发布时间：
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下文是我为大家整理的关于翻译论文英文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
1. 乔海清. 《翻译新论》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
2. 邵志洪. 《翻译理论、实践与评析》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 2003.
3. 邵志洪. 《英汉语研究与对比》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 1997.
4. 申丹. 《文学文体学与小说翻译》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1995.
5. 申小龙. 《语言的文化阐释》. 上海：知识出版社, 1992.
6. 申小龙. 《汉语句型研究》. 海口：海南人民出版社, 1989.
7. 申小龙. 《汉语与中国文化》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003.
8. 申小龙. 《文化语言学》. 南昌：江西教育出版社, 1993.
9. 申雨平(编). 《西方翻译理论精选》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.
10. 沈少华. 《英语趣味修辞格》. 北京：语文出版社, 1999.
11. 思果. 《译道探微》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.
12. 孙全洲. 《现代汉语学习词典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.
13. 孙晓丽. 《广告英语与实例》. 北京：中国广播电视出版社, 1995.
14. 孙致礼. 《1949-1966：我国英美文学翻译概论》. 南京：译林出版社. 1996.
15. 谭载喜. 《翻译学》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.
16. 谭载喜. 《新编奈达论翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1999.
17. 倜西、董乐山等(编). 《英汉翻译手册》. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司. 2002.
1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990.
2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001.
3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982.
5. 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997.
6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998.
7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983.
8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000.
9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990.
10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.
11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.
1. 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
2. 丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
3. 费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
4. 冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
5. 桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
6. 桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
7. 何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
8. 何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
9. 侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
10. 胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
11. 黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
12. 黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
[2] [美]Bruce 编程思想[M].刘综田,等,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2000.[3] [美]William Ford,等. 数据结构C++语言描述(第2版)[M].陈君,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。[2] （美）Bruce Eckel著． C++编程思想．刘综田等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000[3] （美）William Ford等著． 数据结构C++语言描述（第2版）．陈君译鸡北京：清华大学出版社，2003
外文书籍的中文翻译版本作参考文献，格式应该如下所示：
[1] [美]Bruce 编程思想[M].刘综田,等,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[2] [美]William Ford,等. 数据结构C++语言描述(第2版)[M].陈君,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
参考文献的作用：
1、参考文献是反映论文研究的重要科学依据，通过指出论文的观点、方法结合一些材料等，将论文中所研究的来源出处表明，可以反映其科学性。
2、可以将论文中取得的研究成果与前人的进行区别开，这不仅是对前人研究成果的尊重，而且避免了抄袭的嫌疑。
3、可以方便读者查阅资料以及进一步的研究，标准规范的参考文献可以显示该研究领域的方向和背景，有着承上启下的作用。
这个不用全部翻译的，只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。
翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。
扩展资料：
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。
7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
参考资料：百度百科-毕业论文
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
摘要五号字体、行间距18磅、前后段行距行、两端对齐、正文小三号。文献翻译中摘要和关键词部分一般采用宋体五号字体，行间距设置为18磅，段前段后距离为行，对齐方式选择两端对齐，每个关键词使用分号或逗号隔开，最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。正文内容一级标题字体一般采用小三号，黑体，用粗体显示，段前段后距离设置为行。正文内容的二级标题字体采用小三号，黑体，段前和段后距离设置为行，段前空间设置为行。毕业论文的外文文献翻译就是将外文文献翻译成中文。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
论文中文翻译成英文的软件：Deepl、搜狗、CNKI翻译助手。
1、DeepL
一个国外的在线翻译工具，有文本和文档翻译的功能可以使用支持31种语言互相翻译，不管是中文翻译成其他语言，还是其他语言翻译成中文。使用方便，不需要注册登录，打开输入文本，选择需要翻译的语言就能快速翻译了，翻译后的文字可以复制，还有词典功能可以使用。
文档翻译功能支持上传pdf、docx和pptx这三种格式的文件，上传之后选择需要翻译的语言就可以自动翻译了，翻译完成之后将译文文档下载到本地就可以查看了。翻译后的文档大致排版还可以，可以同时打开两个文件对比着查看，翻译也挺准确的。
2、搜狗翻译
一个搜狗推出的在线翻译工具，它有文本翻译、文档翻译和图片翻译的功能，不同的翻译功能支持翻译的语言有点不同，最多支持21种语言互相翻译。
文本翻译的话，直接输入就行了，选择目标语言就能自动进行翻译，翻译出来的文本可以复制，下面还有重点词汇的讲解。另外，翻译的时候还可以选择领域，有通用领域、生物医学和金融财经三种可选，选择对应的领域翻译准确率更高。
使用文档翻译的时候，需要注册登录，支持上传的格式更丰富一些，包括pdf、word、ppt、excel、csv、txt，文档翻译支持翻译的语言少一点，只支持中文与英文、韩文、日文之间互相翻译。上传文档之后，选择翻译的语言和领域之后，就可以快速翻译了。
翻译完成之后，会自动跳转到阅读界面，左边会显示原文文档，右边显示译文文档，直接可以在线对照阅读，有需要的话还可以将译文文档下载到本地。
3、CNKI翻译助手
一个由“中国知网”开发制作的大型在线辅助翻译工具，有海量学术双语平行语料库，翻译一些学术资料非常适合。
它只有文本翻译的功能，可以翻译单词或者是短句，翻译的时候只能选择翻译成中文或者是英文，翻译后的文字支持复制，下面还有重点词汇介绍。查询单词的时候，可以根据学科领域查看，还可以查看例句和相关文摘等等。
作为一名留学生，我有时也需要翻译一些学术类型的文献。所以，我有几款常用的英文学术文献类的翻译软件，下面就由我来分享几种英文学术文献的翻译软件。
01 DeepL
DeepL是我经常使用的英文学术文献翻译软件之一。这款翻译软件相对能够比较准确地翻译，同时它还会提供同义词供使用者参考。更重要的是，DeepL还能翻译整个文献，支持PDF，Word和PPT格式的文献，这就方便了很多。
用DeepL 翻译文献时，一些学术性的单词和语句都能翻译得比较自然。就像文献中常见的代词，该翻译软件能够准确翻译对应前面所说的名词，所以它能更贴近原文的意思。
02 Google translate
Google translate是最常见的翻译软件之一。我推荐这款翻译软件主要原因是它能够快速翻译出使用者所需要的文章或语句，这能节省一些时间。它还提供各种同义词，只要点击某个单词，下面就会出现多个同义词，所以这比较方便使用者替换单词。
我也常用Google translate来翻译文献。但我发现用这款翻译软件翻译整篇文献时，翻译出来的意思会与原文有一些出入，尤其体现在某个句子中。可我将整篇文献分拆几个段落来翻译，可以看到翻译得更贴近原文的意思。因此，建议读者可以通过一个大段落来翻译以保障准确度。
03 Copy translator
Copy translator翻译软件相对来说可能比较少人用，该软件只能下载安装使用，不像其他翻译软件能在线使用。对于Copy translator，它的好用之处在于它可以自动识别学术文献，同时自动删掉一些无用的符号。还有，在该翻译软件翻译整个文献，它能够保持本身的排版，这就更加方便使用者。
以上就是我向大家推荐的三种英文学术文献翻译软件，总的来说都是比较好用的。但实际还是会有出入，所以建议大家要适当使用。
作为一名即将毕业并且已经拟录取为研究生的大学生，对毕业论文的准备也有一阵子了。自己尝试过很多文献翻译工具，也踩过很多雷，今天把我觉得不错的几个工具推荐给大家，希望能对各位有所帮助。
第一个就是deepl Pro。这款翻译工具口碑非常不错，可能很多人已经用过这个了，这个也是我最近用的最频繁文献翻译工具了。它支持一键翻译整个文档，而且字体、图片格式都不会发生改变，并且没有那么种严重的“机翻”的味道，翻译的更加地道。你可以随便编辑翻译之后的文档。还有一点就是，它的数据很安全，当翻译完成之后，网站会立即删除所有文本文档记录，并且会对相应链接加密。
第二个就是QuillBot。这个是可以支持帮你润色文献语句的，它可以帮你巧妙的替换掉一些不恰当的的词汇语句，把他们替换为高级的形式，这个对查重的用户还是非常有帮助的。
个人感觉第一个和第二个搭配起来非常好用，基本是可以满足大家的文献相关的学习。下面再给大家推荐三个我觉得还比较不错的工具，大家也可以试一试。
一个是scitranslate。这个翻译工具也是很不错的，它的用法很简单，但是却很实用。它最大的优点就是不会改变原文献的排版，打开之后点击一下谷歌翻译，就会成功翻译出pdf里边的内容。同时会给你提供两个类似平行世界的界面，一边是英文文献，另一边是翻译过来的中文文献翻译。你可以通过两边进行相互对照，达到更快的阅读的目的，能够更快地提高效率。
还有一个是copytranslate。这个其实也比较好用，它为用户们提供了很多种翻译的方法，当用户输入源语言时候，点击选择想翻译的另一种语言，就会立刻翻译出来。源语言包括很多种语言可以选择。同时，它里边还包括很多翻译引擎可以选择，包括百度、谷歌、搜狗等。总之用起来比较个性化，比较方便而且也很实用。但是也有它的缺点，最大的缺点就是可能时不时的出现某些翻译问题。
最后一个就是知云文献翻译。这款软件可以对照PDF直接进行翻译，对于我们不太理解的地方，可以直接选中，然后点击翻译，这款软件真的比较实用，很不错。
以上都是我自己觉得用着还比较方便的工具，大家可以按着这几个试一试，寻找一款自己用着舒服的，或者互相搭配着使用，希望能帮到大家。
英文学术文献翻译的软件有很多，罗列后分为以下三个类型：
根据泛读→精读→学习英语
第一类是需要泛读英文文献材料，就需要一个软件能够大段大段的翻译，这个时候不要求翻译的一个精准度，只要求能够大概的意思能够翻译到位，不要把专业词汇翻译成口语化的词汇就行。这一类一般常用的知云文献翻译，一篇文献它可以给你广泛性的进行翻译，可以初步的对摘要进行一个整体的了解，来判断这篇文献是不是符合要求。
第二类是精读的时候往往需要去对其中某一段的意思，做一个详细的翻译。这个时候推荐百度翻译、谷歌翻译和欧路词典结合，百度翻译能翻译出一些学术性的词汇，但是对一些你特别想要了解的词汇，还是需要借助词典来进行补充，也非常适合你平时想在iPad上面进行学习和翻译。
第三类是精读的同时还希望能够把不认识的单词都给记录下来，一般用的是一个插件Burning Vocabulary，这个插件可以在网页上把不认识的单词通过双击给你展示出来，然后你可以复制在自己的word里头，甚至可以导入到不背单词里头进行学习。
最好是自己提出一个思路，请华译网协助撰写学术论文，目前是反对他人代为撰写论文的，华译网主要是承担翻译任务的，想必他们也不会单纯替别人写论文的。你倒是可以委托他们翻译外国文献的。这个他们是比较厉害的。翻译质量一流。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
会。1、翻译文献本身就是毕业论文其中要占分的一项。2、如果将外文翻译放入毕业论文的正文中，知网论文查重系统会当作毕业论文的内容来检测的，如果是有连续13个字符是相似的，那么就属于不合格的。
The MWC can operate with as few as p = 2N channels and with a sampling rate fs = 1/T > B on each channel,so that it approaches the minimal rate of 2NB. Advanced configurations enable additional hardware savings bycollapsing the number of branches p by a factor of q at the expense of increasing the sampling rate of each channelby the same factor [109]. The choice of periodic functions pi(t) is flexible: The highest Dirac frequency needsto exceed fmax. In principle, any periodic function with high-speed transitions within the period T can satisfythis requirement. One possible choice for pi(t) is a sign-alternating function, with M = 2L + 1 sign intervalswithin the period T [109, 161]. Imperfect sign alternations are allowed as long as periodicity is maintained [9].This property is crucial since precise sign alternations at high speeds are extremely difficult to maintain, whereassimple hardware wirings ensure that pi(t) = pi(t + Tp) for every t 2 R. The waveforms pi(t) need low mutualcorrelation in order to capture different mixtures of the spectrum. Popular binary patterns, ., the Gold or Kasamisequences, are especially suitable for the MWC [161]. Another important practical design aspect is that the lowpassfilter h(t) does not have to be ideal. A nonflat frequency response can be compensated for in the digital domain,using the algorithm developed in [162].
Industrial design and product relations1995 -1997, created the Apple personal computer company in the stock market continued to decline times, too, were several acquisitions. Companies had requested the original Apple CEO Steve Qiaobusi back. 1998 Apple computer company officially launched a brand-new release of the Apple iMac computer concepts, the traditional separation between the server PC, monitors and integrated box, and discarded the rice yellow line frames, with translucent warrants, five colors of colour frames. Despite the iMac in technology and skills are not too happy, and prices higher than other computers hundreds dollars, but the products on the market, has been warmly welcomed in the United States, when almost every 15 seconds one iMac was sold, Apple stock with the rapid rise, setting off an unprecedented industry boom. September 1998, the . market research company PC Data authority statistics show that : listed only in the end of August l7 days iMac rapidly among American computer market size No. 2. December 1998, PC Data reports : in the . retail market in November 1998 and two ranking order, the high top, with an estimated total . PC sales of and total income of total retail. According to estimates, industrial appearance every dollar invested, can bring about 1,500 . dollars of income. Japanese company Hitachi is more convincing data, the company each additional 100 billion yen in sales revenue, the role of industrial design as 51%, and the transformation of the role of equipment only 12%. We have seen the market rise, and, more importantly, we see many enterprises in the market, causing storms. While some enterprises, some enterprises to grow. The secret? Because of the dynamics of the environment and long-term business objectives based on real understanding of what is the real core products can create their core products, how to make their own core products to achieve their own values. This is before every enterprise in the world before some of the most realistic, is the world's best successful enterprise solution, of course, is all our enterprises should address one of the largest. Only solve the problem, so that our businesses can truly out of the current deadlock, but also enable the modern enterprise mechanism in the Chinese enterprises to take root and my business really grow in size and strength. Market competition determine any enterprise can only continue to strive to continuously advance, otherwise one day be replaced by other competitors, the community was abandoned. This requires enterprises only continuous innovation. Now sense throughout all levels of product innovation is no longer confined to technical innovation, image innovation, but has entered a new era of standards. Whoever grasps the design standards, grasps the market, the lack of innovation will always be at the bottom of the world. From the products produced by the development process of decline in the birth of one of the initial products are mainly technical standards competition, open technical standards competition, and occupied a consumer market psychology. In a permanent, mainly in the use of saturation comfort, appearance, and post-sales service and product costs in the competition emphasizes personalized consumption, the volume of excess of the needs of consumers for products increasingly detailed. Simple packaging, crude appearance, will be unable to attract the eyes of consumers. Today, in addition to the commodity value of the cost of materials, labour costs, equipment depreciation and the cost of transport and other physical "hard" value, it also includes technical novelty, relevance, quality products overall design, after-sale services and products, such as intangible cultural "soft" values, with the consumption of renewal and the continued development of the market, soft value in the proportion of the value of goods is increasing. Same products, same function, the same production costs, due to differences in design may make the price difference times. Therefore, the design of a product is not enterprise general relevance. Product life and the value of life products with business interests are inseparable. This decision is a product of life it can bring to the enterprise profits when products can not bring profits to the enterprise, the products will come to the time of the withdrawal from the stage of history. Short product life, may lead to loss of enterprises, so that enterprises carried a heavy debt burden. Therefore, its social value may also smaller. Now the market due to technical update pace of change and the concept of accelerated consumption, product life gradually shortened. So how to extend the life of products is an issue we need to address. Good design can be appropriately extended product lifetime, and ensure appropriate returns. 1) Strengthening the protection and high-tech inventions and patents further escalation. As has been said, technology shorten product life, but we can extend the product life of the technical approach? Is is impeding social progress? I think every one of the enterprises have no such super capacity addition and the overall trend of social acceptance, is to be eliminated sooner or later. We want to look carefully, they would understand the various causes. There are a lot of high-tech, created, in the shortest possible time will be interpreted, thereby producing many of the deformation techniques similar version bypass patent barriers to enter the market. Like weeds, look at the world. This will promote competition, forcing the market quickly to saturation period, profitability will quickly decline. For its patented technology technical protection is very necessary. We welcome legitimate market competition, but our market's poor, a full understanding of a self-protection. But for the legitimate competition, we should continually tap the potential of technology and continuously upgrade it and improve it and make it progressive advances, and always maintain high profit margins. This is what we should strive to achieve through the design. 2) appearance with personality, rich cultural details. This should also fall within the patent technology, but in view of a profit contribution in the process prominent role, we will separate it. Companies from Apple examples, we can clearly see that when technology into relatively stable, good product image stability will allow us to the same, higher than the industry average profit returns, and this will extend the product life alternative. 3) to reduce costs. Continuous cost reduction, which is the process of production enterprises in the constant search for improved focus is the eternal topic. Only reduce costs, increase profits can be achieved, can occupy the dominant position in the market competition. Moreover, the centrality of innovation in technology innovation, product innovation and technology innovation is the pilot with the necessary conditions to craft innovative product innovation. Therefore, we once again deepened the understanding of the importance of industrial design. It is the driving force behind the development of industrial design in harmony (technology, culture, image, as a result of, the cost of reunification) unremitting pursuit. This pursuit is spontaneous, natural. It is this desire for harmony with the quest for socio-economic development has become a strong driving force. That science and technology are our productivity, because it can promote social and economic development. In the history of mankind, with their high-tech industrial design is the bridge is the link between business and consumers. At the same time, industrial design also promote competition in the market, linking technology and markets, and create good products and the media, was the difference in the commodity and create high value-added and create new markets for the sub-market, reduce costs. Increasing competition in a globalized economy, the industrial design is becoming an important business resources. "Industrial design can become important to the enterprise resources, and promote the economic and social development, mainly in the people not only meet the growing material needs but also to meet people's spiritual needs. Secondly, the industrial design brought about, not only the entire spirit and the enjoyment and, more importantly, it can change people's way of life. Industrial design is the intended purpose and concepts specific, entity, means it is the economic activities of the first building process. Its essence was to be art activities for the economic construction of the ideas and planning. Generally speaking, this was conceived and planned progress, development, and even advance. In this sense, and on industrial design is a driving force for promoting social development. But in the eyes of a considerable part of the enterprise, industrial design product designs become full. Only a good product is not enough money beauty lifetime, industrial architects need not only imaginative, more importantly, to enable consumers to enjoy the products in the entire process more comfortable, safe, convenient, economical, operational interface more humane, more friendly. One can pick the care of patients who use wheelchairs may be more convenient, a delicate the Luminous remote control device will make people more relaxed watching television. Using waste paper recycling furniture and more environmentally friendly. Great to aircraft manufacturing, small to Tixudao design, industrial design is the essence of human-centred. Industrial designers to really meet social trends, the technology now truly meet the needs of society : 1) the use of microelectronics technology and the development of new materials, new technology enabled people to use as a trend. 2) people's lives, and patterns of the rich diversity and subtle meaning. People are increasingly seeking independent living, the pursuit of personality play at the same time would like to have emotional exchanges, the spirit of enjoyment. 3) environmental issues to create a diversification value in the design, attention to efforts to make these values in the human, social, environmental harmony between the lines of each other always, trying to find their common areas. Only then can we set our own true industrial designer image if industrial designers can achieve people-oriented design concept, the only way designers can truly serve the industrial community. ---------论文网<工业设计与产品的关系>
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($ billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
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