商业银行英文论文文献出处

商业银行英文论文文献出处

Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasureInterest rate marketability connotationThe so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence questionIs opposite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disposition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and . The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag . Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significanceFirst, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the deposit real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the positive influence to the deposit, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disposition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternlyThe interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control possibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:1．Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the possibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk , from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern ．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the deposit form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value deposit interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the ．Proposed the challenge to the bank management and interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the deposit interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization ．Proposed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategyAlong with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek positively should to the ．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, positively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable ．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the ．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.字太多，发布下，你再见个问题吧，我回答。率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策利率市场化的内涵所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.

Make Every Document a Marketing Document Every scrap of paper that leaves your business is performing a marketing 's idea is not earthshattering, but it is one that many businesses, large and small, send invoices, fax covers, memo, notes, request and all other manner of "non-marketing" related correspondence to - you guessed it, your clients, referral sources and 's a pretty simple thing to A) make sure that these documents also conform to the image you project in your marketing materials and B) make them sell a no harm in introducing a new product in every communication, regardless of how mundane.

• Put your company story on the back of work orders
• List all of your products and services on fax covers
• Insert a coupon for a special offering in your statements
• Put two business cards in your thank you notes

关于商业银行信贷风险管理的研究论文从经济风险及银行信贷风险管理的一般理论出发，阐明经济风险是现代市场经济的基本特征之一，而银行信贷风险是整个经济风险的集中反映。风险的本质在于收益与损失的可能性并存，因而对经济主体有激励效应与约束效应。商业银行经营的本质就是在风险的这种双重效应的制衡下，回避与防范风险，使风险降到自身可接受的程度，同时获取尽可能大的利润。由于信贷业务在银行经营及经济运行中的重要地位，银行的信贷风险控制就具有了特别重要的意义。目前，西文经济学界运用信息不对称理论，对银行信贷风险产生的原因， 已取得共识，即信息不对称下的逆选择和道德风险以及信息不完全的客观风险。文章还讨论了信贷风险管理与商业银行资产负债比例管理、资本充足率管理、内部控制的关系；并澄清了信贷风险管理认识上的一些误区。以上内容构成了本文的第一章。 文章的第二章首先比较了各种外部组织形式与风险管理效率的关系，指出外部组织形式并非影响信贷管理效率的决定性因素，而内部组织结构才是其中的关键因素。设计信贷风险管理组织结构的重点在于形成各部门之间的横向牵制和各级分支机构的纵向控制机制。西方商业银行经过长期经营发展，内部组织结构逐渐固化为三大功能块：市场块、操作块、管理块，分别行使市场开拓、业务操作、集中管理的职能，三者相互牵制、相互配合。这种组织设计思想体现在信贷业务上，就是审、贷、查三程序在组织结构上的彻底分离，即公司业务部、信贷评审部、风险管理部分别实施贷前调查、贷中审查、贷后检查职能，并且三个部门分别属于不同功能块，以此实现部门间的横向牵制。纵向控制主要是通过贷款决策权在上、下级机构之间进行分配实现的，即对集权型决策与分权型决策的选择；同时也包括在同一机构内，贷款决策权在个人与集体之间的分配，即对个人决策权与集体决策权的选择。文章用运组织管理学的基本原理，详细讨论了这两组共四种决策体制的优劣，指出单纯使用上述任何一种决策机制都存在明显的缺陷，因此现代商业银行都倾向于将集体决策与个人决策、集权型与分权型结合起来，采取以个人决策及分权为主的贷款审批授权制度。这是实行贷款审批授权制度的理论依据。 本文的第三章着重讨论了信贷风险管理的制度系统及其执行效率。组织控制理论认为，制度是保证组织功能优化及发挥、组织机构稳定的必要条件，因此信贷风险管理的一个根本前提是制定并执行严格科学的管理制度，把信贷风险的控制建立在制度保证的基础上。本章首先结合我国的实际情况，介绍了基准制度——信贷政策，指出我国各商业银行应尽快建立统一、完备的信贷政策，正确划分目标市场区域，确定统一的信贷标准和贷款发放原则，以充分发挥整体竞争实力，降低贷款风险。接着，文章用巴黎国际银行和加拿大皇家银行的实例说明了如何设计相互制约的信贷程序，并讨论了实施审、贷、查三分离制度的意义及原因。其次，引用招商银行的成功范例——弹性授权制阐释了贷款决策授权的原则及审批权限划分标准的确定。在第五节“贷款风险损失责任制”中，笔者提出了一种新的责任追查顺序，即反信贷程序的责任追查顺序，以加强各部门、各环节的相互制约，降低经营风险。本章还详细介绍了贷款风险管理的稽核与评价制度的程序与内容，指出内部稽核的权威性、独立性是保证制度系统有效的一个重要因素。在本章的最后，讨论了信贷风险管理的制度效率与银行经营观念的关系，指出，彻底转变经营观念，注重经营的稳健性和利润的长期性是提高我国银行信贷管理水平的当务之急。 信贷风险管理的技术与方法是信贷风险管理中的技术因素，科学有效的决策技术、信息传输系统是现代信贷风险管理的物质基础。我国信贷风险管理的薄弱点之一就是管理技术与方法的落后，因此本文第四章的主要目的就是通过介绍西方商业银行成熟的管理技术，为提高我国信贷风险管理技术提供一些借鉴。文章着重介绍了信贷风险的主要诱因----过度融资的技术分析方法，并提出了信用限额在实际业务中的测算与分析方法，围绕借款人信用可靠性、违约可能性的评估技术和经营状况变化及破产的介绍了工商贷款资信评分模型、消费信贷的资信评分模型等。在信贷风险管理信息系统中，着重讨论了运用信贷管理信息系统的意义、信贷管理信息系统的设计思想及维护其有效性的措施。最后，本章介绍了信贷风险挽救技术与策略，指出成立专门的风险挽救机构是化解我国巨额不良信贷资产的措施之一。 在第五章中，笔者提出信贷风险管理的核心是对人员的激励与控制的观点。现代管理理论认为一切管理归根结底是对人的管理，对人的行为的管理。信贷风险管理作为一种具体管理，其本质也是对人的管理。在信贷风险管理的四个子系统中，对人员的激励与控制系统居于支配地位，其它三个子系统直接或间接地为管理信贷人员服务。在对人的管理以孰为本的问题上，制度主义与行为主义基于对人性的不同假定，两者观点截然不同。前者强调制度、控制的作用，后者强调人的能动性，认为管理的重点在于从正面诱导员工的积极性、主动性。The thesis sets out from the general theories of economic risks and banking credit risks management, to represent that economic risks are one of basic characters of modern market economy, and the banking credit risks are the focalization of the whole economic risks. The essence of risk is that the possibilities of proceeds and losses exist simultaneously, therefore encouraging meanwhile restricting the activities of main body of the market economy. The essence of commercial banks is to avoid and prevent risks under the balance of dual effects of the risk so that risks can decline to an acceptable degree while proceeds is to be taken in as much as possible. At present, western economic industry has reached a consensus on the reasons of the exposure of banking credit risks by virtue of the information non-symmetry theory that risks stem from the adverse selection under the information non-symmetry and moral risks and objective risks arising from information insufficiency. In addition, this thesis discusses the relations between credit risks management and equity-debt ratio management, capital abundance ratio management and internal control respectively. It also clarifies some misunderstanding on credit risks management. The above-mentioned contents form Chapter One of this thesis. Chapter Two of this thesis first points out that the decisive factor of the efficiency of credit management is not the external organizational form but internal organization structure by comparing the relations between various external organizational forms and the efficiency of risks management. The emphases on designing organizational structure of credit risks management should be laid on the forming of the mechanism of lateral control between different divisions and the mechanism of vertical control on different levels of subsidiaries and affiliates. After long-term development, the internal organizational structure of western commercial banks has been shaped into three functional sections: market section, operation section and administration section, which exercise the functions of marketing, business operation, and centralized administration respectively, and furthermore, control one another, cooperate one another. This kind of idea about organizational design is embodied by the complete organizational division of these three steps of credit examination, approval and investigation in the credit operation that means the departments of business operation, credit examination and risk management, which belong to three different functional sections, respectively perform the functions of research before loan-providing, examination of credit application, and supervision after loan-providing, thereby, the lateral control between different departments can be effected. The vertical control is exercised through both the allotment of credit decision-making power between higher levels and lower levels of business departments that means to choose centralization or decentralization of power, and allotment of credit decision-making power between individuals and collectivity in a department that represents individual or collective decision-making power. This thesis amply discusses the good and bad effect of these four kinds of decision-making systems under two groups by applying the fundamentals of organizational management, thereby indicating that solely using any one of four decision-making systems will bring on visible defects. Accordingly, modern commercial banks mostly intends to adopt the loan examining authorization system which joins the collective and individual decision-making as well as centralization and decentralization together, but giving priority to individual decision and decentralization of power. Chapter Three of this thesis puts emphases on credit risks management system and its executive efficiency. The organizational control theory deems that system is the necessary condition under which organizational functions can be optimized and exerted, meanwhile organizational institution being stabilized,(美)卡尔-约翰·林捷瑞恩(Carl-JohanLindgren)等著; 潘康等译; 银行稳健经营与宏观经济政策[M]. 中国金融出版社, 1997

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商业银行论文英文文献

先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。 一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。

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现代金融学的发展一、金融问题中的不确定性研究在21世纪以前的经济学研究中，研究者大多关注的是企业中的投入产出效率问题，由于当时资本市场化程度低，很少有人专门研究与资本决策有关的问题，尽管如此，还是有些研究成果对以后金融学的发展起到了很大的推动作用，其中最大的贡献是资金时间价值概念的提出。随着金融市场的发展，以及人们对不确定性概念的认识，进入30年代以后产生了大量对金融决策问题的研究成果，同时这些成果又积极推进了金融市场的活跃与发展。在本文以下部分简要概述与评价了这一时期的重要研究成果。（一）不确定性研究在资产定价领域中的应用1.证券组合理论与资本资产定价模型在整个金融分析的框架中，不确定性概念的引入是具有重大作用的。最早Kenes(1936)和Hicks(1939)提出了风险补偿的概念，认为由于金融产品中的不确定性的存在，应该对不同金融产品在利率中附加一定的风险补偿。随后，Von Neumann(1947)应用预期效用的概念提出了解决在不确定性条件下的决策选择的方法，在此基础上Markowiz(1952)发展起了证券组合理论，他认为投资者选择证券组合时关注的只是未来现金流的均值与方差。他假设投资者的预期效用符合二次分布或者是多项式分布。Markowiz的主要研究结论是在不确定的前提下，最优的投资决策是分散化持有。Tobin(1958)认为投资者出于自身流动性偏好的不同选择收益与风险的均衡。这进一步完善了证券组合选择理论的框架。在资产定价领域另一著名的理论模型就是资本定价模型(CAPM)，Sharp(1994)和Lintner(1995)用公式简明地表述了资产组合的价值与无风险利率以及资产的风险水平之间的关系。Black(1972)推出了即使在不存在无风险资产的情况下，Sharp和CAPM公式仍然成立，只是无风险利率被包括整个市场上所有资产的证券组合的预期收益率代替。与CAPM模型同时代出现的资产定价模型还有Ross(1977)的套利定价模型(APT)和Lucas(1978)典型代理资产定价模型。以CAPM为代表的资产定价模型，为资产定价提供了一个简洁的计算方法，并且得到了一些在实证方面的研究的支持(Fama and Macbeth,1973)，但是对现实中的一些异常现象仍然缺少有效的解释能力，Brennan(1989)认为CAPM是建立在所有投资者对投资的预期与风险都具有共同的估计与判断，并且所有投资者的效用函数一致的假设基础之上，这一假设与现实不一致，这是导致CAPM对一些现实问题缺少解释力的根本原因。以后正是对这些假设的质疑，推动了信息不对称概念的提出与研究。2.市场有效性假说市场有效性假说认为，在一个完全竞争市场中，不存在不对称信息与市场摩擦，影响未来平均收益的只是投资风险的不同。在20世纪60年代有大量研究工作者对市场有效性假说进行了检验，Fama(1973)通过对美国证券市场的实证检验，认为有效市场假说是成立的，但是很多研究人员发现了在市场中，存在着许多市场有效性假说或者CAPM模型解释不了的异常现象。例如，Basu(1977)发现资产的平均收益除了与CAPM中的β系数有关外，还与资产的价格盈利比率（P/E比率）有关，在相同β系数下，价格盈利比率高的股票（成长型股票）的市场价格好于价格盈利比率低的股票（价值型股票）；Benz(1981)发现股票的市场价格还与上市公司的规模有关；Stattman(1980)发现股票的价格与账面价值的比率（P/B比率）也是影响股票价格的重要因素。Fama和French(1993)在以上研究的基础上提出了三因素模型，即在影响资产价格的β因素外，加入了P/E比率和P/B比率因素。另外，许多研究人员从时间序角度研究也发现了一些市场有效假说与CAPM解释不了的异常现象，其中最为著名的就是Pozeff和Kinney(1976)发现的所谓“一月效应”；他们发现在纽约证券市场的指数在一月期间的存在明显低于其他月份的现象；还有就是Cross(1973)和French(1980)发现存在类似的“星期一效应”，以后许多研究人员在世界范围内验证了这两种现象的存在。对这些异常现象的解释，有效市场假说显得无能为力，有人曾经试图将“一月效应”解释为到年末税收流出的影响，但是在英国、澳大利亚等税收年度不在12月份的国家，仍然存在“一月效应”就无法解释了。有些学者从心理学的角度解释这些异常现象，例如，Dreman(1982)将股票价格的P/E比率效应解释为，由投资者总是过高估计具有高成长性股票的成长性，导致市场中具有高P/E比率的股票的价格被高估了，这是导致股票收益率低的原因。3.连续时间模型在资产定价理论中的另一个重要假设是：证券市场总是在连续过程中，在这一假设前提下，Merton(1969,1971)将CAPM发展为瞬时资本资产定价模型(ICAPM)，同样在信息对称、无摩擦的市场中，资产价格的变化符合Ito过程，在这种条件下，资产的价格与投资者的效用偏好无关。在随后的研究中Merton(1973)和Black(1973)应用以上连续时间模型成功地得到了期权定价公式，这一公式后来被大量的实证研究所证实，并且被广泛在实践中应用。（二）不确定性研究在公司财务管理中的应用金融分析研究的另外一个重要领域是公司财务管理，主要研究公司在投资决策中的有关负债与权益比例选择、公司的红利政策等问题。最早这方面的研究成果由Modigliani和Miller(1958)作出，他们的研究显示，在完全市场中（没有市场摩擦与信息不对称存在）公司的价值与公司的负债比率无关（M-M定理）。类似的研究结论还有，公司的价值与公司的利润分配政策无关。显而易见，这些研究结论与现实中的事实不符。依据M-M定理的结论，公司在利润分配时，由于派发现金红利会有现金流出，公司将更愿意选择股份回购的政策，而不是红利政策，而在现实中，许多公司更愿意选择分红而不是股份回购，这一现象被Black(1976)称为“公司红利的困惑(Dividend Puzzle)”，对此Miller(1977)所能给出的解释是，M-M定理的结论之所以与现实不同在于税收与所谓的破产成本对财务结构的影响，是由于一定的负债可以使公司达到税收减免的作用，另外由于对高负债率公司存在着破产的风险，所以负债率对公司股票价值存在影响，Miller以及其他的学者对这些财务问题做出的解释总体来说都不很令人满意，直到后来引入不对称信息以后，似乎才对这些问题的解释取得了突破。二、金融中的不对称信息问题的研究正如前文所述，对现实中的一些现象很难单纯用不确定性（风险）来得到满意的解释，正是在对这些问题的研究引起了人们对金融问题中的不对称信息的关注，加上在20世纪60年代以博弈论为代表的信息经济研究方法的突破，使得许多学者在对金融问题中的不对称信息的研究中取得了很多成果，特别是用不对称信息可以完美地解释许多有关财务结构方面的问题。以下仍然分两部分概述这方面的成果，首先是在财务决策方面的成果，接下来是在资产定价方面的成果。（一）不对称信息在公司财务管理中的应用1.红利信号模型关于公司红利决策的困惑引起了许多学者的关注，除了以上提到的公司更愿意支付红利而不愿意将利润用于股份回购的异常现象之外，Lintner(1957)还发现公司在进行红利决策时，由于受累进税制的影响，更愿意使各年的红利平滑些，所以公司每年的红利波动要远远小于股票价值波动，有关税收减免的理论解释较为理想，并且在以后被许多学者用实证方法证实了这一现象的存在（例如：Fama and Babiak,1968）。但是税收效应并没有很好解释公司为什么更愿意支付红利的困惑。最早Miller(1961)注意到红利可能是向投资者揭示公司发展前景的信号，但是直到Bhattacharya(1979)才应用博弈论方法建立起了红利模型，Bhattaeharya成为第一个将博弈论引入金融分析的学者，Bhattacharya认为公司的管理者对公司投资项目的前景与其他普通投资者相比具有信息方面的优势，管理者通过公司的尽可能高的红利向普通投资者传递信息，如果公司红利水平高意味着公司投资项目的未来前景好，而对于无法支付高额红利的公司将不得不向银行贷款，从而担负过高的财务成本。以后许多学者在此基础上对模型又进行了一个改造(Miller and Rock,1985;John and Williams,1985)。但是仍有学者质疑认为，按照以上模型认为只有在公司需要为新项目向市场融资时，才有积极性支付高水平的红利，但事实上模型的红利支付水平并不受公司是否有新项目的影响。也就是说，上面的信号模型不能很好解释红利的平滑性。为此，Kumar(t988)发展出了一个粗糙信号(Coarse Signaling)模型，其结论认为公司在一定的利润范围内会支付同样水平的红利，直到公司的利润水平超出了这一范围，公司管理者才会调整红利支付水平。红利信号模型的另外一个问题是，公司为什么愿意支付红利，而不是股票回购。Ofer和Thakor(1987),Barclay和Smith(1988)用逆向选择原理解释了这一现象，他们认为公司更愿意在市场上自己股票被低估时回购股票，所以回购股票行为向市场传达了股票价值被低估的信号，所以会引起股票价值的上涨，从而使公司支付了额外的成本，而用红利分配利润不存在这一逆向选择问题。2.资本结构正如上文提到的，公司资本结构问题的研究在引入不对称信息以前一直没有得到令人满意的结论。应用博弈论描述公司资本结构的决策过程，大大推动了对公司基本结构决策研究的发展。最早Ross(1977)建立了一个公司负债决策的博弈模型，其中公司通过负债率向资本市场传递公司未来经营前景的信息，由于高负债率可能导致公司破产的风险加大，而一旦公司破产将为公司的经营者带来损失，所以只有公司管理者对公司未来的现金收益乐观时才会在资本结构决策时选择贷款，提高负债率。而前景乐观的公司提高负债率的决策是前景悲观的公司所无法模仿的，所以对资本市场来说，高负债率是公司发展前景乐观的信号。随后在Myers(1984)的模型中，认为如果管理者在公司项目发展需要融资时，如果管理者认为目前市场上自己公司股票价值被市场高估了，会选择通过发行股票的直接融资方式，而如果管理者认为公司股票价值被低估了，就会选择贷款等间接融资方式，所以说公司增加发行股票向资本市场传递的是公司目前股票价值被高估的信号。Myers认为经营者在面对新项目需要投资时首先选择的是用自身盈利积累完成投资，其次是选择贷款等间接融资方式，最后才会选择发行股票的融资方式，这被称之为“融资顺序理论(Pecking order theory of finance)”。在金融分析中应用博弈论的不对称信息理论取得较大成绩的研究就是所谓的代理问题的研究，Jensen和Mecking(1976)指出公司中存在两类代理问题，其一是债权人与股东的代理矛盾，其二是股东与公司管理者的代理矛盾。债权人与股东间的矛盾表现在股东总是扩大公司投资风险，因为项目成功了超额收益全部是股东的，而如果公司经营失败，破产的成本由债权人与股东共同负担。Diamond(1989)通过研究认为，在长期重复博弈条件下，股东的声誉可以在一定程度改善股东和债权人间的矛盾。股东与管理者间的矛盾是由于股东不能有效控制管理者的经营行为，因而管理者会最大化自己的利益，可能会损害股东利益。在80年代末与90年代，出现了有大量关于代理问题的研究成果，Hart和Moore(1989,1994,1998)研究发现当企业家计划投资新项目而需要向外融资时，与投资者签订贷款合同是最优合同，得到这一结论的关键在于虽然企业家与外部投资者在项目未来进展的各个时期都可以观察到项目的收益情况，但是第三方（例如：法官）无法观察到项目的收益，此时贷款合同是最优融资合同，并且Hart认为由于贷款人在企业家不能偿还贷款时可以控制公司的资产，所以企业家有积极性偿还贷款。3.公司所有权控制市场公司所有权控制市场的概念最早是由Manne(1965)提出的，他认为为了有效的配置资源，公司所有权控制市场的存在是必要的，现代资本市场的有效运转离不开公司所有权控制市场的存在。在公司所有权控制市场中所有权的转移方式是多样化的，包括：收购、兼并、股票的发行以及委托代理关系的变化等手段。在传统的完全竞争、无摩擦的资本市场假设下，很少考虑公司所有权转移对公司价值的影响，而事实上每次兼并收购活动都会引起公司股票价值的大幅波动。直到进入80年代以后非对称信息概念的引入，使得人们认识到了公司所有权控制市场对资本市场影响的内在机制。Crossman和Harl(19803研究了在公司收购过程中存在所谓的“免费搭车问题(Free Rider Problem)”，他们认为当收购方发现一个目标公司的运营效率低下，而决定收购目标公司时，面对外部的标购，原有的股东知道收购者通过收购后公司在新的经营者经营下，效率会提高，所以会自发抵制收购，等待收购价格的升高，直到收购价格升高到在新经营者的经营水平下的合理的价格时，原有股东才会出售手中股票。考虑到收购方在收购过程中搜集信息、组织收购是有成本的，所以采用标购行为实际上为收购方带来了损失。Shleifer和Vishny(1986)认为，如果收购方在标购目标公司以前就已经持有了目标公司的一定股票，可以解决上述“搭车问题”的困惑，收购方可以用自己手中股票的增值弥补收购带来的损失。然而Shleifer和Vishny的结论并没有在实证中得到证实，反而Desai和Kim(1988)的实证结果认为大多数的收购方在标购前并没有持有目标公司的股票。在收购行为研究方面的另外一个困惑就是收购行为往往导致股票价格的大幅上涨，例如：Jennings和Mazzeo(1993)发现收购发生时的收购人对目标公司的首次出价，大多数高于收购前10天的股票价格的20%。Fishman(1988)将这种现象解释为是由于有潜在竞争者随时会加入收购，较高的出价是为了阻止竞争者加入。4.新股发行(IPO)在1963年在由美国证券交易委员会组织的一项研究中，首次发现在新股上市后的短期存在着明显的超额回报的现象，以后许多学者在许多国家发现了这一现象，例如：Ibbotson和Ritter(1995)统计得出美国纽约证券市场1960-1992年发行新股的首日的超额回报是。在许多年中IPO现象成为挑战市场有效性假说的又一个证据。对IPO现象最早的解释是由Rock(1986)作出的，Rock认为IPO现象实质是个逆向选择问题，新股上市时市场上存在着两类投资者，一类是具有信息优势的投资者，一类是不具信息优势的投资者，信息投资者只是在新股定价低于其真实价值时才购买，而当定价高于其真实价值时只有不具信息优势的投资者才会参加购买，所以平均来说，不具信息优势的投资者购入了较大比例的被过高定价的股票，为了在市场中留住不具信息优势的投资者，公司在初次发行新股时常常有意低定价。类似Rock对IPO超额回报问题的解释，许多研究人员给出了这一问题的其他合理解释，例如：Allen和Faulhaber(1989)以及Grinblatt和Hwang(1989)将新股发行低定价解释为公司未来前景良好的信号；Hughes和Thakor(1992)认为公司新股发行低定价是为了规避诉讼风险；Ruud(1993)认为新股上市后的短期高回报是由于承销商的价格稳定活动造成的。在IPO领域中的另外一个难以解释的现象就是新股上市后长期表现不好。Ritter(1991)研究发现，在1975-1984年间发行的新股在发行后3年间的回报比正常股票的回报至少低15%。以后Loughran(1993,1995)再次证实了这一现象的存在。Shiller(1990)用所谓“主持人效应”解释新股长期回报不好的现象，他认为新股上市的初期承销商出于对自身声誉的考虑会创造短期超额需求的假象，随后随着承销商从市场的退出，导致了新股长期回报不佳的现象。（二）不对称信息在资产定价领域中的应用Grossman和stiglitz(1980)最早将非合作不对称信息的概念引入资产定价领域的研究中，建立了所谓资产定价的理性预期均衡理论，他们认为资本市场中的每个参与者都从市场价格的变化中获得信息（所谓的学习过程），并且每个参与者的行为不会对市场价格构成影响。在80年代初期这一理论成果主要用于解释公司财务方面的问题，直到Kyle(1985)以及Kyle和Milgrom(1985)研究做市商制度下的价格形成机制的成果出现以后，不对称信息对资产价格的影响才越来越多地引起人们关注，以后在Kyle Milgrom框架的基础上出现了大量的研究成果。由于在这一框架下的价格决定机制不同于Modigliani Miller的市场均衡机制，是通过研究具体市场条件下的资产价格形成机制，所以常常将这部分研究成果称为市场微观结构理论。Kyle研究了在做市商制度下证券市场的价格形成机制，在Kyle的模型中，市场由三类参与者构成：风险中性的做市商、噪音交易者和信息交易者，噪音交易者出于自己的流动性需求进入市场交易，信息交易者根据自己的信息交易，为了最大化自己的利益，信息交易者选择自己在市场上的交易数量。与Kyle不同之处在于，Milgrom建立的序贯交易模型(Sequential Trade Model)中交易者每次交易的数量都是固定的，即每次都只能买入或卖出一个单位的资产，做市商根据交易指令的类型来设定买卖价差，在均衡条件下，由于有竞争做市商的存在，买入报价是做市商收到卖出指令时关于资产价值的条件期望值，卖出报价是做市商收到买入交易指令时关于资产价值的条件期望值，因而交易者的交易指令将促使做市商调整其买卖报价，这种调整从本质上是一种贝叶斯学习过程。Easley和O'Hara(1987)在Milgrom模型的基础上考察了交易规模对做市商价格行为的影响，其结论是做市商的定价策略会依赖指令的规模，数量比较大的指令往往以比较差的价格成交。以后Easley和O'Hara(1992)又考察了交易时间对价格行为的影响，发现交易时间会影响价格，并且交易间隔影响交易价差的大小。现代金融理论方法经过近一个世纪的发展，取得了许多重大突破，特别是进入80年代以后，越来越多的金融难题得到解释。但是由于金融市场的复杂性，至今对许多问题的解释还很难令人满意，例如：对P/E比率和P/B比率对资产价值的影响的现象至今还没有合理的解释，对IPO以及基金中的折价现象的研究结果也没有较为统一的认识，另外市场中是否存在信息操纵问题也是一个争论的焦点。对这些问题的研究与解释，将进一步推动金融理论的发展。

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商业银行营销Commercial Banks marketing

Creating Your Budget on PaperCreating a household budget on paper won't provide graphical budget reports found in budgeting or personal finance software, but creating a budget on paper has the advantage of being always available, not just when the computer is on PaperTo create a budget form with pen and paper or a word processor, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. The method you decide on dictates the number of columns you will need in your budget up a budget on paper can be as simple as using your writing instrument of choice and a ruler to draw rows and columns. The advantage of this system is that it is portable and always available. The disadvantage is that as you tweak your budget or find new categories you need to budget for, you will need to rewrite parts of the budget or redo it you budget the same amount each month, draw two columns on paper, one for income and expense categories (paycheck, groceries, utilities) and one for the monthly budgeted amount for each category. If you are budgeting income or expenses will fluctuate monthly, you need a column for the budgeted categories and twelve columns to hold monthly up total expenses and income in a total row at the bottom of the budgeted amounts column. If you are budgeting for all twelve months, total each month individually. The total expense rows need to be compared to total income to be sure you are not more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning Form Print OutsPrinting out a blank budget form from a web site or word processing software provides a neat format for recording budget data. This is a good solution for those who want to create their budget by hand but don't want to have to redraw lines for columns and rows when the budget with a completely hand-written budget, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. If you go with a static budget amount month after month, you only require two columns - one for the budgeted category and one for the amount budgeted. Budgeting different monthly amounts calls for a category column and a column for each month in a year. Be sure to include a total row beneath the budgeted amounts so you can see if total expenses surpass total Budget Planning PrintablesUsing Tables in Microsoft Word: Tips on using the Tables feature in Microsoft Word to create your budget free printable budget planning forms require the free Adobe ReaderTo use forms for tracking your monthly spending after you create your budget: print out the form, fill in budgeted amounts that will not change and then make photocopies to avoid recording budgeted amounts each Balance Pro's complete budget form with a personal financial analysis with the 8-page Money Management Planner to break down current spending, planned budget and changes in spending needed to reach budgeted amounts. Includes weekly and monthly expense records. Detailed Budget Worksheet from Freddie Mac includes lines for brief notes. Monthly Budget Worksheet from includes a Monthly Spending Summary on the last page, with a spot to record surplus or shortfall. Less detailed and very colorful Simple Monthly Budget worksheet from more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning

银行英语口语英语专业毕业论文范文商务英语毕业论文范文银行信用风险的成因及防范

Too-big-to-fail: Bank failure and banking policy in Jamaica J. Daleya, , , K. Matthewsb and K. Whitfieldb aDepartment of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica bCardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU Wales, UK Received 7 October 2005; accepted 16 December 2006. Available online 22 December 2006. Abstract Research on the causes of bank failure has focused on developed countries, particularly the United States of America. Relatively little empirical work has examined developing countries. We examine the total population of banks in Jamaica between 1992 and 1998 and find that real GDP growth, size, and managerial efficiency were the most significant factors contributing to the failure of banks. Bank failure is defined to include bailout and regulator-induced or supervised merger. Our results suggest that there were implicit ‘too-big-to-fail’ policies during this period. Keywords: Bank failures; Too-big-to-fail; Developing economies; Jamaica JEL classification codes: G21; G28 Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bank failure in Jamaica 3. Bank failure literature 4. Data and methodology 5. The likelihood of failure 6. Failure and bail-out 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix A. Pool of variables References 1. Introduction The last decade of the 20th century was unprecedented in Jamaica's financial history. Of a population of 37 banks, 21 were classified as failed, with 14 being so classified in 1 year—1998. However, few outright closures occurred. Most problem banks were merged with other banks, or continued to operate through financial support from the government. More than a half of domestic banks received some kind of financial support from the government, initiated voluntary bankruptcy proceedings or surrendered their licences. Explanations for such banking problems vary. Empirical research on bank failures separates the causal factors into bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and other. However, much of the debate on developing countries has neglected banks at the individual level, and has focused on the problems faced at the sector or industry level. Moreover, the (often conflicting) results of existing studies do not offer inferences about the factors that are particularly significant in developing countries, or to those that are significant to the failure of individual banks, or to the fate of problem banks. This paper addresses the following questions: what factors were significant in the banking crisis in Jamaica? What factors influenced how the crisis was handled and was there an implicit too-big-to-fail (TBtF) policy? What are the lessons for bank regulators in developing economies that can assist in better preparedness for the future? To address these questions, the within-sample performance of a panel of Jamaican banks is examined. Some of the factors identified as contributing to failure include deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, rapid expansion and weakness in a range of bank-specific factors: capital, management, and liquidity. The size results are particularly significant and point to the operation of implicit ‘TBtF’ policies. Larger banks are more likely to fail, but are also more likely to be bailed out rather than closed. The next section discusses the banking crisis in Jamaica. Section 3 reviews the literature on bank failures. Section 4 discusses data and methodology. Sections Sections 5 and 6 present the results, and Section 7 concludes. 2. Bank failure in Jamaica The term ‘bank failure’ has been interpreted varyingly. The more precise definitions have focused on accounting factors (for example, [Martin, 1977] and [Benston and Kaufman, 1995]), economic factors ([Bell et al., 1990] and [González-Hermosillo et al., 1997]), or legal factors (Meyer and Pifer, 1970). Conversely, more general definitions have attempted to be all-inclusive and have applied a ‘catch-all’ combination of specific definitions (for example, Thomson, 1992). Using a general definition of ‘bank failure’ embracing closure, bankruptcy, supervised merger, or direct government assistance, we assess the population of banks in Jamaica over the period 1992– Table 1 shows a comparative profile of the Jamaican banking sector before and after the crisis. Table 1. Banking system profile: pre- and post-banking crisis Jamaican banking sector

商业银行论文参考英文文献

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1.商业银行股份制改造及赏识问题的研究 2.中央银行监管中在的问题及解决途径 3.商业银行的经营风险及防范 4.加入WTO对我国金融业的影响及对策 5.我国证券市场发展的现状，问题及对策 6.建立我国二板市场问题研究 7.关于我国利率市场化问题的研究 8.通货紧缩及其治理对策 9.如何培育和重塑个人信用制度 10.加入WTO后中国银行业与国际市场接轨问题 11.市场营销在银行中的应用 12.银行中间业务问题及其前景研究 13.银行金融创新问题 14.银行存款管理与吸存策略 15.银行与重建信用制度 16.银行的科学决策问题 17.信息与银行服务问题 18.我国建立存款保险制度的构想 19.网络银行发展中存在的问题及对策 20.商业银行的业务创新 21.加入WTO对我国国有商业银行的影响 22.对二板市场的再认识 23.入世后，我国消费信贷的发展方向 24.储蓄转化为投资问题 25.利率市场化问题 26.保险业如何面对入世的挑战 27.商业银行不良资产的处理方法 28.资产管理公司的运作 29.如何构建我国的信用体系 30.商业银行股份化改制及上市策略 31.中国的货币需求理论研究 32.金融业成功应对WTO的策略 33.存款准备金付息制度的研究 34.中央银行金融监管问题研究 35.商业银行内部控制机制问题研究 36.金融业务创新 37.银行电子化改革 38.加入WTO后中国银行业的风险问题 39.深化我国商业银行改革的问题 40.我国货币政策实践效果分析 41.中小商业银行发展研究 42.提高我国金融业从业人员素质问题研究 43.我国商业银行与企业的关系 44.分业经营与全能化趋势比较研究 45.知识经济与我国金融业 46.入世后我国房地产业发展趋势研究 47.我国住房金融发展现状，问题及对策研究 48.住房市场进一步发展的对策研究 49.房地产投融资手段的创新 50.个人住房贷款证券化问题研究 51.提高我国金融业从业人员素质，应对入世挑战 52.当前我国证券市场的'主要问题及对策 53.对我国货币政策的历史回顾与前景展望 54.我国投资基金业历史、现状与发展前景 55.欧元对国际货币体系改革的启示 56.汇率制度的选择 57.货币危机传染与政策选择 58.加入WTO后银行体系的改革 59.资本项目的自由兑换问题 60.国际资本流动的效应与监控 61.中国利用外资方式研究 62.国际融资方式研究 63.基础设施融资方式研究 64.入世与资本项目开放 65.人民币可兑换问题研究 66.加入WTO与中国利用外资 67.国际汇率制度的选择研究 68.入世与银行竞争 69.入世与中国金融改革 70.中国股市成长型股票投资价值分析 71.股指期货的功能对我国股市健康发展的积极影响及分析 72.股市的财富效应对我国GDP增长的影响分析 73.加入WTO对我国保险业的影响 74.当前我国保险市场存在的问题及对策 75.我国保险业监管中存在的问题与对策 76.保险资金运用问题 77.寿险业发展前景 78.降息效应的实证研究 79.河北上市公司分析研究 80.中国入世对股市运行的影响分析 81.中国金融运行隐患及对策分析 82.我国保险营销中存在的问题与对策 83.我国保险资金运用问题探讨 84.我国社会保险模式的选择 85.我国失业保险制度的建立 86.如何改变我国保险业的粗放经营模式 87.医疗保险制度改革探讨 88.养老保险制度改革的任重道远 89.保险中介存在的问题与对策 90.我国建立保险经纪人制度的必要性 91.入世后人民币汇率的走势与汇率政策选择 92.入世与人民币资本项目可兑换问题研究 93.中国银行业分业经营与混业经营问题研究 94.金融工程在中国的发展 95.金融衍生工具发展与监管 96.新时期我国信托业发展方向 97.融资租赁——中小企业融资的一种新形式 98.国有股流通问题（方向） 99.完善上市公司法人治理结构对证券市场的影响 100.如何评价企业的创值能力 101.企业并购活动中的资产定价研究 102.影响住房贷款资金安全的风险类型及其管理 103.信息不对称与银行借贷行为研究 104.住房金融制度演变及对中国经济增长的贡献 105.中国的金融开放与金融危机传染的防范 106.信用体系建设初探 107.项目评估与投资决策 108.投资项目管理 109.住房抵押贷款研究 110.国际货币合作的历史回顾与前景展望 111.最适度货币区理论研究 112.亚洲货币合作 113.中小企业融资问题及对策研究 114.货币政策调控功能及效果分析 115.扩大内需与货币政策关系研究 116.利率市场化作用环境与作用机制问题研究 117.西方货币理论的借鉴价值研究 118.我国金融混业经营问题研究 119.金融资产管理公司面临问题研究 120.中外资金融机构优劣比较研究 121.中间业务的国际比较研究 122.房地产开发规模和效益对中等城市金融业的影响 123.创立学习型银行的思考

1.金融危机下中国商业银行的发展战略研究2.商业银行在资本市场的作用3.商业银行在证券市场中的风险管理研究4.商业银行国际比较研究5.中央银行对国家金融市场的影响研究

一、商业银行与其它金融机构系列1、浅析次贷危机对我国金融监管体制的启示2、对商业银行信贷风险管理的研究3、我国中小企业融资现状及对策研究4、关于汽车金融业的现状及发展对策5、我国中小商业银行贷款定价方法探讨6、国有商业银行的经营绩效分析及实证研究7、农村金融发展对农村经济增长的影响8、试论述中小企业融资的困境解决9、外资银行在华发展的特点及影响分析10、从次贷危机谈银行的资产证券化发展11、关于小额贷款银行在我国的发展现状及前景分析12、中小金融机构风险形成的原因分析13、关于财务公司的金融职能探析14、第三方支付体系研究15、商业银行表外业务的风险控制16、我国商业银行利率市场化问题17、我国银行信用卡系统风险防范18、商业银行消费信贷业务的风险管理研究19、论我国商业银行个人理财业务的发展20、我国家庭理财方案的设计21、我国商业银行个人理财业务发展状况研究22、浅析我国商业银行信贷风险评级的作用23、我国商业银行零售业务发展研究24、我国典当业的融资功能研究25、商业银行综合柜员制操作风险与防范26、浅析我国商业银行个人信贷业务的潜在风险27、租赁业在我国的现状分析28、我国商业银行房贷风险与防范29、商业银行公司治理与内部控制作用分析30、我国商业银行开展投资银行业务研究31、浅谈商业银行会计风险防范32、商业银行财务分析对银行发展的作用33、我国商业银行高端客户理财业务发展状况研究34、商业银行流动性分析35、商业银行资产种类创新发展36、商业银行业务合同研究37、商业银行绩效考核作用38、商业银行国外投资研究39、商业银行的QDII发展40、浅析巴塞尔信用评级方法对风险管理的作用41、农村信用社农户小额贷款存在问题及对策二、金融市场系列1、股票定价与价值投资研究2、资本资产定价模型的理论研究3、我国上市公司资本结构研究4、我国股份制企业董事会成员结构与决议研究5、浅析影响我国上市公司资本结构的因素6、我国上市公司股利分配原则依据研究7、认股权证定价的实证研究8、股指期货交易开市场站的必要条件研究9、浅析IPO定价的合理性10、风险投资退出渠道的比较分析11、上市公司市盈率影响因素的实证分析12、试论述我国债券市场的现状及发展趋势13、试论我国票据市场的现状及发展14、试探机构投资者对股市价格的影响问题15、我国投资银行的业务存在的问题研究16、我国创业板推出的意义和面临的问题研究17、论开通国际板对A股市场的影响18、未来美国股市趋势分析及对中国市场的影响19、经济长期发展背景下的中国资本市场投资机会分析20、对中国股市的成长性与投资机会研究21、市场繁荣与理性投资—全球主要股票市场投资经验借鉴22、华尔街百年兴衰历程对中国发展金融市场的启迪23、中国从成熟资本市场的经验借鉴24、试论中国股市的“股权溢价”现象w25、对股市同步现象的实证研究26、试论股市中的羊群行为27、股市日期效应的实证研究28、对中国封闭基金之谜的研究29、股权溢价与通货膨胀的关系实证分析30、对中国公司购并行为及其效果的研究31、对中国股市的“势头效应”和“反转效应”的实证研究32、中国股票市场的“IPO异常”现象探析33、对中国股市中的信息与波动率的实证研究34、中国金融市场监管现状与问题分析35、股票价格波动问题研究36、债券信用评级问题研究37、金融衍生品定价问题研究38、外汇交易策略探讨39、外汇交易技术分析40、外汇市场做市商制度研究41、债券投资策略研究42、股指期货套利交易问题研究43、黄金交易市场xian长分析与展望44、金融期货在我国开展的功能性研究45、风险投资退出渠道的比较分析三、货币理论、政策、与监管系列1、中国货币政策取向与宏观经济态势分析2、货币政策与金融监管的关系3、中国财政政策与货币政策的协调研究4、浅析次贷危机对我国金融监管体制的启示5、金融危机管理中的财政政策研究6、金融危机发生金融监管的责任分析7、货币政策对金融市场的调控作用及影响8、货币政策工具的运用效应与创新9、我国监管部门的监管方式改革研究10、中央银行对商业银行信贷规模调控的效应分析11、金融监管的发展趋势研究12、新自由主义的货币理论褒贬分析13、金融创新理论在我国的应用研究14、金融机构的信用创造研究及实证分析15、金融资产价格影响因素分析16、在新形势下，货币理论与政策创新研究17、货币政策对经济调控的效应分析18、金融深化论在当代的适应性研究四、国际金融系列1、浅谈人民币升值对我国经济的影响及政策建议2、人民币持续升值对我国证券市场的影响3、人民币汇率制度改革研究4、国际金融危机产生的深层次根源探析5、我国汇率衍生品的发展现状、问题及对策6、人民币升值对商业银行的影响及其对策7、国际结算在国内银行国际化服务中的作用8、国际结算中的风险研究与防范9、国际结算中的收汇考核案例分析10、关于人民币国际化的发展进程分析11、关于国际资本流动的影响及监管问题的探讨12、试论述我国如何应对国际热钱的流动13、关于我国资本账户开放的相关问题探讨14、我国扩大对外投资的现状及趋势研究15、我国国际储备的现状及成因分析16、关于我国国际储备管理的探讨分析17、国际金融危机的防范与治理18、国际资本流动的原因、特点分析19、个人海外投资研究20、企业海外投资技术研究21、公司海外投资的风险研究22、企业海外间接投资与股票、债券、基金研究23、美元、欧元、邓国际货币汇率波动其实分析24、人民币国际化利弊分析25、外汇洗钱的方式与渠道研究26、国际收支分析效应研究27、错误与遗漏数据及不明资金逾出研究28、新形势下我国外汇管理改革研究29、外汇管理与经济发展的关系研究30、外汇交易防险工具研究五、其它1、影响我国金融创新的因素分析2、金融全球化对中国金融业的影响3、网络金融的发展研究4、农村金融发展对农村经济增长的影响5、高新技术企业融资困境及其对策研究6、物流金融发展研究