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Welding Automation Research in the engineering school is largely focused on problems involving sensing, modeling, and control of welding processes, ., welding automation. Faculty and students from electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and material science are involved in the welding automation research. The overall objective of this research is to provide both greater productivity and enhanced quality for welding in the manufacturing
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用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Systems with Consideration of Line Impedance Effect在分布式交流电力系统中考虑连线阻抗影响时的并联逆变器控制 论文发到你的邮箱了
Electric Automation 电气自动化ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE The invention relates to an electric automation device comprising a control unit that is controlled by a computer. In order to create an automation device that can be set to predefined functions in a particularly flexible manner while requiring less testing, a computer hardware component (2) is provided with control software comprising a basic functional area which includes an operating system (3), a device driver (4), and communication modules (5) so as to form a basic automation device (1) while the basic automation device (1) is complemented with any application modules (7a, 7b, 7c, 8, 9) that can be connected to the basic functional area via a software interface (6) in order to obtain the automation device. The invention also relates to a method for producing or adjusting the functions of such an electric automation device. 电气自动化专业介绍一、专业概况 随着高新技术的发展和生产自动化程度的提高，我国国民经济发展，正在和继续需要大批技术应用型实用人才。电气自动化技术是现代制造技术中不可缺少的重要技术门类，也是一个国家科技实力乃至综合竞争力的综合反映，在工业发展中具有前导地位。电气自动化技术，集机、电、计算机、信息处理等多学科于一体，是多学科相互交叉、渗透、结系淖酆涎Э疲�诠�窬�媒ㄉ柚姓加兄匾�牡匚弧R虼耍�梢运档缙�远��际跏嵌ヌ炝⒌氐氖乱担�枪�窬�梅⒄购腿嗣裆�钏�教岣叩奈镏侍跫�� ?br> （一）、培养目标本专业培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展，具有良好职业道德和综合业务素质，具备较强的创新意识和创业能力，掌握电气自动化技术、计算机控制技术的基础理论，能在生产、建设、管理、服务第一线从事常用电气自动化设备、常用电气设备、供配电系统和装置、计算机控制系统、PLC控制系统的安装、调试、运行和维护的实用型高技能专门人才。 （二）、培养要求及职业能力分析 1、培养要求：本专业主要学习电气自动化的专业技术知识，应具有较强的本专业技术应用能力。 2、职业能力分析 （1）具有良好的身体素质、职业道德和人文素质，较强的语言文字表达能力和一定的社会交往能力及继续学习能力。 （2）具有较强的用英语进行人际和人机交流能力，具有阅读和翻译本专业有关英文资料的能力。 （3）具有较强的在信息化社会中工作、学习、生活所必备的计算机应用能力；熟练使用电子电气CAD软件；掌握一门程序设计语言。 （4）具有分析和测试常见的电工电子线路，能设计一般电工电子应用线路，能熟练使用常规电工电子仪器、仪表，具有熟练的电工基本操作技能。 （5）熟悉常用低压电器的基本原理及使用；能熟练阅读电气控制线路的原理图与接线图；具有对常规电气设备、供配电设备等电气控制系统进行安装、调试、维护能力。 （6）具有正确选用、安装、调试、维护电力电子装置和典型交、直流调速系统的能力。 （7）具有熟练的可编程控制器应用能力。 （8）具有以嵌入式计算机数字控制技术为核心的新技术基本应用能力，对相应控制系统具有调试维护能力。 （9）具有对一般的机械零件图、产品装配图与机械、液压和气压传动系统回路的识读能力，了解常用机械设备的结构特点及工艺过程，了解常见的机械和电气的配合关系。 （10）了解企业管理的基本知识，具有一定的质量意识。 （三）、课程设置 课程设置共分五部分：公共必修课、专业必修课、专业限定选修课、专业选修课及公共选修课。 1、公共必修课包括：思想道德修养、法律基础、邓小平理论、马克思主义哲学、体育、英语、高等数学、计算机操作基础等。 2、专业必修课包括：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、机械制图及公差、机械工程基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、C语言程序设计、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统、C语言、工厂电气控制技术、电子电气CAD、变配电技术、变频调速原理与应用、工业控制网络、DSP原理与应用及专业英语等。其中主干课程为：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统等。 3、专业限选课包括：计算机控制技术、工业自动化仪表、控制电机、智能控制等。 4专业任选课包括：电工电子工艺、多媒体技术、楼宇自动化、计算机系统仿真、计算机维修、程序设计（VB）等。 5、公共选修课包括：包括两个能力模块：经济管理科学类和人文与社会科学类。 （四）、实践教学环节 1、专业主要实践教学包括：电工实验、模拟电子技术实验、数字电子技术实验、电机与电力拖动实验、可编程序控制器应用实验、嵌入式计算机原理实验、现代电力电子技术实验、电工基础课程设计、电子技术课程设计、嵌入式计算机原理课程设计、可编程序控制器应用课程设计、自控系统课程设计、综合系统实训、金工实习、电工电子实习、专业参观、综合生产实习、毕业设计等。 2、非专业实践教学包括：入学教育、军训、暑期社会实践、社团活动、体育活动、文艺活动等。 （五）、职业技能证书 本专业证书包含三个方面： 1、公共必修证书：PET、计算机一级证书。 2、专业必修证书：CAD初级、维修电工中级。 3、任选证书：CET四级证书、计算机三级证书(单片机方向）、CAD中级证书、维修电工高级证书、气液电控制技术。 （六）、本专业师资力量 学院拥有一支学术造诣高、教学经验丰富、实践能力强的师资队伍。电气自动化技术专业现有师资26人，其中副高职称以上有17人，“双师型”教师10人。能够满足公共基础课、专业基础课和专业课的理论及实践教学的需要。 二、职业前景 1、对口行业 电气自动化技术是传统而具有新内涵的专业，本专业培养拥护党的基本路线，德、智、体、美等全面发展，具备从事电气自动化技术所需要的理论知识和职业技术能力，主要在生产、建设、服务和管理等第一线工作的高级技术应用性专门人才。本专业的毕业生可就职于国防、航天、航空、航海、铁道、机械、轻工、化工、电子、电力、电信、钢铁、石油、矿山、煤炭、地质、勘测等广泛的工业、农业、科学研究领域，也可就职于现代物流及现代服务业。 2、就业前景 在上海市经济委员会的《上海制造业战略升级的行动纲要》中指出：加快推动制造业的战略升级是贯彻党的十六大精神，坚定地走新型工业化道路，实现向制造业强国转变的国家战略需要，也是上海建立新型产业体系，提高城市综合竞争力，坚持“四个中心”的客观要求。上海制造业战略升级的重点包括：高新技术产业重点发展电子信息和现代生物与现代医药制造业；交通运输设备制造业重点发展汽车、轨道交通、船舶、民用飞机；装备制造业重点发展大型成套设备、电站设备、新能源和新型环保设备制造业；原材料制造业重点发展石油化工和精细化工、精品钢材制造业；生产性服务业重点发展制造业物流、技术服务等产业；大力发展就业广、清洁型的都市型工业。根据电气自动化的内涵，上述产业无不包含电气自动化技术，同时也对电气自动化技术专业的人才提出了更高的要求。据上海市政府组织的《面向新世纪上海紧缺人才需求趋势与开发研究对策》的报告显示，复合型技术人才是紧缺的专业人才，而电气自动化技术专业是培养复合型技术人才的有效载体。可以预见在未来数年内，电气自动化专业毕业生就业前景良好。
summary"with computer network technology matures, computer networking applications has become an inevitable trend in the development of the computer. Network technology to speed the development direction, broadband network has become an inevitable computer network communication technology from the 1960s, has been greatly since birth, especially the development since 1990s have developed rapidly. As is known to all, the computer network communication technology is to unexpected speed rapid development, network communication technology, the Internet also permeates gradually to people living and working in every corner. The information superhighway has direct extends to the people, the desktop, alwin in its future study TuoFuLe transfer of power masterpiece, "said: in ancient times, the strength of a country's military strength, main farmar 200 years ago, humans into industrial society, the industrial productivity, and Jordan farmar into since the 1970s, a country with knowledge of the network access storage capacity has become an important measure of its overall strength. The Clinton 11993 government announced in September, the national information highway planning. NLL (1994), National1Information1Intrasture - global information highway planning. After this, the world also has its own information highway planning, Each system in our country, and various business unit interior also raised one Internet construction boom. Along with the computer network technology matures, computer networking applications has become an inevitable trend in the development of the computer. Our government has recently proposed 12,000 years in the construction of the electronic government, the government plans to cross-century some office affairs in the Internet, improving people's government work, understand the supervision, People can inquire on the net himself about the state policies, laws and regulations, enhance the consciousness of the masses participating politics. Although the traditional 10MBPS Ethernet satisfy the demand of users at many network to a certain extent, to solve the network information resources sharing and peripheral. However, with the rapid increase of the CPU performance, workstations, user application software functions of information, network transmission of complexity and information, plus the sharp rise in the rapid development of multimedia technology in network applications, 10MBPS transmission bandwidth, already can't satisfy the development of computer technology, network transmission requirements to high-speed broadband network technology has become an inevitable trend in the development of network. The computer network in every field application, computer network communication technology, while the but for thirty years, but with human civilization has never existed before the power and speed in this world of rapid popularization, development, It is human civilization and any a kind of totem, machine, intercourse and survival of different rules is enormous, she seems to be working with echoes in the "information" fiber that create the future of the dominant force in society. The computer network will be broken, and age, economic region of cultural consumption ability, make the future society into a harmonious and unified show circle, human society will eventually into equal share of democracy, open era. Along with the computer network communication technology, the computer network, the development of social life in the fields of application, get more information becomes an indispensable part of the economy. 摘要】随着计算机网络技术的日趋成熟，计算机的网络化应用已成为计算机发展的必然趋势。网络技术向高速，宽带方向发展已成为网络发展的必然趋势。 计算机网络通讯技术从20世纪60年代诞生至今，得到了极大的发展，尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来得到了飞速的发展。众所周知，计算机网络通讯技术正在以人们意想不到的速度迅速发展着，网络通讯技术日新月异，Internet也逐渐渗透到人们生活和工作的每一个角落。信息高速公路已经直接延伸到了人们的桌面上，阿尔文·托夫勒在其未来学名著《权力的转移》中说：在古代，衡量一个国家国力的主要砝码是军事实力，200年前，人类进入工业社会以后，这一砝码变为工业生产力，而从本世纪70年代开始，一个国家拥有的存储与访问知识的网络能力已开始成为衡量其综合国力的重要指标。美国克林顿政府11993年9月公布了国家信息高速公路计划。（NLL-National1Information1Intrasture），1994年提出全球信息高速公路计划。在此之后，世界各国也先后推出了自己的信息高速公路计划；在我国各系统，各企事业单位内部也掀起了一股Internet建设的热潮。随着计算机网络技术的日趋成熟，计算机的网络化应用已成为计算机发展的必然趋势。我国政府最近又提出了在12000年建设网上电子政府的跨世纪计划，政府的一些办公事务在网上进行，提高人民群众对政府工作的监督，了解；群众可以在网上查询自己关心的国家的政策，法律法规，增强人民群众参政议政的意识。虽然传统的10MBPS以太网满足了当时许多用户的网络需求，一定程度上解决了网络资源信息和外围的共享问题。但是，随着CPU性能的迅速提高，工作站数量的增加，用户应用软件功能的不断增强，网络传输信息的日益复杂化和信息量的急剧提高，再加上迅速发展起来的多媒体技术在网络上的应用，10MBPS的传输带宽，已远远不能满足日益发展的计算机技术对网络的传输要求，网络技术向高速，宽带方向发展已成为网络发展的必然趋势。计算机网络在社会各个领域中的应用，计算机网络通讯技术虽然从诞生至今不过三十几年的时间，却以人类文明史上从未存在过的力量和速度在这世界得到迅速的普及，发展；它与人类文明史上的任何一种图腾，机器，交往方式甚至生存规则都有着巨大的不同——她似乎正用激荡在光纤中的“信息比特”预示出创造未来社会进步的主导力量。计算机网络将彻底打破地域，年龄，经济能力等对文化消费的禁锢，使未来社会展现成一个和谐统一的文化圈，人类社会将最终进入平等开放，共享民主的时代。随着计算机网络通讯技术的日益发展，计算机网络在社会生活中的各个领域得到越来越多的应用，成为信息经济时代不可缺少的一部分。
1） 机械技术 机械技术是机电一体化的基础，机械技术的着眼点在于如何与机电一体化技术相适应，利用其它高、新技术来更新概念，实现结构上、材料上、性能上的变更，满足减小重量、缩小体积、提高精度、提高刚度及改善性能的要求。在机电一体化系统制造过程中，经典的机械理论与工艺应借助于计算机辅助技术，同时采用人工智能与专家系统等，形成新一代的机械制造技术。 （2） 计算机与信息技术 其中信息交换、存取、运算、判断与决策、人工智能技术、专家系统技术、神经网络技术均属于计算机信息处理技术。 （3） 系统技术 系统技术即以整体的概念组织应用各种相关技术，从全局角度和系统目标出发，将总体分解成相互关联的若干功能单元，接口技术是系统技术中一个重要方面，它是实现系统各部分有机连接的保证。 （4） 自动控制技术 其范围很广，在控制理论指导下，进行系统设计，设计后的系统仿真，现场调试，控制技术包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自适应控制、自诊断校正、补偿、再现、检索等。 （5） 传感检测技术 传感检测技术是系统的感受器官，是实现自动控制、自动调节的关键环节。其功能越强，系统的自动化程序就越高。现代工程要求传感器能快速、精确地获取信息并能经受严酷环境的考验，它是机电一体化系统达到高水平的保证。 （6） 伺服传动技术 包括电动、气动、液压等各种类型的传动装置，伺服系统是实现电信号到机械动作的转换装置与部件、对系统的动态性能、控制质量和功能有决定性的影响。 机电一体化系统组成 1.机械本体 机械本体包括机架、机械连接、机械传动等，它是机电一体化的基础，起着支撑系统中其他功能单元、传递运动和动力的作用。与纯粹的机械产品相比，机电一体化系统的技术性能得到提高、功能得到增强，这就要求机械本体在机械结构、材料、加工工艺性以及几何尺寸等方面能够与之相适应，具有高效、多功能、可靠和节能、小型、轻量、美观的特点。 2.检测传感部分 检测传感部分包括各种传感器及其信号检测电路，其作用就是检测机电一体化系统工作过程中本身和外界环境有关参量的变化，并将信息传递给电子控制单元，电子控制单元根据检查到的信息向执行器发出相应的控制。 3.电子控制单元 电子控制单元又称ECU（Electrical Control Unit ），是机电一体化系统的核心，负责将来自各传感器的检测信号和外部输入命令进行集中、存储、计算、分析，根据信息处理结果，按照一定的程度和节奏发出相应的指令，控制整个系统有目的地进行。 4.执行器 执行器的作用是根据电子控制单元的指令驱动机械部件的运动。执行器是运动部件，通常采用电力驱动、气压驱动和液压驱动等几种方式。 5.动力源 动力源是机电一体化产品能量供应部分，其作用是按照系统控制要求向机械系统提供能量和动力使系统正常运行。提供能量的方式包括电能、气能和液压能，以电能为主。 机电一体化主要课程 机械方面：机械制图，机械设计，工程材料，工程力学，数控编程技术，autoCAD，Mastercam软件，C# 电工方面：可编程控制器PLC，单片机，自动控制原理，数字电路，电工电子 实习课程：电力拖动，PLC，单片机，钳工，普通车、铣、刨床，数控车、铣，加工中心 本专业的培养目标 本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展，具有创业、创新精神和良好职业道德的高等专门人才，掌握机械技术和电气技术的基础理论和专业知识；具备相应实践技能以及较强的实际工作能力，熟练进行机电一体化产品和设备的应用、维护、安装、调试、销售及管理的第一线高等技术应用型人才。 本专业职业面向 机电一体化专业是一个宽口径专业，适应范围很广，学生在校期间除学习各种机械、电工电子、计算机技术、控制技术、检测传感等理论知识外，还将参加各种技能培训和国家职业资格证书考试，充分体现重视技能培养的特点。学生毕业后主要面向珠江三角洲各企业、公司，从事加工制造业，家电生产和售后服务，数控加工机床设备使用维护，物业自动化管理系统，机电产品设计、生产、改造、技术支持，以及机电设备的安装、调试、维护、销售、经营管理等等。 1、主要就业岗位：机电一体化设备的安装、调试、维修、销售及管理；普通机床的数控化改装等。 2、次要就业岗位：机电一体化产品的设计、生产、改造、技术服务等。 1) Mechanical Technology Mechanical Technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology focus is on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, implementation, structure, materials, performance changes, meet the reduced weight, smaller size, higher precision, improved rigidity and improved performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology should be by means of mechanical computer-aided technology, while use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Including information exchange, access, operation, judging and decision making, artificial intelligence, expert system, neural networks belong to the computer information processing technologies. (3) System Technology System technology that is the whole concept of application of relevant technology organizations, from a global perspective and the system objective, will generally be broken down into a number of interrelated functional unit, the interface technology is an important aspect of system technology, it is to achieve the organic parts of a system guarantee the connection. (4) Automatic control technology Its scope is broad, under the guidance of the control theory, system design, system simulation after design, site commissioning, control technology, including such high-precision positioning control, speed control, adaptive control, self-diagnostic calibration, compensation, representation and retrieval . (5) sensing technique Sensing technique is a system of receptors is to achieve automatic control, automatic adjustment of the key links. Its function is stronger, the higher the system's automated process. Engineering requirements of modern sensors can quickly and accurately access information and able to withstand the harsh environment of the test, it is the mechanical and electrical integration systems to achieve a high level of assurance. (6) servo drive technology, including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of transmission, servo system is the conversion of electrical signals into mechanical motion devices and components, the dynamic performance of the system, control the quality and functionality have a decisive impact. Composed of mechatronic systems 1. Mechanical body mechanical body, including racks, mechanical connection, such as mechanical drive, which is the basis of mechanical and electrical integration, play a support system of other functional units, the role of motion and power transmission. Compared with the purely mechanical products, electrical and mechanical integration of the technical performance of the system is improved, functionality is enhanced, which requires mechanical body in the mechanical structure, materials, processing technology and other aspects of geometry can be corresponding with high efficiency, versatile, reliable and energy-saving, small, lightweight and beautiful features. 2. Detection sensor part of the detection sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its role is to detect the process of mechatronic systems work itself and the external environment-related changes in parameters, and information to the electronic control unit, electronic According to the control unit checks the information given to the corresponding control actuators. 3. Electronic control unit Electronic Control Unit, also known as ECU (Electrical Control Unit), is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the detection of each sensor from the external input command signal and concentration, memory, calculation, analysis, information processing based on the results of according to a certain extent and pace of issuing the appropriate command, control the entire system destination. 4. The role of actuators actuators are based on order-driven electronic control unit movement of mechanical parts. Actuators are moving parts, usually electric, pneumatic and hydraulic drives and other drives in several ways. 5. Power source power source is the energy supply part of the mechatronic product, its role is in accordance with the requirements of the system control to provide energy to the mechanical system and power to make the system work properly. Way to provide energy, including electricity, gas, energy and hydraulic energy to electrical energy based. Main Courses Mechatronics Mechanical aspects: mechanical drawing, mechanical design, engineering materials, engineering mechanics, numerical control programming, autoCAD, Mastercam software, C # Electrical: the programmable logic controller PLC, MCU, automatic control theory, digital circuits, electrical and electronic Internship Program: electric drive, PLC, MCU, fitter, general turning, milling, planer, NC, milling, processing center The training goal The professional training moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetic development, entrepreneurial, innovative spirit and good professional ethics of higher expertise, mechanical technology and electrical technology to master the basic theory and professional knowledge; have the appropriate practical skills and a strong practical work capacity, skilled mechanical and electrical integration of the application of products and equipment, maintenance, installation, commissioning, sales and management of the first line of high technology talents. The professional career-oriented Mechatronics is a wide caliber professionals to adapt to a wide range of students in school during the addition to learning a variety of mechanical, electrical and electronic, computer technology, control technology, sensing, detection theory, will also participate in various skills training and National Vocational Qualification Certificate Examination, fully embodies the characteristics of attention to skills development. Primarily for students in the Pearl River Delta after graduating from business, the company engaged in processing and manufacturing, household appliance manufacturing and service, CNC machine tool equipment maintenance, property management systems automation, electrical and mechanical product design, production, transformation, technical support, and mechanical and electrical equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales, management and so on. 1, the main jobs: mechanical and electrical integration, equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales and management; common modification of CNC machine tools and so on. 2, secondary jobs: mechatronics product design, production, transformation and technology services.
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电气工程毕业论文题目
随着经济生活水平的不断提高，人们对电气安装工程质量有了更高的要求。以下是电气工程毕业论文题目，欢迎阅读。
1、建筑电气工程施工中的质量控制和安全管理强化策略探讨
2、建筑电气施工质量问题及应对措施分析
3、探究建筑电气工程的智能化技术应用
4、基于Android的建筑电气无线监控系统研究与实现
5、《民用建筑电气设计规范》相关释疑
6、建筑电气低压配电设计中各种接地系统的探讨
7、建筑电气工程中的强电施工与设计方法分析
8、建筑电气工程施工质量控制要点分析
9、提高建筑电气工程施工管理的措施
10、建筑电气工程的智能化技术应用分析
11、基于REVIT的建筑电气BIM协同设计分析
12、建筑电气自动化系统安装的施工技术探讨
13、关于建筑电气在节能方面的几点思考
14、建筑电气设计中的消防设计之我见
15、建筑电气中供配电线路设计的思考
16、建筑电气工程安装技术要点探析
17、建筑电气照明节能设计略谈
18、建筑电气与智能化专业人才培养模式改革思路
19、切实提高文物建筑电气火灾防控能力[N]
20、论建筑电气工程的施工质量管理
21、建筑电气设计安装问题及解决对策
22、建筑电气施工质量通病与控制措施探析
23、建筑电气强电部分设计的.相关问题和应对策略
24、住宅小区的建筑电气设计探析
25、建筑电气火灾的现状、问题和防控
26、浅析建筑电气技术在智能建筑中的应用
27、智能化技术在建筑电气工程中的应用
28、高层楼宇建筑电气节能技术研究
29、建筑电气技术在工程中的应用及发展趋势
30、建筑电气工程安装技术要点分析及应用
31、DB模式下建筑电气工程投标报价、设计与造价管理
32、建筑电气的施工现场安全与管理问题分析
33、试论建筑电气安装工程中的问题及对策
34、基于Revit软件的建筑电气设计分析
35、建筑电气设计节能方面的应用
36、建筑电气项目的节能技术
37、建筑电气系统提高照明质量的措施研究
38、民用建筑电气照明系统节能技术分析
39、建筑电气节能问题研究
40、建筑电气施工质量控制要点分析
41、浅析建筑电气专业设备及管线标识的标注
42、建筑电气在住宅节能设计中的应用
43、建筑电气技术在智能建筑建设领域的应用分析
44、建筑电气监控系统监控服务与配置平台开发
45、建筑电气监控系统总线节点的功能可配置性开发
46、基于灰色层次分析法的建筑电气节能设计方案优选
47、简论我国建筑电气设计规范
48、建筑电气工程安装技术要点分析及应用研究
49、建筑电气工程的智能化技术应用分析
50、新时期建筑电气节能途径探讨
51、浅谈建筑电气设计中的节能技术措施
52、建筑电气配电线路的配电方式及防火措施探讨
53、建筑电气系统故障诊断方法研究
54、浅谈建筑电气消防审核和验收中的常见问题
55、建筑电气工程施工管理及质量控制
56、建筑电气安装工程中常见问题分析与预防
57、建筑电气中的SPD电压保护方法研究
58、浅谈建筑电气工程施工中常见的质量通病及防治措施
59、建筑电气工程安装技术要点分析及应用
60、建筑电气安装中防雷接地施工技术的应用与质量管理
61、建筑电气设计中的节能措施探讨
62、建筑电气设计原则与可行性措施
63、建筑电气防水设计探讨
64、建筑电气工程的质量管理和控制措施研究
65、探究建筑设计中的电气消防设计
66、建筑电气工程施工质量控制要点探析
67、关于建筑电气中的消防设计探讨
68、试论建筑电气设计中的节能措施
69、建筑电气照明节能设计研究
70、建筑电气中的低压电气安装
71、建筑工程电气设备安装施工技术的要点分析
72、基于建筑信息模型的电气特性计算仿真
73、高职院校建筑电气课程实践性教学改革探索
74、建筑电气照明节能设计的探讨
75、建筑电气施工质量控制综述
76、建筑电气节能技术的合理应用
77、高层建筑电气设计中低压配电系统安全性探讨
78、建筑电气自动化控制系统的应用
79、对现代建筑电气设计的特点及发展的探讨
80、电力电缆在建筑电气工程中的应用研究
81、建筑电气系统的节能设计
82、基于智能负荷控制器的建筑电气优化布线研究
83、建筑电气设备的电气节能设计研究
84、建筑电气节能问题的研究
85、超高层建筑电气设计关键技术解析
86、小波消噪和人工蜂群优化神经网络的建筑电气故障诊断
87、谐波对建筑电气设计的影响及对策分析
88、试论关于智能化建筑与建筑电气
89、对现代建筑电气设计中的问题探讨
90、建筑节能在建筑电气设计中的应用
91、浅谈病房建筑电气设计中应注意的问题
92、浅谈建筑电气节能技术的应用
93、建筑电气设计存在的问题及主要对策
94、建筑电气消防工程设计及施工策略研究
95、高层建筑电气中的低压配电设计分析
96、建筑电气的低压电气安装技术探讨
97、浅析建筑电气工程施工中的质量控制与安全管理
98、试论建筑电气设计中存在的问题与解决对策
99、BIM技术在建筑电气设计中的应用研究
100、建筑电气工程的施工质量管理的策略构建
转眼间大学生活即将结束，毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较正规的、比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文我们应该怎么写呢？以下是我整理的电气自动化的毕业论文，欢迎阅读与收藏。
伴随着时代进步的浪潮，我国的社会和经济出现了快速发展的新景象，科学技术也在不断的进步与更新，这给工业化发展带来了可靠支持。随着信息时代的来临，特别是科学技术的不断发展，给工业化发展提供了更好的条件和环境。
PLC技术具体指的是可编程逻辑控制器，这是一种在工业环境中完成数字化运算并实现电子操作系统的控制技术，经过存储器的可编程序来做到内部存储的记录、运行和控制等指令，同时在实际的工业工作中，通过使用数字以及模拟量等手段完成对已储存内容的输出以及输入的控制。电气自动化控制应用PLC可编程逻辑控制器，是PLC系统、计算机技术和继电接触控制技术等相互结合而进行运行的，它给电气控制自动化提供支持和可靠的保障，不但使电气控制系统的自动化水平得到提高，也解决了传统电气控制系统的内接线复杂、耗能高和可靠性低等问题，给工业化发展奠定了基础。
1、PLC技术的特点分析
(1)抗干扰能力强劲，且具有很高的可靠性。
在以往的控制系统里，继电器的使用非常的普遍，继电器的大量使用使得故障出现的可能大大的提高。而PLC技术与其相比较，对触电因接触问题而发生的故障实现了有效的解决。PLC在使用较少的导入导出相关硬件的同时完成对系统的良好运行，这种做法对处在运行状态中的系统发生故障的概率实现了极大的降低。这是因为PLC控制器，从硬件到软件都具备了极强的抗干扰能力，并且对系统运行的可靠性有着极大的提升。
(2)编程简单，方便运用。
PLC系统，仅需对编程语言有一定的理解就可以对其进行使用，不强行要求具备专业的计算机相关知识。而且PLC系统的另一大优势就在于降低工作量，PLC系统的开发周期短，同时在调试、安装、操作等方面都非常的简便。而且只要修改在线程序就可以完成对整个系统的改变，不需对硬件再进行拆装和改进。
(3)硬件配套设施完善，具有很强的适应能力。
在硬件配置上，PLC控制器装备有标准化以及模块化两种硬件装置。而通过不同硬件配置，就可以对PLC系统进行符合现实使用情况的改进以及不同功能的实现。这些都可以在用户程序中进行操作，这样就可以满足各种工艺条件。因此可以称PLC具备很强的.适应能力。
(4)有很高的性价比，且功能全面。
PLC控制器可以为使用者提供各种各样的编程元件，控制功能强大。PLC系统可以实现通信联网，对控制进行分散，并且完成集中管理。
(5)维修简易。
PLC其自身就具有一定的诊断功能和显示功能，所以故障出现的可能性极低。在发生问题的时候，系统会显示其故障信息。与此同时，诊断功能就开始查找故障的所在，此后，只需简单的更换模块，就可以对故障问题进行排除。
2、PLC在电气自动化控制方面的应用
起初，只有在其开关量的控制运用中才有PLC技术的身影，因科技的限制，当时的数据处理以及监控能力都处在较低的水平，服务效能需要不断的提高和完善，如今随着工业改革的深化和科学技术的发展，PLC技术在这中间实现了自身的蜕变，完成了自身的进步与发展，PLC技术具体应用有以下几个方面：
(1)顺序控制方面。
开关量控制和顺序控制是电气自动化辅助系统中的主要技术控制方式，增效降耗是电力行业生产随节能减排要求而要重视的内容，因此使自动控制水平的要求也不断提升。PLC技术代替继电控制器在电气自动化控制方面起着主要作用，不但做到了控制单独工艺流程，并且在信息模块和通信总线连接的配合协调下，也做到了协调与控制全部的生产工作。电力自动化系统从人力控制开始到计算机技术等支撑下，做到了自动化控制，采用PLC的电力自动化系统主要有远程IO站以及与现场传感器的网络结构，在远程IO站和主站层由通信总线进行连接，经过远程IO站和二次电缆做到连接传感器。经过主站层的PLC系统，只用经过室内显示屏，就可以做到监控系统的运作。
(2)开关量的控制应用。
具有电磁性的继电器是过去广泛使用的元件，因此，大量触点事故的发生，使得系统的可靠性大大降低，另外其自身的控制系统也存在着一定的问题，但在电气自动化控制上应用PLC技术后，只用取消一些元件的继电器就可以完成，对系统的可靠性进行提升，另外具有完整的系统并且维修简单，在二次接线简化的前提下，还取缔了闪光电源配置。
(3)闭环控制方面。
泵类电机的启动可以使用PLC实现自动启动，其顺控模块可以对泵的运作时间等实现自主选择，而工作人员只需对现场开关进行调节就可以了。同时在现场进行操作时，必须将开关调成手动挡。而如今，常规控制和PLC控制相结合是常用的控制方式。电液执行单元和转速测量单元以及电子调节单元这三个单元组成PLC技术的控制系统，同时他们又分别对其他系统有着控制作用。
3PLC应用中的注意事项
在现实操作中，需要对工作时的通风、温度等因素进行控制。就温度来说，PLC应该在一个温度变动不大的环境中进行使用，对于大型的矿区应尽可能的远离。而对PLC造成负面影响的还有其他干扰因素。如在干扰源的作用范围内使用PLC，发生故障的可能性会增加，带来不必要的经济损失，而且会对工作进程造成一定的影响。最后要说的是，PLC需要有独立的电源，并保持接地线良好的连接状态，防止发生突发事件时产生较大的危险。
4、结束语
综上，由于PLC可编程逻辑控制器的特征和优势使其广泛应用在工业控制领域中，经过闭环控制和开关质量控制以及顺序控制等应用实现了对电气自动化控制的改良，大幅提高了其自动化水平，对工业生产效率的提升和质量提供有力且可靠的帮助。如今在我国科技水平蓬勃发展的今天，工业生产的改革也在朝着其自身的目标不断发展，而PLC控制系统也要在这种背景下继续进行自身的更新与改善，在电气自动化发展的控制方面起更多的作用。
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随着国民经济的飞速发展,我国的现代化的科学技术不断的深入和完善,电气工程方面有了越来越大的影响力,电气工程自动化越来越受到人们的重视。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于电气工程类毕业论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 电气工程类毕业论文范文篇1 试论电气工程施工管理 摘要：指出电气安装工程的质量控制是决定住宅工程质量的重要因素，从现场施工等过程的质量控制手段，力图实现对住宅电气工程的质量控制。 关键词：住宅;电气安装工程;质量控制 随着人们生活水平的不断提高，对住宅的要求也从原来的温饱转向了小康，其中住宅的工程质量是决定住宅安全、舒适性的重要因素。电气工程是住宅工程的重要组成部分，强电系统相当于人体的血液系统，提供住宅所需要的基本动力，照亮住宅的每一角落，也给其他设备系统的正常工作提供相应的能源;弱电系统相当于人体的神经系统，是一栋住宅与外界交流的重要端口。因此电气安装质量的好坏直接影响了整体住宅工程的质量，关系住户的安全和生活的舒适。 1 电气工程质量存在问题与防治措施 开关、插座盒和面板的安装、接线不符合要求 预防措施：准确牢靠预埋、固定线盒;做好面板的清洁保护;确保开关、插座中的相线、零线、P保护线不能串接;剥线时固定尺寸，保证线头整齐统一，安装后线头不裸露;同时为了牢固压紧导线，单芯线在插入线孔时应拗成双股，用螺丝项紧、拧紧;开关、插座盒内的导线应留有一定的余量，一般以100～150mm为宜。 室外进户管预理不符合要求 预防措施：进户预埋管必须使用厚壁铜管或符合要求的PVC管，加强与土建和其他相关专业的协调和配合，明确室外地坪标高，确保预埋管埋深不少于;加强对承包队伍领导和材料采购员有关法规的教育，监理人员要严格执行材料进场需检验这一规定，堵住漏洞;预埋钢管上墙的弯头必须用弯管机弯曲，不允许焊接和烧焊弯曲;做好防水处理，请防水专业人员现场指导或由防水专业队做防水处理。 导线的接线、连接质量和色标不符合要求 预防措施：加强施工人员的技能培训;多股导线的连接，应用镀锌铜接头压接，尽量不要做“羊眼圈”状，如做，则应均匀搪锡;在接线柱和接线端子上的导线连接只宜1根，如需接两根，中间需加平垫片;不允许3根以上的连接;导线编排要横平竖直，剥线头时应保持各线头长度一致，导线插入接线端子后不应有导体裸露;铜接头与导线连接处要用与导线相同颜色的绝缘胶布包扎;材料采购人员一定要按现场需要配足各种颜色的导线。 2 施工中的质量管理 施工前期的管理 针对可能影响电气安装工程施工质量的诸口素，必须在施工过程中各个施工环节采取有效的管理措施，严格控制，以保证整个工程的质量。针对施工项目的大小难易程度，要编制施工组织设计、施工方案，提出科学的施工方法和工艺，选用适当的施工机械、工具，从技术上保证施上质量管理目标的实现。施工组织设计、施上方案要集思广议组织有关人员讨论并经有关的技术、质量负责人审签。 施工中的管理 电气安装上程施工中，质量管理的重点是按图纸，施工及验收规范、施工方案施工，要严格执行质量标准，严格执行质量管理制度，严格按质量标准检查、监督。施工用的电工仪表及试验上器具要定期校验，保证其精确性。凡应校校、检验、试验、调试的电气装置均经过电气试验，并提交试验报告。试验不合格者不得女装。对施工中其它影响质量的因素应及时控制。 电气装置的采购及现场管理 电气装置的采购应派专业人员认真采购，要有合格证，签订采购合同时，合同中必须有保证质量，约束厂商的条款。电气装置到现场前必须经施工管理及施工人员验收。不合格的电气装置要严格按“三包”处理。进人现场后要有专人保管。 3施工后的质量控制 验收阶段是检验施工形成的产品的质量合格与否，这个阶段可以做的是为质量不完善的部位进行补修，亡羊补牢为时晚了点，但是一个工程由于各种原因总会存在这样或者那样的问题，重要的是可以把每次工程中遇到的问题进行总结，而不是简单的只是发现问题，还必须去发掘问题的原因，找出是设计的问题、材料设备的品质问题还是现场施工的质量问题，并且将问题再细分，这样的问题在下一个工程时就要重视，不让其再犯，没有完美的工程，但是应该有追求完美的信心。 4 结束语 随着人们生活水平的提高，电气安装工程的要求也越来越高，它不仅要满足照明、家电用电量、安全用电等需要，而更注重其美观、适用、方便的使用效果。这就对电气安装工程的设计和施工人员提出了更高的要求，把电气安装工程放在和土建工程同等重要的位置上，抓好电气安装工程的质量管理工作，使电气安装工程朝着一个具有适用性、可靠性、 经济性、外观优美与使用方便的方向 发展。 参考 文献： [1]刘银洁.住宅电气安装工程施工阶段的质量控制[J].工程质量，2001(2)：41-42. 电气工程类毕业论文范文篇2 浅析提高建筑电气工程的施工质量的策略 1. 存在问题的原因分析及预防措施 防雷接地。 现象：引下线、均压环、避雷带搭接处有夹渣、焊瘤、虚焊、咬肉、焊缝不饱满等缺陷;焊渣不敲掉、避雷带上的焊接处不刷防锈漆;用螺纹钢代替圆钢作搭接钢筋。 原因分析：操作人员焊接技术不熟练;现场施工管理员对GB50169-92电气装置安装工程接地装置施工及验收规范执行力度不够。 预防措施： (1)加强对焊工的技能培训，特别是对立焊、仰焊等高难度焊接进行培训。 (2)避雷引下线的连接为搭接焊接，搭接长度为圆钢直径的6倍，因此，不允许用螺纹钢代替圆钢作搭接钢筋。另外，作为引下线的主钢筋土建如是对头碰焊，应在碰焊处按规定补一搭接圆钢。 室外进户管预埋。 现象：采用薄壁钢管代替厚壁钢管;预埋深度不够，位置偏差较大;转弯处用电焊烧弯，上墙管与水平进户管网电焊驳接成90°角;进户管与地下室外墙的防水处理不好。 原因分析：材料采购员采购时不熟悉国家规范，有的施工单位故意混淆以降低成本，施工管理员不严格或对承包者的故意违规行为不敢持反对意见，监理人员对材料进场的管理出现漏洞。 预防措施： (1)进户预埋管必须使用厚壁钢管。 (2)加强与土建和其他专业的协调配合，明确室外地坪标高。 (3)预埋钢管上墙的弯头必须用弯管机弯曲或购买专用的9倍弯头，不允许焊接和烧焊弯曲。钢管在弯制后，不应有裂缝和显著的凹痕现象，弯曲程度不宜大于管子外径的10%，弯曲半径不应小于所穿入电缆的最小允许弯曲半径。 (4)做好防水处理。 电线管(钢管、PVC管)敷设。 (1)现象：电线管多层重叠;电线管埋墙深度太浅，甚至埋在墙体外的腻子层中。管子出现死弯、压折、凹痕现象;电线管进入配电箱，管口在箱内不平顺，露出太长;管口不平整、长短不一;管口不用保护胶圈;预埋PVC电线管时不是用堵头堵塞管，而是用钳夹扁扭弯管口。 (2)原因分析：建筑设计和电气专业配合不够，造成多条线管通过同一狭窄的平面。 (3)预防措施：当塔楼的住宅每层有6套以上时，土建最好采用公共走廊天花吊顶的装饰方式，电气专业的大部分进户线可以通过在吊顶之上敷设的线槽直接进入住户，也可采用加厚公共走道楼板的方式，使众多电线管得以隐蔽;电线管不能并排紧贴。电线管埋入砖墙内，离表面不应小于15mm，管道敷设要“横平竖直”;a电线管的弯曲半径(暗埋)不应小于管子外径的10倍，管子弯曲要用弯管机或弹簧使弯曲处平整光滑;b电线管进入配电箱要平整，露出长度为3mm～5mm，管口要用护套并锁紧箱壳。进人落地式配电箱的电线管，管口宜高出配电箱基础面50mm～80mm;预埋PVC电线管时，禁用钳将管口夹扁、扭弯，应用符合管径的PVC塞头封盖管口，并用胶布绑扎牢固。 导线的接线、连接质量和色标。 现象：多股导线不采用铜接头，直接做成“羊眼圈”状;与开关、插座、配电箱的接线端连接时，一个端子上接几根导线;线头裸露、导线排列不整齐，没有捆绑包扎;导线的三相、零线(N线)、接地保护线(PE线)色标不一致，或者混淆。 原因分析：施工人员未熟练掌握导线的接线工艺和技术。材料采购员没有按照要求备足所需的各种导线颜色及数量，或施工管理人员为了节省材料而混用。 预防措施： (1)多股导线的连接，应用镀锌铜接头压接。在接线柱和接线端子上的导线连接只宜1根，如需接2根，中间需加平垫片。 (2)导线编排要横平竖直，剥线头时应保持各线头长度一致，导线插人接线端子后不应有导体裸露。铜接头与导线连接处要用与导线相同颜色的绝缘胶布包扎。 (3)采购人员要按现场需要配足各种颜色的导线。施工人员应分清相线、零线(N线)、接地保护线(PE线)的作用与色标。 配电箱的安装、配线。 现象：箱体与墙体有缝隙，箱体不平直;箱体内的杂物未清理干净;箱壳的开孔不符合要求，特别是用电焊或气焊开孔，严重破坏箱体的油漆保护层和箱体的美观;落地的动力箱接地不明显，重复接地导线截面不够;箱体内线头裸露，布线不整齐，导线不留余量。 原因分析：安装箱体时与土建配合不够，土建补缝不饱满，箱体安装时没有用水准仪校水平。 预防措施： (1)认真将箱内的砂浆杂物清理干净。 (2)订货时严格标定尺寸，按尺寸生产，使箱体的“敲落孔”开孔与进线管相匹配。如不匹配，必须用机械开孔或送回厂家重新加工。 (3)动力箱的箱体接地点和导线必须明确显露出来，不能在箱底下焊接或接线。箱体内的线头要统一，不能裸露，布线要整齐美观，绑扎固定，导线要留有一定的余量，一般在箱体内要有10cm～15cm的余量。 开关、插座的盒和面板的安装、接线。 现象：线盒预埋太深，标高不一;面板与墙体间有缝隙，面板有胶、漆污染，不平直;线盒留有砂浆杂物;开关、插座的相线、零线、PE保护线有串接现象，开关、插座的导线线头裸露，固定螺栓松动，盒内导线余量不足。 原因分析：预埋线盒时没有牢靠固定，模板胀模，安装时坐标不准确。 预防措施： (1)与土建专业密切配合，准确牢靠固定线盒。当预埋的线盒过深时，应加装一个线盒。安装面板时要横平竖直，应用水平仪调校水平，保证安装高度的统一。 (2)加强管理监督，确保开关、插座中的相线、零线、PE保护线不能串接，先清理干净盒内的砂浆。 (3)剥线时固定尺寸，保证线头整齐统一，安装后线头不裸露。为了牢固压紧导线，单芯线在插入线孔时应拗成双股，用螺丝拧紧;开关、插座盒内的导线应留有一定的余量，一般最少预留100mm～150mm。 2. 结语 建筑电气工程是依赖于建筑物而存在和使用的，与人们的日常生产和生活等关系密切，其质量好坏直接影响建筑工程的安全性能和使用性能。有关部门的调查数据显示，每年我国发生的电气火灾居各类火灾之首，人身触电事故、电气设备损坏事故也时有发生。因此对建筑电气工程中的一些问题必须妥善地进行处理，防止在今后使用过程中各类事故的发生。 猜你喜欢： 1. 电气工程自动化毕业论文范文 2. 电气论文范文 3. 电气自动化专业毕业论文范文 4. 电气工程及其自动化分析毕业论文 5. 浅谈电气自动化毕业论文范文
在这个绕系统，我们使用三菱A系列PLC作为主控制台 PLC，因为它有快的反应和伟大的能力的特征 信息处理的。 它被用于控制共计的行为 与FX系列PLCs一起的winding系统绕和解开 system. 系统和这些的序列的操作行动 actions予先被编辑了入控制程序由设计师。 control节目设置绕系统的一系列的操作，告诉 the PLCs如何控制系统。 所有传感器的现状或 actuators被保存作为一一些在PLC的输入、产品或者旗子信号 memory. 所以， PLC节目是监测的依据在PLC controlled制造系统。 半新的The程序编制方法是梯子图方法。 PLC 以软件工具跑的形式， system提供一个设计环境 on允许梯子图被开发的主机终端， verified，被测试和被诊断。 首先，高级节目被写 diagrams. 然后，梯子图被转换成二进制指示 codes，以便他们在随机存取存储器(RAM)可以被存放或 erasable可编程只读存储器(EPROM)。 连续的其中每一 instruction由CPU解码并且执行。 Thefimctionof CPU是控制记忆和输出入装置的操作和处理数据 根据节目的。 在PLC的每输入和输出连接点 has被用于的地址辨认输入/输出位。 直接的方法 数据的representation与输入、产品和记忆相关是 根据事实PLC记忆被组织入三个地区： 输入 image记忆、产品图象记忆和内存[4]。
以下翻译杜绝机译，请放心采用。In this winding system, we use Mitsubishi A series PLC as master station PLC because it has the characteristic of quick response and great ability of information processing. 在这一卷绕系统中，我们采用了三菱的A系列PLC（可编程控制器）作为主站控制器，因为它具有迅速响应的特性和巨大的信息处理能力。It is used to control the behaviors of the total winding system together with FX series PLCs of winding and unwinding system. 它被用来控制整个卷绕系统以及卷绕和退绕系统FX系列PLC的性状。The operating actions of the system and the sequence of these actions were edited beforehand into the control program by the designer. 系统的动作行为和这些动作的顺序被设计人员事先编辑进控制程序中。The control program sets a series of operations of the winding system, which tells the PLCs how to control a system. 此控制程序设定卷绕系统的一系列运作，他告诉PLC如何来控制系统。The current states of all sensors or actuators are saved as an array of input, output or flag signals in the PLC memory. 所有传感器或执行器的现行状态都被作为输入、输出或旗号信号的阵列，在PLC存储器保存下来。Therefore, the PLC program is the basis of monitoring in a PLC controlled manufacturing system.因此，PLC程序在一个由PLC控制的制造系统中是监控的基础。 The programming method used is the ladder diagram method. 所采用的编程方法是梯形图法。The PLC system provides a design environment in the form of software tools running on a host computer terminal which allows ladder diagrams to be developed, verified, tested, and diagnosed. PLC系统提供了一个软件工具形式的设计环境，这些软件工具在可以开发、验证、测试、并诊断梯形图的主机终端上运行。First, the high-level program is written in diagrams. 首先，在梯形图中写下高层次的程序。Then, the ladder diagram is converted into binary instruction codes so that they can be stored in random-access memory (RAM) or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). 然后梯形图就被转换成二进制指令码，所以它们就可被储存在随机存取存储器（RAM）或可擦除可编程序只读存储器（EPROM）中。Each successive instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU. 每一个相继的指令由CPU（中央处理器）解码和执行。Thefimctionof the CPU is to control the operation of memory and I/O devices and to process data according to the program. CPU的功能是控制存储器和输入/输出器件的工作，并根据程序处理数据。Each input and output connection point on a PLC has an address used to identify the I/O bit. 在一个PLC上的每一个输入和输出连接点都有一个地址，用来识别该输入/输出位。The method for the direct representation of data associated with the inputs, outputs, and memory is based on the fact that the PLC memory is organized into three regions: input image memory, output image memory, and internal memory[4]. 这种用于直接表示与输入、输出和存储器相关的数据的方法是基于以下事实，即PLC存储器被组织进了三个区域：输入图像存储器、输出图像存储器和内部存储器【4】
电气工程专业相关的，全英文的，是s
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
那个方向上的？这类论文很多，具体要看你想写什么方向，还有就是要跟你毕业实习有关的。
正在做这个项目，不过没有英文。
Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system． The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system．Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear，as they move against each other．The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear． Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized．The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages．Finally，a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions．Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder，the temperature of the engine parts increases．This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts．The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature．Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling．Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load，speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle．The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation．Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely． The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power．In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose．The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure． Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories．The main components of the electrical system are a battery，an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater．Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape．The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations．Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks． The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs．This whole assembly is calledthe chassis． Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧，不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃，以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中，电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统，因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
以后希望到我毕业的时候能跟你要 哈哈