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英语论文参考文献字号

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英语论文参考文献字号

一、标题一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。二、提纲英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、摘要1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。四、正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。五、文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。六、文献目录论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。学术堂提供更多论文知识。

一、基本格式:论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上,不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为a4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页:论文题名页上打印格式基本相近,中、英文对照,中文题目页在第一页,英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目,论文题目都用大写字母,下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大,再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期xx年xx月xx日以及课程名称:论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页,中、英文对照,中文题目页在上,英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用宋体,小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号,加粗,关键字短语部分采用宋体,小四号。英文题目摘要采用times new roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用times new roman字体,字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页,一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用times new roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,正文部分采用times new roman字体,字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用times new roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,小标题部分统一采用times new roman字体,字号为三号,加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号,中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印,正文采用times new roman字体,字号为小四。大标题为times new roman字体,字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为times new roman字体,字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页(大标题采用times new roman字体,字号为一号,加粗)正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印,字体为times new roman小四。参考文献按引用文献的顺序,列于论文末。1、M——专著格式:[序号]主要责任者(注:两个责任者之间用逗号隔开).文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.示例:[1]刘小龙.电视艺术美学[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,、C——析出文献格式:[序号]析出文献主要责任者(注:两个责任者之间用逗号隔开).析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者.原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码(如文内已列明,则省略).例如:[1][英]穆尔.电影理论的结构[A].瞿涛.电影学文集[C].北京:人民出版社,、N——报纸文章格式:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).例如:[1]周济.情系教育 办好教育[N].中国教育报,2004-1-29(1).4、J——期刊文章格式:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,出版年,卷(期):起址页码.例如:[9]李海.音乐传播的文化思考[J].当代传播,2004,(10):、D——学位论文格式:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[D].保管地:保管单位,完成年.起止页码.例如:[1]邓友.论电视艺术的美学性[D].北京:北京广播学院,、R——报告格式:[序号] 报告作者.题名[R].保存地点.年份7、S——标准格式:[序号] 标准代号,标准名称[S].出版地:出版者,出版年.8、P——专利格式:[序号] 专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,发布日期.9、Z——各种未定义文献格式:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.(资料来源:中国论文网http://)

一、论文的题目要求

1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合,并有助于选定关键词和编制目录。

2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等

3、论文题目一般不超过20个字

4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明

二、论文摘要的要求

应具有独立性和自含性,是一篇完整的短文,它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架,或研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论。

三、论文的关键词

每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词,以显著的字符另起一行,排在其对应摘要的左下方,中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词。

四、论文的字体及字号规格

1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体,所用中文使用“宋体”字体

2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”,内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”

3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”,章节标题使用“粗体四号字”

4、正文使用“小四号字”,正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”

扩展资料:

摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。

英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。

每个关键词使用四号字

参考资料:百度百科-英语论文

说说一般情况:一、论文的题目要求 1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合,并有助于选定关键词和编制目录 2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等 3、论文题目一般不超过20个字 4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明二、论文摘要的要求 应具有独立性和自含性,是一篇完整的短文,它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架,或研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论 三、论文的关键词 每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词,以显著的字符另起一行,排在其对应摘要的左下方,中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词四、论文的字体及字号规格 1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体,所用中文使用“宋体”字体 2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”,内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字” 3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”,章节标题使用“粗体四号字” 4、正文使用“小四号字”,正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”

英语论文参考文献字体字号

英文参考文献 :宋体 小四号 2、标点符号:英文全角 参考文献中还出现过 . . Y. . . . 等等,是姓氏缩写。

Times New Roman,小五号,标点用宋体,或者Times New Roman。统一起来就行。好像没有唯一的标准。

正式的英文学术文章格式设置如下:

1、字体为 Times New Roma,大小为12 font(也就是小四);

2、行距 为 或 2倍 行距,段与段之间需要空一行;

3、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之,左起必须顶格);

4、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页,且不计入文章字数。

英语注释具体要求如下:

①在文中要有引用标注,如××× [1];

②如果重复出现同一作者的同一作品时,只注明作者的姓和引文所在页码(姓和页码之间加逗号);格式要求如下:

[1](空两格)作者名(名在前,姓在后,后加英文句号),书名(用斜体,后加英文句号),出版地(后加冒号),出版社或出版商(后加逗号),出版日期(后加逗号),页码(后加英文句号)。

[2](空两格)作者名(名在前,姓在后,后加英文句号),文章题目(文章题目用“”引起来)(空一格)紧接杂志名(用斜体,后加逗号),卷号(期号),出版年,起止页码,英文句号。

参考资料:百度百科-论文格式

一、标题一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。二、提纲英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、摘要1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。四、正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。五、文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。六、文献目录论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。(内容来源:学术堂)

英语论文参考文献逗号

根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例:例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如:(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。例如:Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。例如:Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时,英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份,即(Anonymous, 1997),中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份,即(匿名,1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时,相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名,以避免混淆。例如:R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献,同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号“,”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如:1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献,多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列,不同作者之间用分号“;”分开,相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“,” 分开。例如:…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如:…(董伟,2010;周音,2011a,2011b)。

参考文献的逗号用中文还是西文

[2] (作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution(论文名称), in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)(论文发表在的出版物名称(期刊号)或会议名称).又如,[8] and Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.

英文论文参考文献示例

无论在学习或是工作中,大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔?以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

英语论文参考文献格式范本

用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序:英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。

1)英文参考文献

(1)专著与编著

排列顺序为:作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如:

Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.

专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名,后者用斜体。

例如:

Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.

A.两个至三个作者

第一作者的姓在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前,姓在后,中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”,后用句号。

例如:

Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.

B. 三个以上作者

第一作者姓名(姓在前,名在后,中间加逗号)后接“et al.”,其他作者姓名省略。

例如:

Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:

Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.

Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.

(2)论文集

参照下例:

Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.

(3)百科全书等参考文献

参照下例:

Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.

(4)学术期刊论文

参照下例:

Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.

(5)网络文献

参照下例:

----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .

2)中文参考文献

(1)专著

参照下例:

皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984.

(2)期刊文章

参照下例:

杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.

(3)学位论文

参照下例:

梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.

(4)论文集

参照下例:

许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.

(5)附录本

翻译学论文参考文献范例

参考文献:

奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海:上海外语出版社,2001

陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南:山东教育出版社,1999

丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海:上海外语出版社,2001

费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙:湖南教育出版社,2001

冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京:商务印书馆,1996

桂诗春,宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1998

桂诗春 应用语言学长沙:湖南教育出版社,1998

何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000

何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997

侯维瑞 英语语体 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988

胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京:北京大学出版社,2001

黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002

黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988

李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南:山东大学出版社,1999

李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000

刘润清 西方语言学流派北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999

刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京:测绘出版社,1988

刘润清等 语言学入门 北京:人民教育出版社,1990

陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999

拓展内容:

书写格式

1.参考文献标注的位置

2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则

3. 参考文献标标注的格式

2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定,2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大,后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。

⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》,适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献,而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。

⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者,在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说,引用一次的文献的页码(或页码范围)在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年,卷(期)”等+“:页码(或页码范围).”。多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围(有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码)分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后(仅列数字,不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符;页码范围中间的连线为半字线)并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的,该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号,做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外,参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。

⑶参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:

专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;

学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;

图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;

乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U ;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。

书写技巧

把光标放在引用参考文献的地方,在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”,弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”,点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字,位置为“文档结尾”,确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号,并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明,在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来,以word2007为例,可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方,然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头,在出现的对话框中有个自定义,然后输入中括号及数字,然后点插入,然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端,此时再输入参考文献内容即可。

在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时,在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注,再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”选“尾注”,引用内容为“尾注编号(带格式)”,然后选择相应的文献,插入即可。

不要以为已经搞定了,我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后,参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢,而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾,要么在“节”的结尾,这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号(我们不需要它,因为它的格式不对),然后选中所有尾注文本(参考文献说明文本),点“插入|书签”,命名为“参考文献文本”,添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页,标题为“参考文献”,并设置好格式。光标移到标题下,选“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”为“书签”,点“参考文献文本”后插入,这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本,按格式要求修改字体字号等,并用项目编号进行自动编号。

打印文档时,尾注页同样会打印出来,而这几页是我们不需要的。当然,可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法,如果你想多学一点东西,请接着往下看。

选中所有的尾注文本,点“格式|字体”,改为“隐藏文字”,切换到普通视图,选择“视图|脚注”,此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端,在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”,将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚(包括分隔线),选择“视图|页眉和页脚”,首先删除文字,然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮,在弹出的对话框上点“边框”,在“页面边框”选项卡,边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“本节”;“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”,删除页码。选择“工具|选项”,在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字(Word默认)。

注:以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法,不过作者需要了解,投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式,但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的,二者不“兼容”。因此,作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿,排版问题作者无需太过担心;而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿(有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿)其实也没有太大意义,因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。

红字论文参考文献英语

[2] (作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution(论文名称), in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)(论文发表在的出版物名称(期刊号)或会议名称).又如,[8] and Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.

根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例:例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如:(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。例如:Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。例如:Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时,英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份,即(Anonymous, 1997),中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份,即(匿名,1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时,相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名,以避免混淆。例如:R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献,同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号“,”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如:1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献,多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列,不同作者之间用分号“;”分开,相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“,” 分开。例如:…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如:…(董伟,2010;周音,2011a,2011b)。

The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.

很完整的一份联系wo!

英语论文参考文献字典

英文参考文献标准格式字体

在数学论文时需要借鉴参考文献,那么在论文中英文参考文献的格式是怎样的呢?字体是怎样的呢?下面是我分享给大家的英文参考文献标准格式字体,希望对大家有帮助。

英文参考文献标准格式字体

1. 期刊论文

Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573.

朱永生,2006,名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J],《外语教学与研究》(2):83-90。

2. 论文集论文

Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254.

文秋芳,2003a,英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。载文秋芳、王立非(编),《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。西安:陕西师范大学出版社。255-259。

3. 网上文献

Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006).

王岳川,2004,当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL], (2005年11月18日读取)。

4. 专著

Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt.

吕叔湘、朱德熙,1952,《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京:中国青年出版社。

5. 译著

Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

赵元任,1968/1980,《中国话的`文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M],丁邦新译。香港:香港中文大学出版社。

6. 编著/论文集

Giacalone, A. & P. J. Hopper (eds.). 1998. The Limits of Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

北京语言学院语言教学研究所(编),1992,《现代汉语补语研究资料》[C]。北京:北京语言学院出版社。

7. 学位论文

Tabor, W. 1994. Syntactic Innovation: A Connectionist Model [D]. Dissertation. Stanford: Stanford University.

祖生利,2000,元代白话碑文研究。博士学位论文[D]。北京:中国社会科学院。

8. 会议论文

Traugott, E. C. 2000. Promise and pray-parentheticals [R]. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Santiagov de Compostela, Spain, September 2000.

崔希亮,2002,事件情态和汉语的表态系统[R]。第十二次现代汉语语法学术讨论会论文,湖南长沙,2002年4月。

9. 词典

Hornby, A. S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (6th edition) [Z], ed. Sally Wehmeier. Oxford: OUP.

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室(编),2002,《现代汉语词典》(The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary)(汉英双语)[Z],外语教学与研究出版社语言学与辞书部双语词典编辑室翻译编辑。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

10. 报刊文章

田志凌,2005,《魔戒》的尴尬与文学翻译的危机,《南方都市报》,2005-8-24。

英语论文参考文献格式范文1:

[1] Ellis, M. ,. . Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2002.

[2] Samovar, ., Porter, . and Stefani, . Communication Between Cultures[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000.

[3] Scollon, R. , Scollon, S. W. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000.

[4] 杜文增.中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1998.

字体要求:

(1)论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。

(2)论文副标题小2号字,紧挨正标题下居中,文字前加破折号。

(3)填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。

4)内容提要3号黑体,居中上下各空一行,内容为小4号楷体。

(5)关键词4号黑体,内容为小4号黑体。

(6)目录另起页,3号黑体,内容为小4号仿宋,并列出页码。

(7)正文文字另起页,论文标题用3号黑体,正文文字一般用小4 号宋体,每段首起空两个格,单倍行距。

(8)正文文中标题

一级标题:标题序号为“一、”, 4号黑体,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。

二级标题:标题序号为“(一)”与正文字号相同,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。

三级标题:标题序号为“ 1. ”与正文字号、字体相同。

四级标题:标题序号为“(1)”与正文字号、字体相同。

五级标题:标题序号为“ ① ”与正文字号、字体相同。

(9)注释:4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。

(10)附录: 4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。

(11)参考文献:另起页,4号黑体,内容为5号宋体。

拓展阅读

参考文献解释

按照字面的意思,参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而,按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义,文后参考文献是指:“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。根据《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范(试行)》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范(修订版)》的要求,很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分,将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”,列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。

文献引用的目的和作用

任何一篇论文的工作,都是建立在别人工作的基础上,因此需要恰当引用别人的工作,以满足学术规范。

清华大学高等研究院朱邦芬教授在提高学术诚信的演讲中建议,要区分学术不端和学术不当。用了别人的结果而不引用属于学术不端行为,引用不规范属于学术不当行为。

有五个方面的原因要求我们引用文献:

1、为了证明你的研究考虑过别人的研究。

2、引导读者了解更多的信息。

3、为成为一名细心的研究人员建立信誉。

4、展现职业级别的诚实和礼貌。

5、为了避免被视为剽窃。

字典是属于参考文献的。

根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定中说明参考文献类型及文献类型以英语单字母规定,检索工具用W来表示,因此字典属于参考文献。

具体格式:

[1]舒新城.辞海[W]. 上海:上海辞书出版社,1999.

[2]谢光辉.汉语字源字典图解本[W]..

[3]洪超.中学生文化百科辞典.中学生书局,1931.

扩展资料:

参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:

专著M、报纸N、期刊J、专利文献P、汇编G、古籍O、技术标准S、学位论文D 、科技报告R、参考工具K、检索工具W、档案B、录音带A 。

图表Q、唱片L、产品样本X、录相带V、会议录C、中译文T、乐谱I、电影片Y、手稿H、微缩胶卷U 、幻灯片Z、微缩平片F、其他E。

参考资料:

百度百科-参考文献

英语论文参考文献标准格式

在各领域中,说到论文,大家肯定都不陌生吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。那么一般论文是怎么写的呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文参考文献标准格式,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

用Times New Roman.每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行,从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入,标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序:英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。

1)英文参考文献:

(1)专著与编著

排列顺序为:作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如:

Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.

专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名,后者用斜体。

例如:

Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.

A、两个至三个作者

第一作者的姓在前,名在后,中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前,姓在后,中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”,后用句号。

例如:

B、三个以上作者

第一作者姓名(姓在前,名在后,中间加逗号)后接“et al.”,其他作者姓名省略。

例如:

University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

C、同一作者同一年出版的不同文献,参照下例:

Widdowson, Henry G1998a.

Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1998b.

(2)论文集

参照下例:

Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.

(3)百科全书等参考文献

参照下例:

Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001.

(4)学术期刊论文

参照下例:

Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”.

(5)网络文献

参照下例:

“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”.

(6)专著:

参照下例:

皮亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984.

(7)期刊文章:

参照下例:

杨忠,张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3.

(8)学位论文

参照下例:

梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学,2002.

(9)论文集

参照下例:

许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999:5-7.

(10)附录

2)中文参考文献

一、参考文献的类型

参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:

[M]--专着,着作

[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》

[N]-- 报纸文章

[J]--期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版

[D]--学位论文 :不区分硕士还是博士论文

[R]--报告:一般在标题中会有“关于****的.报告”字样

[S]-- 标准

[P]--专利

[A]--文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章

[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母“Z”标识,但这种情况非常少见

常用的电子文献及载体类型标识:

[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)

[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)

[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)

[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)

[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)

很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源。

二、参考文献的格式及举例

1.期刊类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码。

【举例】

[1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星。对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109.

[2] 夏鲁惠。高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.

[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67.

2.专着类

【格式】[序号]作者。书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码。

【举例】

[4] 刘国钧,王连成。图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.

[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.

3.报纸类

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次)。

【举例】

[6] 李大伦。经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3)。

[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33)。

4.论文集

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码。

【举例】

[8] 伍蠡甫。西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.

[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.)。 Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .

[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.)。 Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .

5.学位论文

【格式】[序号]作者。篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码。

【举例】

[11] 张筑生。微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.

6.研究报告

【格式】[序号]作者。名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码。

【举例】

[12] 冯西桥。核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.

7.专利

【格式】[序号]专利所有者。题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期。

8.标准

【格式】[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].

【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].

9.条例

【格式】[序号]颁布单位。条例名称。发布日期

【举例】

[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会。科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-05

10.电子文献

【格式】[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期。

【举例】

[16] 王明亮。关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].

[17] 万锦。中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993)。英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.

11.各种未定义类型的文献

【格式】[序号] 主要责任者。文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年。

特别说明:凡出现在“参考文献”项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义,且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可。

其实,很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合:

(1)中文标点+ 全角:这时输入的标点是这样的,:【1】-(而这时,我没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说,这些符号是一定不能出现在“参考文献”中的;

(2)中文标点+半角:这时输入的标点是这样的,:【1】-(这时,我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入 / 符号)也就是说,这些符号也不能出现在“参考文献”中的;

上面列出的符号,中间没有任何的空格,你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同,其它都一样

(3)英文标点+全角:这时输入的标点是这样的,.:[1]-/

(4)英文标点+半角:这时输入的标点是这样的,.:[1]-/

从这两项可以明显的看出,半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样,这一点对于数字来说最为明显,而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中,标点的功能没有中文那么复杂,就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)

所以,很多人在写“参考文献” 时,总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚,间距也太小,其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看,就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后,一般也都有一个空格。

对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:

①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母。 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, .,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & .

②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.

三、注释

注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚,前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

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