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A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
论文开题报告基本要素
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英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts. 2 outline development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc. methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm. dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study. case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random. conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also. (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.) 0 000
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
Proposal 更正式点 opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以 但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
尊敬的评委老师：早上好!我叫×××，XXXX级社会学专业学生。我的毕业论文题目是《社会学视野下金庸小说中的婚恋观》。我的指导老师是张红老师。从确定选题、拟定提纲、完成初稿，到最后定稿，我得到了张老师的精心细致指导，使我很快掌握了论文的写作方法，并在较短的时间里完成了论文的写作。不管今天答辩的结果如何，我都会由衷的感谢指导老师的辛勤劳动，感谢各位评委老师的批评指正。截至目前，在学术界有关金庸武侠小说的论著非常多，但尚无从社会学视野下对金庸小说中婚恋观的研究。选择金庸小说作为毕业论文的写作题材，一方面是因为我对金庸小说比较喜欢，包括由金庸小说改编而成的电视剧。的确，金庸小说不仅向我们展现了侠客的快意恩仇，还借用江湖这个社会,使人物摆脱传统社会的束缚或少受社会制度的束缚。男女侠客不问出身,不讲家庭地位、社会背景,只讲两性相悦、以情相许,能实现真正意义上的男女平等、恋爱自由。另一方面结合当今社会现实，许多现象与金庸小说中的情节有一些相似，揭示其中的联系，警示世人，以倡导和谐的、理想的婚姻。在这篇论文中，主要采用了内容分析和现实对比的写作手法，各部分安排按照先典型分析，具体对照现象，理论分析，再阐明现代性特征的层次进行。具体结构如下：第一部分为所归纳的金庸小说中的五种爱情类型;第二部分为金庸小说中与现实相对应的婚姻类型;第三部分为关于金庸小说中择偶的社会学分析，分为宏观和和微观两个方面分析。宏观方面的主要理论有：对于择偶的个人主义解释;择偶的社会文化解释;择偶梯度理论;同类匹配理论。微观方面的理论有：1、相似性理论;2、需求互补理论。从以上这些择偶理论我们可以做出如下推论：相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的，虽做出如下推论：相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的，虽然对具体是什么“相似”有些争议。在外在社会条件上符合“同类匹配”，内在条件上又符合“需求互补”，这似乎就是最完满的理想婚姻模式。第四部分为金庸小说中婚恋观的现代性特征;在金庸小说中,男女侠客不问出身,不讲家庭地位、社会背景,只讲两性相悦、以情相许,能实现真正意义上的恋爱自由,而这些观念无疑与现代人的恋爱观相合。第五部分：结论。社会是历史积淀的产物，小说是反映生活、憧憬生活、甚至能够改造生活、提升生活品质的艺术。在某些传统思想仍在侵蚀当代人的今天,在已经冲破封建罗网,人们获得充分的个性自由，能够勇于追求自我爱情的今天,回味金庸小说中具有现代性特征的爱情婚恋,对我们仍有启迪。金庸小说中的爱情不仅反映了作者心目中的爱情观，也折射出传统文化孕育下的“集体无意识”及现代人的情感困惑与矛盾境况，从而具有重要的认识价值。因此，我们应当超越以爱情为基础的内涵性婚姻和以现实利益为基础的功利性婚姻的简单对立，使工具理性与价值理性相结合来构建一种理想的婚姻模式——综合权衡模式。限于各种条件的制约，特别是本人理论水平所限，使得本论文对金庸小说中婚恋观的现实意义仅停留在比较粗浅的层面，尤其是理论方面，还有很多问题需要继续进行深入、细致的思考和探索。最后，再次感谢张红老师在我的毕业论文写作过程中所给予的悉心帮助与指导;其次我要感谢各位专业师在这四年来对我的教育与培养，没有你们的教导，也就没有我的今天;最后也要感谢本专老业同学这几年来对我的关心与支持，和你们生活在一起的日子我永远也不会忘记!恳请各位老师、同学进行批评指正，谢谢大家!
1.先自我介绍，问各位评委好2.介绍题目，根据关键词介绍背景资料3.简明扼要讲技术路线图：本文设计以用水提取法和乙醇回流提取法,提取鹿衔草、牛耳大黄、扁蓄、岩陀的有效成分,通过体外抑菌试验筛选抑菌效果最好的中草药进行体内抑菌试验。4.应用步骤详细补充5.结合图表分析结果6.讨论及做出结论
本人于顺利通过线上答辩，以下是我的答辩陈述稿模板，分享给大家。尊敬的各位老师、同学上午好：我是……，我的论文题目是……，本篇论文是在xxx教授的指导下完成的。在此，我十分感谢某老师长期以来对我的精心指导，同时也感谢各位评审老师从百忙之中抽出宝贵的时间，参与论文的审阅与答辩。下面，我就把论文的基本思路向各位答辩老师作如下简要陈述：一、选题目的与意义（在你的开题报告里有，可以截取一些。）二、论文内容与框架本论文立足于………………………………，致力于分析……………，并揭示了………………………，探讨了………………的问题。（参考你的论文摘要）具体来说，我的论文分为以下三个部分：第一部分是引言，第一部分是引言，主要概述了选题背景、意义及研究的主要内容与方向。第二部分是正文，正文包括几部分（把各个部分的内容简要阐述一下就可以了）第三部分是结论，结论内容。三、论文的创新之处论文的精髓就在这里，但是大部分论文还是没什么创新点的（大家看看自己的论文就知道了，反正我是没有创新的，中规中矩^_^）所以这一块就把你认为的创新点写上去就可以了，当老师质疑时，你可以说自己的创新还不够，回去会跟指导老师讨论，完善。（避重就轻）四、结束语本篇论文已经完成，还有许多的地方需要更全面的改进，但总的来说，在撰写的过程中，我真实地学到了许多东西，也积累了不少经验，更进一步丰富了自己的知识。但由于个人能力不足，加之时间和精力有限，在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处，与老师的期望还有差距，许多问题还有待进行一步思考和探究，借此答辩机会，希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见，指出我的错误和不足之处，我将虚心接受，从而进一步深入学习，使该论文得到完善和提高。我的答辩自述完毕，谢谢各位老师!
论文答辩稿子怎么写:PPT1:各位老师上午好！我叫XXX，是什么级XX学院XX专业的学生，我的论文题目是XXX。论文是在XXX导师的悉心指点下完成的，（在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意，同时也向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢。若时间紧迫，不用说。）下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报。PPT2:我将从以下四个方面介绍我的论文，分别是背景及意义、研究对象与方法、论文概述、结论与分析。PPT3:首先是第一部分，背景及意义。主要介绍了本论文的研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。（根据时间自决定如何展开说。）PPT4：近年来，由于XXX而XX，因此本文将视角选定在XX行业，展开研究，探究XXX。但是由于目前适用于XXX的模型尚少，因此在目前较为理想的XXX模型的基础上，构建更加适用于XXX行业的XXX模型，进行深入分析并得出结论。PPT5：接下来是研究目的和意义。研究目的主要由以下四点，分别从两方信息使用者的角度来谈。主要目的是给管理者和投资者建议及参考价值。PPT6:研究意义有以下两点，分别是理论意义和实践意义理论意义：XXX理论在我国发展不久，目前尚未研究出一个适用于XXX行业的XXX模型，因此理论上急需研究。实践意义：为管理者和投资者具有较强的实践意义，同时也给同行业的其他企业以参考。
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。课题名称An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异课题来源Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义）Research Background:A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily Significance:As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 （课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）Research Status:Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency:21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.三、研究内容及研究目标 （对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）Research Contents:A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Black Is Associated With Black Is Associated With the Black People2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Black Is Associated With the Evil and Black Is Associated With the Shame and Black Is Associated With AngerB. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in White Is Associated With the Pure and White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in White Is Associated With Death and White Is Associated With Worthless and TimidC. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Red Is Associated With Honor and Love2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Red is Associated with the Red Is Associated With Revolution and Red Is Associated With Danger and LossD. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and DiseaseResearch Objectives:I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.四、预计的研究难点 （课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.五、创新点 （选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.六、进度计划 （根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）1. — , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing2. — , 2008 Data gathering3. — , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline4. — , 2009 Literature review5. — , 2009 First draft6. — , 2009 Second draft7. — , 2009 Final version8. — May 14th, 2009 Printing9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate七、资料来源 （指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）[1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).指导教师意见：（对课题的认可意见）指导教师年 月 日系（教研室）审查意见：系（教研室）主任：年 月 日
你是写本科论文吗？用英文写四五千字够了吧。开题报告就写你打算怎么开展论文就可以了，论文只要四五千字的话，开题就只要几百字足以，加上参考材料。第一部可以介绍英语标题，再罗列一些特点，比如简洁，用词新颖大胆，押韵，幽默等等。还可以再介绍一下造成这些特点的原因，从历史，经济，文化等角度。然后再列举一些标题产生歧义的例子，所产生的影响。举例的方式最好以历史发展进行推进。比如1930s，1950s,1990s以及现如21世纪。最后一部分就总结一下历史对标题的影响。这篇论文好写，就看你怎么举例了。最好能找到影响力大，具有代表性的。
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
硕士毕业论文开题报告需要花一周时间写。
硕士是一个介于学士及博士之间的研究生学位，拥有硕士学位者通常象征具有对其专注、所研究领域的基础的独立的思考能力。
学习制度
硕士研究生的学习实行学分制，与本科一样，课程包括必修和选修，学制一般为2到3年，多数都是3年，也有2年半的。一般来讲，前两年是基础课和专业课学习时间，通常可以修完绝大部分学分；第三年用来完成毕业论文、实习和求职。
许多学校都规定，如果提前修完所要求的学分，并符合一定条件的，可以申请提前毕业。非全日制研究生学习年限可相应延长。
一般也就是一周左右的时间。你好啊，你的开题报告选题定了没？开题报告选题老师同意了吗？准备往哪个方向写？开题报告学校具体格式准备好了没？准备写多少字还有什么不懂不明白的可以问我，希望可以帮到你，祝开题报告选题顺利通过，毕业论文写作过程顺利。开题报告的撰写方法一、开题报告的含义与作用开题报告，就是当课题方向确定之后，课题负责人在调查研究的基础上撰写的报请上级批准的选题计划。它主要说明这个课题应该进行研究，自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题，也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。研究方案，就是课题确定之后，研究人员在正式开展研之前制订的整个课题研究的工作计划，它初步规定了课题研究各方面的具体内容和步骤。研究方案对整个研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用，尤其是对于我们科研经验较少的人来讲，一个好的方案，可以使我们避免无从下手，或者进行一段时间后不知道下一步干什么的情况，保证整个研究工作有条不紊地进行。可以说，研究方案水平的高低，是一个课题质量与水平的重要反映。二、写好研究方案应做的基础性工作写好研究方案一方面要了解它们的基本结构与写法，但“汝果欲学诗，功夫在诗外”，写好开题报告和研究方案重要还是要做好很多基础性工作。首先，我们要了解别人在这一领域研究的基本情况，研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性，熟悉了别人在这方面的研究情况，我们才不会在别人已经研究很多、很成熟的情况下，重复别人走过的路，而会站在别人研究的基础上，从事更高层次、更有价值的东西去研究；其次，我们要掌握与我们课题相关的基础理论知识，理论基础扎实，研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础，否则，没有理论基础，你就很难研究深入进去，很难有真正的创造。因此，我们进行科学研究，一定要多方面地收集资料，要加强理论学习，这样我们写报告和方案的时候，才能更有把握一些，制定出的报告和方案才能更科学、更完善。三、课题研究方案的结构与写法 课题研究方案主要包括以下几个方面：（一）课题名称课题名称就是课题的名字。这看起来是个小问题，但实际上很多人写课题名称时，往往写的不准确、不恰当，从而影响整个课题的形象与质量。这就是平常人们所说的“只会生孩子，不会起名字”。那么，如何给课题起名称呢？第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是课题的名称要把课题研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，课题的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。规范就是所用的词语、句型要规范、科学，似是而非的词不能用，口号式、结论式的句型不要用。因为我们是在进行科学研究，要用科学的、规范的语言去表述我们的思想和观点。课题就是我们要解决的问题，这个问题正在探讨，正开始研究，不能有结论性的口气。第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。这次各个学校课题申报表中，我看名称都比较简洁，我就不再多说了。（二）课题研究的目的、意义研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本课题的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写课题的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。不要都写成是坚持党教育方针、实施素质教育、提高教育教学质量等一般性的口号。主要内容包括：⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出)：即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地（校）的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。（三）本课题国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。参考总课题报告。（四）课题研究的指导思想指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。对于范围比较大，时间又很长的课题来讲，大家在总的方面，有了一个比较明确的指导思想，就可以避免出现理论研究中的一些方向性错误。这里，我给大家介绍一下何老师在《佛山市教育现代化进程》研究方案里写的课题指导思想里的一段话：“这一课题研究要依据党中央和国家要求，依据广东省委省政府的决定，依据佛山市委市政府的决定，结合国情、市情和佛山市教育改革与发展的实际，……力求揭示佛山市教育现代化进程的规律及表现形式，为佛山市教育现代化实践服务”。另外，还有一份供大家参考一下，广东省教育科研“九五”规划重点课题《学科教学与素质教育》研究和实验方案里面，课题指导思想这样写：“坚持以马克思主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论为指导，从我国经济领域实现“两个转变”和我省2010年基本实现现代化对基础教育的要求出发，针对在中小学学科教学中实施素质教育的有关理论和实践问题，开展全方位的改革实验和理论研究，有效指导广大中小学教师在学科教学中深入教学改革，全面贯彻教育方针，全面提高教育质量，从而推进我省基础教育事业向前发展，为把广东建成教育强省作出贡献”。（五）课题研究的目标课题研究的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本课题研究要达到的预定目标：即本课题研究的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。相对于目的和指导思想而言,研究目标是比较具体的，不能笼统地讲，必须清楚地写出来。只有目标明确而具体，才能知道工作的具体方向是什么，才知道研究的重点是什么，思路就不会被各种因素所干扰。常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确；目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。确定课题研究目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考虑课题组实际的工作条件与工作水平。（六）课题研究的基本内容我们有了课题的研究目标，就要根据目标来确定我们这个课题具体要研究的内容，相对研究目标来说，研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把研究的目的、意义当作研究内容，这对我们整个课题研究十分不利。因此，我们要学会把课题进行分解，一点一点地去做。 基本内容一般包括：⑴对课题名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。⑵本课题研究有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。（七）课题研究的方法1、本课题研究是否要设定子课题。各子课题既要有一定的相对独立性，又要形成课题系统。作为省、市级课题，最好设定子课题。形成全校的课题研究系统。2、具体的研究方法可从下面选定：观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。如要研究学生实践能力的现状必定离不开调查法；要研究如何优化小学生个性宜采用实验法；要研究如何对青年教师进行培养可采用经验总结法；要研究问题家庭学生的教育对策可采用个案法等等。3、确定研究方法时要叙述清楚“做些什么”和“怎样做”。如要用调查法，则要讲清调查的目的、任务、对象、范围、调查方法、问卷的设计或来源等。最好能把调查方案附上。4、提倡使用综合的研究方法。一个大的课题往往需要多种方法，小的课题可能主要是一种方法，但也要利用其它方法。我们在应用各种方法时，一定要严格按照方法的要求，不能不三不四，凭经验、常识去做。比如，我们要通过调查了解情况，我们如何制订调查表，如何进行分析，不是随随便便发张表，搞一些百分数、平均数就行了。突出介绍行动研究法。（八）课题研究的步骤课题研究的步骤，也就是课题研究在时间和顺序上的安排。研究的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度，一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括：整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段；各阶段的起止时间；各阶段要完成的研究目标、任务；各阶段的主要研究步骤；本学期研究工作的日程安排等。（九）课题研究的成果形式本课题研究拟取得什么形式的阶段研究成果和终结研究成果。形式有很多，如调查报告、实验报告、研究报告、论文、经验总结、调查量表、测试量表、微机软件、教学设计、录像带等，其中调查报告、研究报告、论文是课题研究成果最主要的表现形式。课题不同，研究成果的内容、形式也不一样，但不管形式是什么，课题研究必须有成果，否则，就是这个课题就没有完成。（十）课题研究的组织机构和人员分工在方案中，要写出课题组长、副组长、课题组成员以及分工。课题组组长就是本课题的负责人。一个课题组应该包括三方面的人，一是有权之士，二是有识之士，三是有志之士。有权了课题就可以得到更多的支持，有识了课题质量、水平就会更高，有志了可以不怕辛苦，踏踏实实踏实实去干。课题组的分工必须是要分得明确合理，争取让每个人了解自己工作和责任，不能吃大锅饭。但是在分工的基础上，也要注意全体人员的合作，大家共同研究，共同商讨，克服研究过程中的各种困难和问题。（十一）其他有关问题或保障机制如课题组活动时间； 学习什么有关理论和知识，如何学习，要进行或参加哪些培训； 如何保证研究工作的正常进行； 课题经费的来源和筹集； 如何争取有关领导的支持和专家的指导； 如何与校外同行交流等。四、注意三点：1、要学会搜集和获取信息。处处留心皆学问（积累）。2、要多学习，多借鉴。集思广益开眼界（学习与借鉴）。3、创新。登高望远多创意（创新）。
开题？开what题
一般在第三学期或第四学期。
开题答辩，分为开题报告和答辩两部分，实际上就是有关人员对项目初期，规划阶段的成果，进行全面的审核的一种形式。
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。
开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况（即＂开题报告内容＂），向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。
然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用＂德尔菲法＂评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。