵差异分析 3.含数字习语的翻译理论 .含数字习语的直译法 .含数字习语的意译法 4.含数字习语的具体翻译策略 .含数字的汉语习语的英译探讨 .列举一些含数字的汉语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 .含数字的英语习语的汉译探讨 .列举一些含数字的英语习语，根据不同的习语特征运用不同的翻译方法 5.结论 (二)拟解决的主要问题 习语是文化的积淀，是语言的精华。整个学习语言的过程都离不开对习语的学习。要想真正掌握对英汉语中含数字习语的翻译，首先就应该了解两种语言中的数字文化内涵，包括数字的特点及其在不同语境中的用法，译者必须努力提升自身的跨文化敏感度。其次，译者要跳出仅局限于了解数字语言与文化的关系，应该具体到在含数字习语中针对数字的文化根源和对比翻译进行探讨和研究，同时要注意语境对其翻译的影响。此外，学者要多积累英汉含数字的习语，多度相关读物，试着比较出英汉两种语言语中含数字习语的表达差异，探讨出可行的翻译策略。 三、研究的方法与技术路线： 1.研究的方法 1)参考文献法：对相关文献等理论依据进行详实地参考，为论文奠定坚实的理论基础。 2)比较与对照法：通过比较和对照，分析不同翻译方法对含数字习语翻译的优缺点。 3)理论思辨法：在现有理论基础上，针对现状做出自己的分析，提出适合本课题研究的理论框架。 4)调查法：调查不同的翻译方法所得出的不同译文对读者的接受度和欣赏效果。 5)归纳法：通过一系列的实例分析概括总结英汉含数字习语的翻译策略。 2. 技术路线 1)利用学校图书馆和网络资源，收集本课题研究的相关书籍、文献资料。 2)对搜集到的文献资料进行分类、分析、对比、归纳，提出自己的理论框架和解决问题的办法。 3)经常与导师联系和交流，接受导师的帮助和指导。 四、研究的总体安排与进度： 日期 毕业论文各阶段名称 备注 — 搜集相关资料、选题并完成开题报告。 — 认真撰写，完成论文初稿。 .— 完成论文二稿和三稿。开展中期检查 — 完成论文修改与定稿，将论文装订成册上交 — 审查验收，评阅教师给出成绩毕业论文答辩和成绩评定(含优秀论文的评定) 五、主要参考文献： Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Fernando, Chitra. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, (accessed November 14, 2011) Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 包惠南，《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001。 常润芳，“英汉数字习语的文化根源及对比、翻译探析”，《河南大学学报》，1(2008)：155。 陈琳霞，“英汉数字习语互译方法”，《浙江师大学报》，2(1998)：66-69。 成昭伟，周丽红，《英语语言文化导论》。北京：国防工业出版社，2011。 李丽，王成，“英语数字习语的文化根源”，《西安欧亚学院学报》，4(2005)：55-57。 刘明阁，《跨文化交际中汉英语言文化比较研究》。开封：河南大学出版社，2009。 骆世平，《英语习语研究》。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005。 唐丽，“英汉数字习语翻译策略初探”，《南宁技术学院学报》，4(2008)88-90。 张镇华，《英语习语的文化内涵及其语用研究》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社2007。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
汉语言文学专业培养具有汉语言文学基本理论、基础知识和基本技能 ，能在新闻文艺出版部门、科研机构和机关企事业单位从事文学评论、汉语言文学教学与研究工作，以及文化、宣传方面的实际工作的汉语言文学专门人才。我为大家精选了一些关于汉语言文学论文开题报告范文，希望对你有用!
1.本课题的目的及研究意义
研究目的：
张爱玲与电影有过长期亲密的接触，在小说写作中创造性地化用了电影化技巧，使她的文字组合带有丰富的视像性和表现力。文本以恐怖电影的表现手法为切入口，对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析。试图更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
研究意义：
本文通过对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析，试图在体会张爱玲语言的“现代性”的基础上，尝试性地提出1种独特的审美方式，从不同的视角解读张爱玲小说的表现手法。
2.本课题的国内外的研究现状
国内研究现状：
国内对张爱玲小说的电影化表现手法的研究主要从小说的电影画面感、电影造型、电影化技巧等角度切入，考察了张爱玲作品对电影艺术手法的借鉴技巧：
(1)研究张爱玲小说的电影画面感：《犹在镜中——论张爱玲小说的电影感》(何蓓)等;
(2)研究张爱玲小说的电影造型:《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型 》(何文茜)等;
(3)研究张爱玲小说的电影化技巧：《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》(何文茜);《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》(申载春);《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》(张江元);《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》(屈雅红)等;
(4)研究张爱玲小说的死亡意识：李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》等
国外研究现状：
海外研究对张爱玲的研究可以分为两个阶段“第1阶段1957-1984年夏志清，唐文标等人对她作品的介绍与评述”“第2阶段1985年至今，辐射面波及北美等地的华文文学的影响研究分析和评价”。1995年9月后，她在美国辞世后，海外学者多运用西方现代文艺理论来剖析。
3.本课题的研究内容和方法
研究内容：
张爱玲的小说映照了1个阴阳不分、鬼气森森的世界，恐怖镜头繁复缤纷，在她的作品里以人拟鬼，她笔下的人物均飘荡在凄冷荒凉的宿命轨道上。本文尝试根据恐怖电影的表现手法，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
研究方法：
本文采用比较研究的方法，根据恐怖电影的表现手法，在学术界既有研究资料的基础上，从张爱玲小说、相关的研究书籍及其评论等出发，分析整理资料，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说当中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。
4.本课题的实行方案、进度及预期效果
方案、进度：
2006年11月—2007年2月初：收集资料。重读作品，确定论文题目，查阅相关资料。
2007年2月—2007年3月中旬：在老师的指导下，拟定写作提纲和开题报告。
2007年3月—2007年4月：论文修改。听取老师意见，撰写论文初稿，并交指导老师评审。
2007年4月——：定稿。
预期效果：
本文结合恐怖电影的表现手法，通过分析、比较、归纳等方法对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行阐释，尝试更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。
5.已查阅参考文献：
书籍：
1、张爱玲，《张爱玲全集》【M】。新疆：新疆人民出版社，2006年6月第1版。
2、金宏达，《华丽影沉》【C】。北京：文化艺术出版社，2003年1月第1版。
3、张新颖，《20世纪上半期中国文学的现代意识》【M】。北京：3联书店，2001年12月第1版。
4、宋家宏，《走进荒凉——张爱玲的精神家园》【M】。广州：花城出版社，2000年10月第1版。
5、李稚田，《第3类时空》【M】。北京：中国纺织出版社，2000年1月第1版。
6、吴战垒，《电影欣赏》【M】。浙江：浙江大学出版社，1987年6月第1版。
7、陈卫平，《影视艺术鉴赏与评论》【M】。北京：高等教育出版社，1994年6月第1版。
8、聂欣如，《类型电影》【M】。上海：上海人民美术出版社，2001年9月第1版。
学术论文:
1、何文茜《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》，石家庄师范专科学校学报， 2003年第5卷第4期第51页。
2、 李祥伟《“丑”趣———论张爱玲小说中的死亡意象》，学术论坛， 2005年第6期第140页。
3、 李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》，广州广播电视大学报，2004年第4期第38页。
4、张江元《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》，涪陵师范学院学报， 第26卷第4期，第54页。
5、屈雅红《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》，南京理工大学学报(社会科学版)， 第16卷第6期，第33页。
6、何文茜《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型 》，石家庄师范专科学校学报， 2004年02期，第39页。
7、何蓓《犹在镜中 —论张爱玲小说的电影感》，内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)， 2004年第30卷第4期第40页。
8、申载春《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》，乐山师范学院学报， 2004年第19卷第5期第12页。
9、吴晓，封玉屏《电影与张爱玲的散文写作》浙江社会科学报， 2004年第1期第204页。
网络资料：
1、《恐怖情节心理分析》
2、《绽放在暗地里几个唯美的惊惶意象》
3、陈文珊《女性·月亮·鬼气——试论《聊斋志异》对张爱玲小说创作的影响》
指导教师意见
指导教师：
年 月 日
院(系)审查意见
院系(公章)：
年 月 日
一、“临川四梦的”讽世内容
“临川四梦”都本于小说，但比小说内容丰富，尤其值得注意的是每一部传奇都增添了小说所没有的具有讽刺意义的人物和情节。其讽世内容大致可分为官场社会、时事政治、礼教和人性三个方面。
(一)官场社会之刺
做官几乎是古代所有读书士子的梦想，因为出入官场就意味着拥有盛名、权势和利益。然而汤显祖对明代官场社会有清醒和深刻的认识，在“临川四梦”中对官场社会进行了辛辣的嘲讽，总体上否定了明代官场社会并给予了深刻的鞭挞，主要体现在如下方面。第一，“四梦”塑造了阴险毒辣的“权臣”系列形象。如《紫钗记》里的卢太尉、《南柯记》里的丞相段功和《邯郸记》里的宰相宇文融。这些权臣位高权重，可都是老奸巨猾，品行卑劣，面目可憎。卢太尉将权力用来满足私欲，书生李益中了状元，只因未参拜他，就被贬为玉门外参军;他豢养特务和刺客，谁让他不满就陷害谁。段功和宇文融都与卢太尉是一类的人物。“权臣系列”表现了高层官场之黑暗。第二，“临川四梦”塑造了一批贪赃枉法的大小官吏。譬如《南柯记》中的府幕录事官，他自言“为官只是赌身强，板障。文书批点不成行，混帐。权官掌印坐黄堂，旺相。勾他纸赎与钱粮，一抢。”(第二十一出)他与手下的小吏都不务正业，贪赃枉法，《大明律》的作用就是帮助他们捞银子。《邯郸记》中的崖州司户则是枉法酷吏中的典型。汤显祖生活的嘉靖、隆庆、万历年间，贪赃枉法成了普遍现象。“四梦”刻画的贪官污吏，是对中下层官场社会的讽刺。第三，“临川四梦”讽刺了科场弊端。在汤显祖的年代，科场的不正之风相当严重，科场弊端也是“四梦”的讽刺矛头所指。《邯郸记》中卢生便是通过结拜高官和行贿而一举获得状元的。《牡丹亭》中的识宝使臣苗舜宾不懂文字，却因能辨珠宝，被任命为科举考官。他判卷草率，如同儿戏，因与柳梦梅有旧而判他为状元。科举考试的严肃性轻易地被消除了。此外，“临川四梦”还描摹了走裙带关系、徇私舞弊等官场丑恶现象以及一些官场陋习。如《南柯记》里的淳于棼做的便是“老婆官”，凭其妻瑶芳公主的关系当上了南柯太守，二十年掌一方大权，地位显赫。
(二)时事政治之刺
汤显祖关心时政，在“临川四梦”的创作中讽刺了当代时政，主要体现在三个方面。一是讽刺明政府利用三娘子招降俺答事件。在《牡丹亭》中用了很大篇幅讲述李全夫妇作乱和杜宝平乱之事，但李全作乱之事与《宋史》很少相符，多为虚构，剧中李全怕老婆杨氏，杨氏掌握军政大权，杜宝通过贿赂杨氏才得以平乱并立下军功。汤显祖实乃借此人物与情节讥讽首相张居正支持边将王崇古、吴兑、方逢时等利用三娘子招降俺答事件。[1]明建国后北方边地受到蒙古骚扰两百余年，隆庆四年(1570)，边将上疏主张对蒙古首领行安抚政策，大臣对此意见不一，张居正等支持安抚主张，对蒙古首领俺答赐封，对深受俺答宠爱和器重的三娘子封为“忠顺夫人”。倡议此策的边将此升官，主战官员受到处分。汤显祖支持主战，写过多首诗明确表示对明与蒙古关系的关心及妥协政策的不满。二是讽刺明政府对日本关系上的无能。万历二十年(1592)，日军出征朝鲜，朝鲜向明朝请求援助，明朝派军作战，不能决胜，直至七年后日方丰臣秀吉病死战争才结束，明朝大臣对日和战之争不休。《牡丹亭》中科考试卷的题目是对金策略“和战守三者孰便”，柳梦梅的回答名为主战，实为主和，“生员也无偏主，天下大势，能战而后能守;能守而后能战;可战，可守，而后能和。如医用药，战为表，守为里，和在表里之间”(第四十一出)，得到主考官苗舜宾的表扬。试答的内容乃借插科打诨嘲讽无能又虚伪的明政府。三是讽刺最高统治者之腐败。明朝中后期的最高统治集团对内忧外患视若无睹，荒于政务，日益腐败。如明世宗朱厚熜、神宗朱翊钧皆贪财好货登峰造极，《牡丹亭》以识宝大臣苗舜宾收集到奇异珠宝而受宠提拔为科举典试官;明武宗朱厚照好色荒淫，多次到民间抢夺妇女，《邯郸记》第十三出《望幸》编述唐玄宗东巡的情节对武宗南巡扬州掳掠民女之事进行讽刺，可以肯定，汤显祖“绝非随意点染，其矛头分明是对准明代皇帝”。[2]
(三)礼教和人性之刺
明统治者尊崇孔子，加强礼教，推崇理学，均为钳制思想，加强其专制统治。“临川四梦”揭示了礼教和理学对人的危害性，这集中表现在两方面，一是对女性的压迫，它剥夺以杜丽娘为代表的女性正当的权利，通过妇女教育压制其思想，在行动上则严密禁锢，使女性完全沦为男性的工具;二是对普通民众尤其是读书人的精神戕害，如杜丽娘的老师陈最良思想荒芜，迂腐可笑，他言必称教条，而其教条不出《四书》《五经》和八股文的范围。“四梦”还有对假道学者的嘲弄。《邯郸记》对假道学者的刻画尤为入神。卢生既得高官，既要贪享淫荡生活，但嘴里又要维护道学，他的下场是可怜的，纵欲淫乐使他一命呜呼。关于“临川四梦”礼教与理学之刺，学界论述较多，本文不多赘述。明代虚伪的礼教和理学统治，并未培育人性之善，反而彰显了人情人性的庸俗与丑恶，明中后期社会风尚不象前期那样朴厚，“人情以放荡为快，世风以侈迷相高”(张瀚《松窗梦语》卷之七《风俗记》)。“临川四梦”对人情人性也多有思考和讽刺，如薄情负心者，这主要由《紫钗记》中的李益来表现。李益与霍小玉定下终身，但后来卢太尉挟持他并欲以女妻之时，他经过一番思想斗争后决计抛弃小玉而依附有权有势的卢府，最后历经变故却仍然回到小玉身边，李益的软弱和薄情受到了感情和道德的双重批判。再如卑劣势利者，在《南柯记》和《邯郸记》中，人们在主角淳于棼和卢生得意时毕恭毕敬趋之若骛，失意时则唯恐避之不及。“临川四梦”还讽刺了人性的堕落。《南柯记》中的淳于棼、《邯郸记》中的卢生都演述了人性堕落的过程。富贵之时他们都丧尽了善美之性与羞耻之心，沦为腐朽没落的人，这既与黑暗龌龊的官场环境有很大关系，同时亦由本人的“恶”性所决定。
二、“临川四梦”的讽世特征
首先，讽世意识贯穿于“临川四梦”始终。“四梦”的创作时间从万历十五年(1587)到万历二十九年(1601)，作《紫钗记》时作者三十七岁，作《邯郸记》时五十二岁，前后十五年。四梦的创作正是作者思想从发展到成熟的过程。“临川四梦”一以贯之的讽世意识反映出作者持久的否定态度和批判精神。作者感受到种种丑恶的现实，失望逐渐加深，有时乃至产生绝望和幻灭的情感，这在后“二梦”的佛道倾向中可见一斑。《南柯梦记题词》中说到“世人妄以眷属富贵影像执为吾想，不知虚空中一大穴也”(汤显祖诗文集卷三十三《南柯梦记题词》)，将世人寻常追求的目标都视为空虚，实际否定了现实人生和传统社会的价值观。从这个角度说，汤显祖是社会和时代的叛逆。但另一方面，汤显祖毕竟是深受中国传统伦理道德观念的熏陶浸染，古代知识分子以天下为己任的传统信念根深蒂固，他的社会地位和礼教的修养都限制他，使他不可能与旧观念完全决裂从而摆脱其束缚。所以“四梦”中的讽世意识局部又是有所波动起伏的，有时是较为软弱的。这些复杂情形反映出作为士大夫文人和思想者的汤显祖心灵的痛苦和思想的矛盾。
第二，“临川四梦”对仕宦人生和官场有最多的表现，其讽刺矛头指向最多的也是仕宦人生和官场。做官原是汤显祖青少年时期奋斗的目标，他中年以后大部分时光都在官场度过，但是仕途并没有给他提供治国安邦、大展宏图的机会，他在仕途上颠簸多年后出局。仕途经历让他见识了形形色色的贪官污吏，以及统治集团和国家机器的黑暗腐败。相对于封建礼法和传统文化，汤显祖对仕宦人生和官场的批判和否定是最彻底的。这既由他正直的个性和高洁的操守决定，也与他对官场的清醒认识和深刻体察有关。当然这里也有一个逐渐转变和深化的过程。在“临川四梦”中，《紫钗记》对政治的嘲讽仅限于个别权贵，《牡丹亭》里有的高官如苗舜宾、杜宝并无十分可恶的表现，而到了后二梦里，贪官污吏都在官场中腐烂而不可自拔，本性并不很坏的人只要沉浸其中就被同化染黑丧失本性，《南柯记》里的淳于棼和《邯郸记》里的卢生的经历就说明了这一点，这是因为“症结不在个别官僚士夫的道德品质，而在整个统治集团的政治风气。”[3]如果说“四梦”之首篇《紫钗记》的否定对象只是官场个别权奸的话，到了“四梦”之末篇《邯郸记》的否定对象便是整个官场;《牡丹亭》对时政的讥刺中还夹杂了些许对功业的期待，《南柯记》和《邯郸记》则完全否定了仕宦人生。汤显祖罢官回临川居家后，对官场人物往往不接待，“居家……中丞惠文，郡国守令以下，干旄往往充斥巷左，而多不延接。”[4]
第三，“临川四梦”的讽刺是多指向的，不仅包括时事政治、官场科场，还有文化和人性，反映出汤显祖思考的广泛性。这显示了他对其所生活的时代的深刻体察，也反映出他对更深远的问题的积极探索。由于其思考的广泛深入，汤显祖被人们列为思想家。但“临川四梦”是一组文学艺术作品，不是单纯的哲学思考的演绎，而是对现实世界的描绘和人生感受的抒发，这其中包含、体现了作者的思想。因为“四梦”贴近生活的艺术表现，它在某些某些方面反而超越了当时的哲学思考。譬如《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘“惊梦”“寻梦”的行为以及陈最良的形象，生动地展示出理学思想和礼教文化违背自然和戕害生命的真实面目，这比任何简单的批评和苍白的论证都要深刻。再如后二梦通过对社会丑恶现实和人性堕落过程的描摹以及梦醒成空的结果，揭示了人之存在的荒诞性和人生意义的虚无性。当然这里有佛道出世思想的影响。“临川四梦”讽刺的多指向特征反映出汤显祖多方面的广泛的思考。
三、结语
“临川四梦”的讽世意识既是作者个性和思想的反映，也是戏剧传统精神和时代革弊的强力表达。汤显祖个性耿介，精神不欺，操守高洁。儒道释思想的混合使他既具有强烈的参与意识，包括对政治、社会和人生的参与，又具有距离意识。因而“临川四梦”虽然对社会现实集中描摹，敏锐地透视其中的丑恶人事并予以否定，但并不采取时事批判剧严肃写实与激烈的风格，而是采用“怪怪奇奇，莫可名状”(汤显祖诗文集卷三十二《合奇序》)的写梦手法，借助梦境外壳和讽刺笔法表达了他对社会世态和人性特征的感受与理解。从时代特征来看，明代中期以后思想解放的潮流和社会丑恶情形，促使晚明作家较多地强烈否定客观世界，暴露社会现实的阴暗面，譬如色情文学和公案文学就盛行一时。就戏曲来说，明代中后期戏曲一反明前期粉饰太平、道学气浓的作风，这一时期出现了大量的讽刺戏曲，内容丰富，讽刺的矛头指向各个方面。讽刺成了时代主题之一。汤显祖的“临川四梦”，作为一组传奇作品，凭借艺术大师的高水准创作，唱出了时代最强音，其讽世意识正是时代主题的强力表达，部分内容达到了前所未有的思想高度。
课题名称： 花开三生，情深缘浅--浅析网络小说《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术
学生姓名： 李南兰
学 院： 中文学院
专 业： 汉语言文学
指导教师： 蒋晓城
xx年 2 月 26 日
课题名称：花开三生，情深缘浅--浅析网络小说《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术
flowers of three lives ，deep love bute good luck is shallow-- research of the art of writing《the ten mile peach blossom of three life》
(1) 本选题研究现状
随着网络技术的飞速发展，网络平台越来越开放，网络也越来越普及，国内自20世纪末，兴起一种文学新形势--网络文学，从而一发不可收拾。众多网络小说平台不断发展扩大，网络小说的门槛越来越低，玄幻、武侠、仙侠、言情、都市、历史、穿越等小说类型在网络小说中不断创造数量极为庞大的文学文本，甚至有一部分成为新的文学经典。纵观当今文学现象，网络文学的发展一日千里，而对于网络文学的研究还缺少系统而全面的论著，网络上也仅有文学爱好者进行简单对网络小说的发展脉络进行梳理。
网络文学在数十年的光景中逐渐呈新型之势，发展成为巨大的产业。据不完全统计，网络文学覆盖的读者已达 亿人、注册写手200多万人、市场年收入40多亿元。并且男频和女频不相上下，男频诸如起点中文网、幻剑书盟等，女频诸如红袖添香、锦江中文网等。本人所研究的《三生三世，十里桃花》虽然在言情小说中算不上其中的佼佼者，也称不上巨著。然而它独有的写作艺术与文学模式，开创了仙侠言情体裁的一个新境界，为众多女性读者为之痴迷，并称之为“仙侠言情之红楼”，在心中的地位没有其他书可以比拟。因而选此为题。
(2)本选题的意义、重点、难点及创新点
意义：自网络文学兴起以来，虽然大部分读者都为之喜爱，进行书评或者在贴吧论坛抒发意见看法，但是鲜少有人对新兴的网络小说文本进行具体的解读分析论述。因为这些小说没有重要的历史地位也没有诸多作家学者的关注与认可，甚至在茫茫网络文学中一逝而过，但不能否认在数年之后，网络文学也能历经沉淀，出现耀眼的珍珠。因而算是较新的论文选题。
重点：本选题重在研究《三生三世，十里桃花》的语言写作艺术特色，以及“三生三世，十里桃花”的题目意义和在文中的体现，以及小说写作模式与叙述方式的独特性三个方面。
难点：怎样在没有任何研究资料的情况下，依据文学语言分析模式与所学知识进行系统全面而有意义的研究。
创新点：能够脱离传统论文对于文学著作的研究仅限于经典传统或者大众认可的文学文本，关注网络文学，关注新型小说构成。
(3)论文的结构及简要说明
引言(研究背景及原因)
1.《三生三世，十里桃花》的文学意义
2. 《三生三世，十里桃花》的写作艺术研究
《三生三世，十里桃花》语言艺术特色
以诙谐写悲凉以无情衬有情
《三生三世，十里桃花》结构艺术特色
错杂但合理的倒叙
繁复但合情的插叙
三生三世的布局结构
《三生三世，十里桃花》人物塑造特色
有情却无情的白浅
无情却有情的夜华
形象生动的其他角色
3. 《三生三世，十里桃花》亮点与瑕疵
创新点与亮点
瑕疵与局限
4.总结
(4)拟解决的主要问题：
1.《三生三世，十里桃花》写作艺术剖析2.《三生三世，十里桃花》折射出的内涵及意义
(5) 研究的步骤、方法、措施及进度安排：
1、课题研究步骤：
(a)查阅并研读相关资料及参考文献;
(b)撰写开题报告及上交审核;
(c)撰写本课题论文;
(d)修改提交审核。
2、课题研究方法措施：
(1)资料收集方法
除了图书外，数据资料的研究成果和结论对本课题的研究起到重要的参考作用，资料收集的方法主要为上网查寻、借阅图书、查阅报刊杂志等。
(2)资料研究方法
结合图书馆图书与数字资源，搜集。
汉语言文学专业自身具有就业适应面宽、基础牢固、社会需求量固定等等过去传统的优势。下面是我为大家整理的汉语言文学毕业论文，供大家参考。
一、引言
在我国跻身世界旅游大国的同时，中高职校的旅游管理专业学生的专业素养与水平却不尽人意，因此，为了给旅 *** 业以及管理行业输送一线高水平高素养的专型人才，在中职旅游管理专业开展汉语言教学是很有必要的。汉语言教学不仅能针对学科需求向学生教授理论文化知识，也可以培养学生的爱国情怀，增强学生的道德素养，更加提升了旅游管理专业学生的专业水平和技术能力。为了使我国的旅游管理专业教育能更好的适应将来的旅游管理行业需求和发展，下面本文就细介绍汉语言教学对旅游管理专业学生的学习与就业的重要意义。
二、为专业需求，提供必要服务
当下的中高职校语文教材，较为通用，没有针对专业需求，就无法体现专业的特色。部分学生会自认上职校是学习专业技能的，从而忽视了语文教学的意义以及作用，上课睡觉，缺乏动力，甚至渐渐的失去对语文的兴趣。但是汉语言教学却不如此，汉语言教学不仅仅是笼统的语文教学，汉语言教学会根据专业的不同，教学不同的专业需求内容，真正做到因材施教。同时汉语言教学具有时效性、典型性以及趣味性的特点，能够让学生自主、自觉、自信的学习专业相关内容。作为旅游管理专业的汉语言教学老师，必然会依据本专业制定教学计划，筛选好教学内容，例如，可以选取一些与旅游管理专业相近的文章或古诗词，给教学课堂带来一些趣味性以及知识面的拓展。也能够提升旅游管理专业学生的专业技能与素养。可以选些典型的篇目给学生进行针对性的写作朗读训练，引导学生，让其从专业的角度，丰富自己的文采、内涵和思想感情，既能掌握汉语言知识、陶冶情操，又能丰富旅游常识，非常有益。
三、提升旅游管理专业学生专业水平
汉语言教学不仅仅能丰富旅游管理专业学生的基础知识、专业知识，更能提升本专业学生的专业水平与素养。汉语言教学为了本专业学生今后的就业、从业以及创业等，不但需要培养学生自主学习的能力，而且对学生在团队合作方面的能力也需要培养。下面就从一简单小例子来介绍汉语言教学是如何提升学生各方面水平与素养的。例如教师在课堂教授《登秦山记》这篇课文，为了培养本专业学生的兴趣与热情。教师就会布置一些任务，例如要求学生自行分组，进行团队合作，互相模拟导游，做好相应的登山所需要的相关工作，查询最近天气以及最佳旅游天气和季节，使用电脑、地图、扩音器登道具，在地图上找到最佳旅游路线，进行标记，并找出相关的人文风景、名胜古迹、历史由来、故事传说以及名人诗画等等资料。并让其自行分类整理，制作旅游明信片之类的可收藏事物，并进行相应资料的储存，自制自己的旅游资源库。让每位学生展示并解读自己制作的旅行路线图，景点资料等，互相讨论学习，互相打分。并学习相关古诗词、美文的特点，若能自我创作更佳。汉语言教学可以让学生自主学，让学生享受学，让学生爱上学，真正成为学习的主人。
四、注重实践，提升学生素养
对于旅游管理专业的学生，汉语言教学结合其专业的特色，注重教学实践，有目的的培养学生专业所需求的交际口语、阅读理解、资讯处理、写作等专项能力，提升旅游管理专业学生的专业能力与素养。例如在汉语言教学过程中，教师会利用课前时间，让学生进行朗诵、背诵以及演讲训练。随机抽取不同的内容，让学生训练至脱稿演讲，之后进行自我评价，再互相评价。不断的完整的训练学生的听说读写各方面的能力。其中包括课堂教学中训练学生的朗诵、背诵、讨论、辩论、叙述故事、情景作文等等。并要求学生经常进行写作训练以及口头作文训练，提升文字功底和口语表达能力。在阅读课文、学习课文时，要求学生用心体会用心感受，能发现问题提出问题，通过讨论解决问题。汉语言教学还可以引导学生静下心来追寻、收集与课文、作者相关的素材资料，从中汲取、感受、体会作者以及作品的情感思想。同时汉语言教学也会从优秀文化中选取部分代表性的文章、诗词，使学生能够感兴趣的学习传统优秀文化，树立爱国主义、社会主义等集体思想，提升学生的审美观。现如今的科技迅猛发展，教师会引导学生利用各种工具帮助学生搜寻资料，拓展知识和视野，丰富自己的旅游资源管理库。在假期时，让学生进行导游社会实践，去学生家乡做志愿导游，为来此游玩的人们讲解人文风情。
五、全新考查方式，提升就业能力
依据当下中高职校旅游管理专业学生的性格特点，汉语言教学注重其能力的培养，有着全新的考查方式，对学生进行全方位的评估分析，为其在将来就业提供有利帮助。目前理论知识的考查较为简化，注重能力等级的评估，渐渐淡化分数的重要性。例如旅游管理专业考查主要内容为：汉语言基础知识、阅读写作、交际口语、社会实践调查。这几项里，教师较为看重阅读写作、口语交际以及社会实践经历这几项。实践出真理，理论筑成功。教师会针对每位学生的不同优缺点，进行详细的专项训练，以提升学生的就业能力。总结总的来说，随着我国旅 *** 业的大热，这方面专业人才的需求会越来越紧俏。汉语言教学不仅能大大加强学生的实践语言能力，使他们的专业能力水平能更好的满足旅 *** 业的要求，缩减旅游业的培训成本;更能培养学生的文化涵养、健康心理，为旅游业带来蓬勃生气，使我国能更好的建设成为世界旅游大国，树立良好的形象。
随着社会的发展，人才的竞争越来越激烈，学生要想在未来的生活与工作中得到更好的发展，就必须具有较强的才能与较好的人格素养。提高学生对汉语言文学知识的运用能力，可以使学生更好地展示自己，为了使学生更好地掌握汉语言的知识内容，对汉语言文学进行了改革，培养学生热爱祖国，具有良好的道德品质，能够保留我国良好的传统美德，具有正确的人生观、世界观和价值观，培养学生用正确的思维进行分析，具有一定的文学素养，更好地理解汉语言的内涵，养成欣赏文学作品的好习惯。
一、应用汉语言文学培养学生具有良好的道德品质
汉语言文学是一门理论很强的学科，在教学的过程中，不仅要培养学生进行实践，还要培养学生具有创新能力和道德品质。例如，教师给学生讲授弟子规中的词句的时候，可以在讲解后，给学生翻译每一个字词的含义，并且以故事的形式讲述给学生一定的道理，或是以儿歌的形式教授给学生，让学生在快乐的气氛下进行学习，并增加学生的记忆力，给学生留下美好的印象，还可以用多媒体的教学装置让学生欣赏动画的效果，小学生的视野，让学生理解汉语言文学的知识内容，感受语言博大精深，珍惜学习的机会，努力学习，教师及时对学生提出的问题和意义进行分析，将传统美德与精神灌输给学生，让学生从小学就认知礼仪并具有高尚的人格。通过这样的教学策略，灌输给学生良好的道德思想，使学生从小就懂得孝顺长辈，了解助人为乐、拾金不昧、坚忍不拔、勇敢、正直等精神。
二、应用汉语言文学提高学生运用汉语知识的能力
汉语言文学知识的主要通过听、说、读、写等几个方面提高学生对汉语言基础知识的运用，从而提高学生的整体素质与能力。例如，教师可以先讲述有相关的知识内容，然后让学生用教师教授的知识内容进行自我介绍或是情景表演，让学生在表演中用到刚刚教授过的词语，并结合自己的动作和表情，把汉语言的知识体现得淋漓尽致，培养学生独立思考、勤于思考的精神。或者教师可以将学生分成几组，让学生进行接龙游戏，让学生对之前所学习的知识进行运用和巩固，教师对学生的学习情况认真地关注，及时地进行纠正和指导，使学生更好地认识自己存在的误区，正视问题所在。通过这样的教学策略，使学生进行思考问题，并具有善于运用语言的能力，增强学生的语言表达能力，使学生在未来的生活中更好地进行交流，在反复的锻炼中，使学生具有良好的心理素质，在未来的生活中更好地展示自己。总之，在小学的汉语言文学教学中，通过学生对汉语言知识的学习与运用，提高了学生的综合素质及其能力，使学生感受汉语知识至关重要，并且千变万化，能够用正确的态度去接受新的知识内容。总而言之，通过教师不断地努力与探索，在汉语言文学教学中，不断地灌输学生具有良好的道德品质，用合适的教学方法激励学生热爱文学作品，提高学生的认知能力、想象能力、观察能力以及创新能力，培养学生成为新世纪的高素质人才，不仅满足教学大纲的要求，更有效地提高了教学质量，达到教学的真正目的。
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日