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随着国民经济的迅猛发展，汽车产量逐年增加，2006年已达720万辆。我国汽车保有量越来越多，车型也越来越复杂。尤其是高科技的飞速发展，一些新技术、新材料在汽车上的广泛应用后，给汽车故障诊断与排除增加了一定难度。本篇论文重点讨论轿车离合器的故障分析及维修方法。离合器是手动变速汽车必备的一个重要总成。没有离合器手动挡汽车将无法起步，并且难以实现挡位变换。在汽车使用中，离合器难免出现这样、那样的故障，直接影响汽车的正常运行。现在汽车迅速进入家庭，汽车私有化程度提高，所以汽车故障将会影响到我们每一个人。分析研究离合器故障现象、原因、探索离合器故障的排除方法和离合器的维修工艺，具有重大而现实的意义。本文重点通过北京现代轿车离合器故障的探讨，正确认识离合器故障，更好的使用和维护离合器。2离合器概述在汽车上，离合器是手动汽车和电控换档机械式自动变速器汽车传动系中的一个重要总成，是保证这样汽车能够起步和换档的一个必备的独立部件。离合器的功用及发展概况离合器的功用离合器安装在发动机与变速器之间，用来分离或接合前后两者之间动力联系。其功用是：1）使汽车平稳起步;2）中断给传动系的动力，配合换挡3）防止传动系过载离合器的发展概况现今所用的盘片式离合器的先驱的多片盘式离合器，它是直到1925年以后才出现的。多片离合器最主要的优点是，在汽车起步时离合器的接合比较平顺，无冲击。20世纪20年代末，直到进入30年代时，只有工程车辆、赛车和大功率的轿车上使用多片离合器。多年的实践经验和技术上的改进使人们逐渐趋向与首选单片干式摩擦离合器，因为它具有从动部件转动惯量小、散热性好、结构简单、调整方便、尺寸紧凑、分离彻底等优点，而且在结构上采取一定措施，已能做到接合平顺，因此现在广泛用于大、中、小各类车型中。如今单片干式摩擦离合器在结构设计方面相当完善。采用具有轴向弹性的从动盘，提高了离合器接合时的平顺性。离合器从动盘总成中装有扭转减振器，防止了传动系统的扭转共振，减小了传动系噪声和动载荷，随着人们对汽车舒适性要求的提高，离合器已在原有基础上得到不断改进，乘用车上愈来愈多地采用具有双质量飞轮的扭转减振器，能更有效地降低传动系的噪声。离合器工作原理种类以及要求离合器的种类汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力偶合器、电磁离合器等几种。液力偶合器靠工作液(油液)传递转矩，外壳与泵轮连为一体，是主动件；涡轮与泵轮相对，是从动件。当泵轮转速较低时，涡轮不能被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于分离状态；随着泵轮转速的提高，涡轮被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于接合状态。电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。如在主动与从动件之间放置磁粉，则可以加强两者之间的接合力，这样的离合器称为磁粉式电磁离合器。目前，与手动变速器相配合的绝大多数离合器为干式摩擦式离合器，按其从动盘的数目，又分为单盘式、双盘式和多盘式等几种。摩擦式离合器又分为湿式和干式两种。离合器的工作原理离合器工作原理离合器的工作原理：离合器的主动部分和从动部分借接触面间的摩擦作用，或是用液体作为传动介质(液力偶合器)，或是用磁力传动(电磁离合器)来传递转矩，使两者之间可以暂时分离，又可逐渐接合，在传动过程中又允许两部分相互转动。目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器(简称为摩擦离合器)。摩擦式离合器工作原理：发动机飞轮是离合器的主动件。带有摩擦片的从动盘和从动盘毂借滑动花键与从动轴（变速器主动轴）相连。压紧弹簧将从动盘压紧在飞轮端面上。发动机转矩即靠飞轮与从动盘接触面之间的摩擦作用而传到从动盘，再由此经过从动轴和传动系统中一系列部件驱动车轮。弹簧的压紧力越大，则离合器所能传递的转矩也越大。摩擦离合器应满足的基本要求(1)保证能传递发动机发出的最大转矩，并且还有一定的传递转矩余力。(2)能作到分离时，彻底分离，接合时柔和，并具有良好的散热能力。(3)从动部分的转动惯量尽量小一些。这样，在分离离合器换档时，与变速器输入轴相连部分的转速就比较容易变化，从而减轻齿轮间冲击。
我也想要!!呵呵 帮忙发给我参考一下吧
Scott Perl, Albuquerque, . A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of temperatures. As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire pressure. While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using it. Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure nitrogen. A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday use. Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, Calif. A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good weather. There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery conditions. Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of road. Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of security. Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, Md. A: Probably not. But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years ago. Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know of. Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause harm. Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J. Jaffe, Germantown, Tenn. A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip gears. Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker shifts. Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or switches. The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled electronically. The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned way. Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver skill. 意思：斯科特Perl,阿布奎基,.答:汽车赛车已经告诉了我们的主要优势和氮气充填轮胎代替周围的空气是氮倾向于保持更一致的胎压在很大的温度范围内。作为之间的摩擦力的轮胎与路面驱动温度,空气和变化不定的含水量反应,会导致不一致的轮胎压力。虽然赛车驾驶员更容易注意到的优点优点长处的优势,我们比每天氮、磷、钾和还没有收到任何缺点,使用它。怀疑论者质疑的实践,指出空气是大约80%,氮、磷、钾和热胀冷缩速度一样纯氮。大量的读者表示没有欣赏不同的轮胎会如何回应如果充满了氮,尤其是在日常使用。问:它安全巡航控制在雨中或在潮湿的路面吗?斯科特制动、威斯敏斯特宫——。答:汽车制造商经常警告巡航控制应该只用在光路交通开放的好天气。据报道,事故的巡航控制时,车失去牵引力——或者hydroplaned——在滑的条件。一些汽车制造商发出警告,稳定的油门巡航控制——就像一脚的气体——可能导致车轮旋转时,他们打湿或冰的补丁的道路。Car-company代表说,克鲁斯-控制警告反映驾驶员应特别警惕时,条件是少于理想,独自徘徊在什么等于趋于平静一些局部自动驾驶产生了一种虚假的安全感。问:如果一个汽车手册显示有一定的重量油(例如,5W-30),将增加一夸脱的不同,10W-40油(重量)之间的完整的机油变化损害的汽车引擎?吉尔Ehrenkranz、波,——事宜。答:大概不会。但是今天的引擎通常是更精确的工程比20或30年前。我们中的很多人已经超过了我们的汽车和任何可用的石油发生不损坏,至少不是我们所知道的。汽车制造商,然而,现代的引擎,可以更敏感的改变时,油,使用错误的重量,即使在少量的油,能伤害一个引擎的性能,甚至造成伤害。问:什么是一个序列手操作的传动系统。它如何与一个自动或手动传输标准吗?Jaffe >,德国——哈利。答:一个序列机械式变速器齿轮箱,是需要改变是为了(第二次到第三个),而不是有一个工作模式与杆,让车手可以跳过齿轮。使用这种传输摩托车赛车的几十年就开始使用他们,因为他们允许更快年前。通常是通过转移杠杆,按钮或开关。今天的顺序传送——主要是在广告表现等车,阿斯顿·马丁和一些不佳,手动变速器宝马—技术,除了那个离合器和齿轮的变化是控制电子签名。好处是齿轮的变化,可以作出更快速、准确地比人类将传统的方式。传统说不利的是,他们根本不一样的乐趣来驱动,需要更少的司机的技能。还有一篇：Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.意思：美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。
广本雅阁发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检测的参考文献有哪些、高端豪车新车都面临抖动，高端车压缩比大，对燃油要求高，国内的燃油是特性，发动机厂家的技术是按照主流燃油颜值，对于乙醇燃油没有研究。其实不是发动机的问题，只要使用清洁剂清洁一次就可以，遇到这样情况不用着急，按照油箱大小加入1到2个司有普燃油添加剂，跑完一两箱燃油，D档位之前的抖动就好了。
纯电动汽车论文的参考文献
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[编辑本段]图书信息书 名: 汽车市场营销作 者：王琪出版社： 机械工业出版社出版时间： 2009-2-1ISBN: 9787111258278开本： 16开定价: 元[编辑本段]内容简介本书从介绍汽车市场营销的基本概念和基础知识出发，紧密结合中国及世界汽车市场现状，全面系统地阐述了汽车营销基础、汽车市场营销环境分析、汽车企业市场营销管理、汽车市场调研与预测、汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析、汽车产品策略、汽车价格策略、汽车分销策略、汽车促销策略、汽车营销实务、二手车与汽车零配件营销业务以及国际汽车市场营销等汽车市场营销方面的内容。全书共分十二章，通过本书的学习，可以使学习者较为系统、全面地掌握汽车市场营销的基本理论和主要内容。本书在最后还附有精选的汽车营销案例以供学习者加深相关知识的运用和理解。本书既可以作为普通高等院校交通运输及汽车服务工程等相关专业的本科生的教材使用，也可供汽车市场营销从业人员参考阅读。[编辑本段]图书目录前言第一章 汽车营销基础第一节 汽车工业在国民经济中的地位与作用第二节 经营与销售第三节 汽车市场第四节 汽车市场营销第五节 营销因素与市场营销组合复习思考题第二章 汽车市场营销环境分析第一节 汽车市场营销环境概述第二节 汽车市场营销宏观环境分析第三节 汽车市场营销微观环境分析第四节 我国汽车市场的形成与发展第五节 人世对我国汽车市场营销环境的影响复习思考题第三章 汽车企业市场营销管理第一节 汽车企业战略规划第二节 汽车企业市场营销管理第三节 汽车市场营销计划复习思考题第四章 汽车市场调研与预测第一节 汽车市场营销信息系统第二节 汽车市场调研第三节 汽车市场预测复习思考题第五章 汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析第一节 汽车消费市场分析第二节 汽车消费者购买模式分析第三节 私人汽车消费者购买行为分析第四节 组织购车用户购买行为分析复习思考题第六章 汽车产品策略第一节 汽车产品及组合第二节 汽车产品的寿命周期及应用策略第三节 汽车品牌与商标策略复习思考题第七章 汽车价格策略第一节 汽车价格概述第二节 汽车产品定价方法第三节 汽车产品定价策略复习思考题第八章 汽车分销策略第一节 汽车销售渠道第二节 汽车分销渠道中的中间商第三节 汽车营销模式复习思考题第九章 汽车促销策略第一节 汽车促销与促销组合第二节 汽车人员促销第三节 汽车广告促销第四节 汽车公共关系促销第五节 汽车营业推广促销复习思考题第十章 汽车营销实务第一节 汽车营销及管理人员的基本要求第二节 4S店汽车营销模式第三节 汽车销售的基本法则和技巧复习思考题第十一章 二手车与汽车零配件营销业务第一节 二手车的鉴定与评估第二节 二手车营销业务第三节 汽车零配件营销复习思考题第十二章 国际汽车市场营销第一节 国际汽车市场的特点第二节 国际汽车市场营销环境分析第三节 国际汽车市场营销方式第四节 国际汽车市场营销策略复习思考题附录 汽车营销案例案例一：奇瑞促销——为汽车“黑马”插上腾飞的翅膀案例二：上海大众帕萨特的定价策略案例三：广州本田的汽车专卖店销售模式案例四：上海通用的客户关系管理（cRM）的实施案例五：北京现代的促销策略案例六：奔驰营销的成功之路案例七：汽车“定制式”营销模式案例八：别克汽车的中国成功之路案例九：卡玛斯汽车销售新渠道的推出案例十：丰田汽车进入美国汽车市场的营销策略参考文献参考资料：图书
一共十二天的金工实习结束了，在短短的时间内那么完整的体验到当今工业界普遍所应用的方法，总的来说这次实习活动是一次有趣且必将影响今后学习和工作的重要实践经验。 “金工实习”是一门实践性的技术基础课，是工科学生学习机械制造的基本工艺方法和技术，完成工程基本训练的重要必修课。金工实习不仅可以让我们获得机械制造的基础知识，了解机械制造的一般操作，而且还可以提高自己的操作技能和动手能力，而且加强了理论联系实际的锻炼，提高了我们的工程实践能力，培养了我们的工程素质。金工实习是一次我们学习、锻炼的好机会。通过这次虽短而充实的实习我懂得了很多……… 在这短短的几个星期内，大家每天都要学习一项新的技术，并在很短的实习时间里，完成从对各项工种的一无所知到制作出一件成品的过程，我们在老师们耐心细致地指导下，很顺利的完成各自的实习内容，并且基本上都达到了老师预期的实习要求，圆满地完成了实习。在实习期间，通过学习车工、钳工的操作，我们做出了自己的工件，虽然这几个星期的金工实习是对我们的一个很大的考验，但是看到自己平生第一次在车间中做出的工件，我们都喜不自禁，感到很有成就感。 在金工实习中，安全是第一位，这是每个老师给我们的第一忠告。金工实习是培养学生实践能力的有效途径，又是我们工科类大学生非常重要的也特别有意义的实习课，也是我们一次，离开课堂严谨的环境，感受到车间的气氛，亲手掌握知识的机会。 1、铸造实习 第一天的金工实习是挖砂铸造成型，铸造成型就是将液态金属浇注到铸型中待金属冷却、凝固后获得铸件的生产方法。这可是个不轻松的活，要把那些特殊的砂子变成我们想要的模具，要我们好好动一动脑子的，它需要的不仅是我们的体力，更需要我们的耐心和细心，来不得半点马虎。 老师讲解完一些基本操作后，让我们自己动手操作，我们从最基本的模型开始练习，在最基本的练习中我们学会铸造的基本工序和基本方法，为我们以后做更复杂的铸型打下了良好的基础。看起来挖砂铸造成型就是简单的四步：造下沙型、造上沙型、打通气孔、开箱起模与合型，但是要想做出让大家叹为观止的模具来，不通过反反复复地修整是不可能得到的。撒分型砂后，不能低头用口去吹走分型砂，以免砂尘入眼，已翻转后的上砂型应按统一规定位置放好，以免顶裂或碰坏，将模型埋入砂型时，不能用铁锤猛击，以免损坏模样，在制作木模时要考虑起模斜度、加工余量、收缩余量、分型面及浇注系统等技术要求。在实践中任何一点小错误都有可能出现残次品，造成了极大的浪费。有时候因为你的一点点修补会让你前功尽弃，懊悔不已。 2、了解机械设备 第二天实习老师只是让我们熟悉一下车工、锻工、磨工，铣工等机械设备的构造、工作原理、基本操作和基本功能，等以后实习的时候再让我们实际操作。通过老师的讲解，我们熟悉了普通车刀的组成、安装与刃磨，了解了车刀的主要角度及作用，刀具切削部分材料的性能和要求以及常用刀具材料，车削时常用的工件装夹方法、特点和应用，常用量具的种类和方法，了解了车外圆、车端面、车内孔、钻孔、车螺纹以及车槽、车断、车圆锥面、车成形面的车削方法和测量方法，了解了常用铣床、刨床、磨床的加工方法和测量方法。 比如在使用磨床机床工作时，头不能太靠近砂轮，以防止切屑飞入眼睛，磨铸铁时要戴上防护眼镜，不要用手摸或测量正在切削的工件，不要用手直接清除切屑，应用刷子或专用工具清除，严禁用手去刹住转动着的砂轮及工件，开机前必须检查砂轮是否正常，有无裂痕，检查工件是否安装牢固，各手柄位置是否正确。开动铣床机床前，要检查铣床传动部件和润滑系统是否正常，各操作手柄是否正确，工件、夹具及刀具是否已夹持牢固等，检查周围有无障碍物，才可正常使用，变速、更换铣刀、装卸工件、变更进给量或测量工件时，都必须停车。更换铣刀时，要仔细检查刀具是否夹持牢固，同时注意不要被铣刀刃口割伤。铣削时，要选择合适的刀具旋转方向和工件进给方向，切削速度、切削深度、进给量选择要适当，要用铁勾或毛刷清理铁屑，不能用手拉或用嘴吹铁屑，工作加工后的毛刺应夹持在虎钳上用锉刀锉削，小心毛刺割手。铣齿轮时，必须等铣刀完全离开工件后，方可转动分度头手柄。 车工、锻工、磨工，铣工实习是切削加工技术的必要途径之一，可以培养我们的观察能力、动手能力，开拓我们的视野，使我们平时学习的理论知识和操作实践得到有效的结合。 3、钳工实习 钳工是以手工操作为主，使用各种工具来完成零件的加工、装配和修理等工作。与机械加工相比，劳动强度大、生产效率低，但是可以完成机械加工不便加工或难以完成的工作，同时设备简单，故在机械制造和修配工作中，仍是不可缺少的重要工种。在钳工实习中，我们知道了钳工的主要内容为刮研、钻孔、攻丝、套丝、锯割、锉削、装配、划线，了解了锉刀的构造、分类、选用、锉削姿势、锉削方法和质量的检测，了解钳工在机器制造和设备维修中的地位和重要作用。 我们在实习中，已经熟悉并能选用划线、锯削、锉削、钻孔、扩孔、铰孔、锪孔、攻丝、套扣、刮削、装配与拆卸等加工工具夹具，掌握了钳工的主要基本操作，根据简单零件图可以进行锉削、锯削、钻孔、划线、攻丝、套扣的工件加工。首先要正确的握锉刀，锉削平面时保持锉刀的平直运动是锉削的关键，锉削力有水平推力和垂直压力两种。锉刀推进时，前手压力逐渐减小后手压力大则后小，锉刀推到中间位置时，两手压力相同，继续推进锉刀时，前手压力逐渐减小后压力加大，锉刀返回时不施加压力，这样我们锉削也就比较简单了，接着便是刮削、研磨、钻孔、扩孔、攻螺纹等。 钳工的实习说实话是很枯燥的而且很累，可能干一个上午却都是在反反复复着一个动作，还要有力气，还要做到位，要根据图纸的尺寸不能有太大的误差。 4、焊工实习 焊接就是用热能或压力，或两者同时使用，并且用或不用填充材料，将两个工件连接在一起的方法。焊接的种类有钎焊、氧-乙炔焊、CO2保护焊、氩弧焊、手工电弧焊。在电焊实习中，我们了解了电焊的实质，了解了气焊设备的组成及作用、工具的结构、气焊火焰的种类、调节方法和应用、焊丝与焊剂的作用，学会了选用焊条的种类和如何操作电焊机等。电弧光含有大量的紫外线和红外线以及强烈的可见光，对眼睛和皮肤有刺激作用，我们要防止弧光灼伤和烫伤我们的眼睛和皮肤。 焊过的工件更不能用手摸，敲击焊渣时，要用力适当，注意方向，工作前要检查焊接机接地是否良好，检查焊钳电览是否良好，防止触电，焊钳不要放在工体上或工作台上，防止短路、烧坏焊机。 对于电焊，虽然一点都不陌生，但是亲手操作还真的是第一次，由于电焊的特殊性，操作的时候一定要戴上防护面罩保护自己的眼睛，工作电焊虽然看起来好像挺危险，但是只要按照老师讲的基本操作，可以很快掌握电焊的要领。 5、车工实习 接下来的实习是车工实习，车工要求较高的手工操作能力。通过老师的讲解，我们了解了车刀的种类，常用的刀具材料，刀具材料的基本性能，车刀的组成和主要几何角度，车床的功能和构造，老师最后给我们示范了车床的操作方法，并示范加工了一个木模，然后就让我们开始自己独立实习，虽然操作技术不怎么熟练，经过几天的车工实习，最后还是各自独立的完成了实习。 车床运转时，不能用手去摸工件表面，严禁用棉纱擦抹转动的工件，更不能用手去刹住转动的卡盘。当用顶尖装夹工件时，顶尖与中心孔应完全一致，不能用破损或歪斜的顶尖，使用前应将顶尖和中心孔擦净，后尾座顶尖要顶牢，用砂布打磨工件表面时，应把刀具移动到安全位置，不要让衣服和手接触工件表面。加工内孔时，不可用手指支持砂布，应用木棍代替，同时速度不宜太快。禁止把工具、夹具或工件放直接在车床床身上和主轴变速箱上。工作时，必须集中精力，注意头、手、身体和衣服不能靠近正在旋转的机件，如工件、带轮、皮带、齿轮等。 通过车工实习，我们熟悉了有关车工及车工工艺方面的基本知识，掌握了一定的基本操作技能，已经会初步正确使用和操作车床，而且还增强我们的实践动手能力，以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。 6、数控实习 最后一个实习工种是数控车床的操作，就是通过编程来控制车床进行加工。数控机床是综合应用计算机、自动控制、自动检测及精密机械等高新技术的产物，是技术密集度及自动化程度很高的典型机电一体化加工设备，它与普通机床相比，其优越性是显而易见的，不仅零件加工精度高，产品质量稳定，且自动化程度极高，可减轻工人的体力劳动强度，大大提高了生产效率。只要输入正确的程序，车床就会执行相应的操作，通过数控车床的操作及编程，深深地感受到了数字化控制的方便、准确、快捷。通过数控实习，我们了解了数控机床及数控加工概念，掌握了数控机床程序编制内容，数控实习使我们具备了一定的数控加工基础知识，我们基本上可以能阅读并且编制简单数控操作加工程序，初步掌握了数控机床的操作与维护。 我们经过了铸工、钳工、焊工、车工、数控等一系列工种的磨练，每一个工种都有不同的操作要领和要求，难易程度也不一样。这段时间内，我们在实习中充实地度过，学到的一些基本的技能对我们将来的发展也是受益良多的。 我们学习的知识虽然不是很多，但通过这次实习让我们明白了我们需要实际学习掌握的技能还很多、很多。如果我们不经常参加这方面的实习锻炼，我们这些大学生将来恐怕很难找到工作。社会需要人才，社会需要的是有能力的人才，需要的是拥有动手能力的技术人才。我们大学生只有多参加实习实践，才能保证在未来的社会竞争中有自己的位置。金工实习对于我们这群从来没有实际生产经验的学生来说，这不仅是一项必修课，更是一个挑战、一个机遇。 我们不可能在实习期间完全地掌握所有工种的技术操作，但是最起码我们了解了一些机械制造的一般过程，熟悉机械零件的常用加工方法，并且应初步具备选择加工方法、进行加工分析和制定工艺规程的能力。应该庆幸我们能够有这样的机会进行这样的实习，通过这次金工实习学到了很多。 1、通过这次实习我们了解了现代机械制造工业的生产方式和工艺过程，熟悉工程材料主要成形方法和主要机械加工方法及其所用主要设备的工作原理和典型结构，工夹量具的使用以及安全操作技术。了解了机械制造工艺知识和新工艺、新技术、新设备在机械制造中的应用，培养、提高和加强了我们的工程实践能力、创新意识和创新能力。 2、在工程材料主要成形加工方法和主要机械加工方法上，具有初步的独立操作技能。 3、在了解、熟悉和掌握一定的工程基础知识和操作技能过程中，培养、提高和加强了我们的工程实践能力、创新意识和创新能力。对我们的工程素质和工程能力的培养起着综合训练的作用，使我们不但要掌握各工种的应知应会要求，还要建立起较完整的系统概念，既要要求我们学习各工种的基本工艺知识、了解设备原理和工作过程，又要加强实践动手能力的训练，并具有运用所学工艺知识，初步分析解决简单工艺问题的能力。 4、金工实习培养和锻炼了我们，提高了我们的整体综合素质，使我们不但对金工实习的重要意义有了更深层次的认识，而且提高了我们的实践动手能力，使我们更好的理论与实际相结合，巩固了我们的所学的知识。 5、培养和锻炼了我们的劳动观点、质量和经济观念，强化遵守劳动纪律、遵守安全技术规则和爱护国家财产的自觉性，提高了我们的整体综合素质。 6、在整个实习过程中，对我们的纪律要求非常严格，制订了学生实习守则，同时加强对填写实习报告、清理机床场地、遵守各工种的安全操作规程等要求，对学生的综合工程素质培养起到了较好的促进作用。 7、实习过程中大家相互帮助相互学习，学会了如何团结合作，增强了同学间的友谊。 8、在实习过程中我们取得的劳动成果，让我们有种自豪感、成就感，这是难以用语言来表达的。 金工实习让久在课堂的我们切身的感受到作为一名工人的苦与乐，同时检验了自己所学的知识。金工实习更让我深深地体会到人生的意义，实践是真理的检验标准，通过金工实习，我了解到很多工作常识，也得到意志上锻炼，有辛酸也有快乐，这是我大学生活中的又一笔宝贵的财富，对我以后的学习和工作将有很大的影响。 总而言之，虽然在十天的实习中，我们所学到的只是皮毛的皮毛，但是凡事都有一个过程，我们所学到的都是基础中的基础。 你在看着改改吧！
去买辆雷克萨斯LS600，然后问他们拿技术标准，或者干脆让他们写份《论混合动力》给你
Scott Perl, Albuquerque, . A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of temperatures. As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire pressure. While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using it. Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure nitrogen. A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday use. Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, Calif. A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good weather. There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery conditions. Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of road. Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of security. Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, Md. A: Probably not. But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years ago. Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know of. Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause harm. Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J. Jaffe, Germantown, Tenn. A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip gears. Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker shifts. Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or switches. The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled electronically. The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned way. Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver skill. 意思：斯科特Perl,阿布奎基,.答:汽车赛车已经告诉了我们的主要优势和氮气充填轮胎代替周围的空气是氮倾向于保持更一致的胎压在很大的温度范围内。作为之间的摩擦力的轮胎与路面驱动温度,空气和变化不定的含水量反应,会导致不一致的轮胎压力。虽然赛车驾驶员更容易注意到的优点优点长处的优势,我们比每天氮、磷、钾和还没有收到任何缺点,使用它。怀疑论者质疑的实践,指出空气是大约80%,氮、磷、钾和热胀冷缩速度一样纯氮。大量的读者表示没有欣赏不同的轮胎会如何回应如果充满了氮,尤其是在日常使用。问:它安全巡航控制在雨中或在潮湿的路面吗?斯科特制动、威斯敏斯特宫——。答:汽车制造商经常警告巡航控制应该只用在光路交通开放的好天气。据报道,事故的巡航控制时,车失去牵引力——或者hydroplaned——在滑的条件。一些汽车制造商发出警告,稳定的油门巡航控制——就像一脚的气体——可能导致车轮旋转时,他们打湿或冰的补丁的道路。Car-company代表说,克鲁斯-控制警告反映驾驶员应特别警惕时,条件是少于理想,独自徘徊在什么等于趋于平静一些局部自动驾驶产生了一种虚假的安全感。问:如果一个汽车手册显示有一定的重量油(例如,5W-30),将增加一夸脱的不同,10W-40油(重量)之间的完整的机油变化损害的汽车引擎?吉尔Ehrenkranz、波,——事宜。答:大概不会。但是今天的引擎通常是更精确的工程比20或30年前。我们中的很多人已经超过了我们的汽车和任何可用的石油发生不损坏,至少不是我们所知道的。汽车制造商,然而,现代的引擎,可以更敏感的改变时,油,使用错误的重量,即使在少量的油,能伤害一个引擎的性能,甚至造成伤害。问:什么是一个序列手操作的传动系统。它如何与一个自动或手动传输标准吗?Jaffe >,德国——哈利。答:一个序列机械式变速器齿轮箱,是需要改变是为了(第二次到第三个),而不是有一个工作模式与杆,让车手可以跳过齿轮。使用这种传输摩托车赛车的几十年就开始使用他们,因为他们允许更快年前。通常是通过转移杠杆,按钮或开关。今天的顺序传送——主要是在广告表现等车,阿斯顿·马丁和一些不佳,手动变速器宝马—技术,除了那个离合器和齿轮的变化是控制电子签名。好处是齿轮的变化,可以作出更快速、准确地比人类将传统的方式。传统说不利的是,他们根本不一样的乐趣来驱动,需要更少的司机的技能。还有一篇：Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.意思：美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。
Automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = wT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation, and T Niuju. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhourichan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File ; stalls ; stalls ; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) : 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle. When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. 2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is , laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque. When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis - intermediate shaft - the output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is , laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth. When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy. Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they can not rotate the output shaft driven, not power output. General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls. When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is , which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End. Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the "media" will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis. Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft. Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost. Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the shortcomings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference. --- Manual transmission and synchronization of -- Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows. Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end Spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the Spline, by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer. Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents - often rodents intermediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output. Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No. 5 stall called accelerated stall. Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission. The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a "synchronous". Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a "feet-off" approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate. So designers create a "synchronized," and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing. At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift 从此网翻译而来。
AbstractAn engine speed control system causes an engine, equipped with an automatic transmission which shifts up according to predetermined shift schedules, to reduce its output at a predetermined engine speed so as to protect the engine by preventing the engine from being subjected to "over-revolution." The predetermined engine speed is changed according to engine operating conditions such as a decrease in engine temperature. Simultaneously, a shift-up vehicle speed, at which the automatic transmission shifts itself up, is decreased according to engine operating conditions and, more particularly, engine temperatures and throttle openings. As a result, an up-shift of the automatic transmission properly takes place, even when the vehicle travels at lower . An engine speed control system for an automobile engine equipped with an automatic transmission, said engine speed control system comprising: over-revolution prevention means, actuated at a predetermined engine speed so as to decrease engine output, for preventing said engine from being brought into over-revolution while said engine operates under loads; engine operating condition detecting means for detecting an engine operating condition, including at least a throttle opening of an engine throttle valve; speed altering means for altering said predetermined engine speed depending upon said engine operating condition detected by said engine operating condition detecting means; and shift-up vehicle speed shift means for determining a regular shift-up vehicle speed, at which said automatic transmission is shifted up, according to a throttle opening of said engine throttle valve detected by said engine operating condition detecting means, and shifting said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to a alteration of said predetermined engine speed. 3. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 2, wherein said engine operating condition detecting means also detects an engine temperature, said speed altering means decreasing said predetermined engine speed as an engine temperature detected by said engine operating condition detecting means becomes lower. 4. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 3, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means shifts said regular shift-up vehicle speed by shift coefficients according to engine temperatures detected by said engine operating condition detecting means. 5. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 4, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease in said predetermined engine speed. 6. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 5, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease in said predetermined engine speed only while said engine operates at certain engine loads. 7. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 6, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means increases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to an increase in said predetermined engine speed while said engine operates at other engine loads. 8. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 3, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means includes means for limiting a throttle opening of said engine throttle valve detected by said engine operating condition detecting means to a predetermined guard opening. 9. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 8, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease in said predetermined engine speed. 10. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 9, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease in said predetermined engine speed only while said engine operates at certain engine loads. 11. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 10, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to an increase in said predetermined engine speed while said engine operates at other engine loads. 12. An engine speed control system for an automobile engine equipped with an automatic transmission which shifts up at predetermined shift-up vehicle speeds according at least to throttle openings, said engine speed control system comprising: over-revolution prevention means, actuated at a predetermined engine speed so as to decrease engine output, for preventing said engine from being brought into over-revolution while said engine operates under loads; engine temperature detecting means for detecting an engine operating temperature of said engine; speed altering means for decreasing said predetermined engine speed with a decrease in engine temperature detected by said engine temperature detecting means; and shift-up vehicle speed shift means for decreasing a predetermined shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease of said predetermined engine speed. 13. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 12, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means decreases said predetermined shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease of said predetermined engine speed only while said engine operates at certain engine loads. 14. An engine speed control system as recited in claim 13, wherein said shift-up vehicle speed shift means increases said predetermined shift-up vehicle speed in response to a decrease of said predetermined engine speed while said engine operates at other engine loads. 15. An engine speed control system for an automobile engine equipped with an automatic transmission which shifts up at predetermined shift-up vehicle speeds according at least to throttle openings, said engine speed control system comprising; over-revolution prevention means, actuated at a predetermined engine speed so as to decrease engine output, for preventing said engine from being brought into over-revolution while said engine operates under loads; engine temperature detecting means for detecting an engine operating temperature of said engine; speed altering means for decreasing said predetermined engine speed with a decrease in engine temperature detected by said engine temperature detecting means; throttle valve opening detecting means for detecting a throttle opening of an engine throttle valve; and shift-up vehicle speed shift means for limiting the throttle opening of said engine throttle valve to a predetermined guard opening according to which a predetermined shift-up vehicle speed is restrictively determined when said engine temperature detecting means detects a predetermined engine temperature. 16. An engine speed control system for an automobile engine equipped with an automatic transmission, said engine speed control system comprising: over-revolution prevention means, actuated at a predetermined engine speed so as to decrease engine output, for preventing said engine from being brought into over-revolution while said engine operates under loads; engine operating condition detecting means for detecting an engine operating condition, including at least an engine load on said engine; speed altering means for altering said predetermined engine speed depending upon said engine operating condition detected by said engine operating condition detecting means; and shift-up vehicle speed shift means for determining a regular shift-up vehicle speed, at which said automatic transmission is shifted up, according to the engine load detected by said engine operating condition detecting means, and shifting said regular shift-up vehicle speed in response to an alteration of said predetermined engine of Related Art In order to prevent an automotive engine from operating in an "over-revolution" condition, ., at rotational speeds beyond a specific rotational speed for which the engine is rated, it is typical to establish an upper critical speed for the automotive engine so as to prohibit an undesirable rise in rotational speed beyond the upper critical speed. Such an upper critical speed is referred to as an over-revolution restrictive speed in this specification. Prohibiting such an undesirable speed rise is performed by interrupting or cutting fuel supply to the engine, by controlling fuel ignition, or by controlling the rate at which intake air is admitted into the engine. An engine speed control system having an over-revolution prevention feature is known from, for instance, Japanese Unexamined Utility Model No. 59-194,550. On the other hand, because engine lubrication qualitatively deteriorates with a decrease in engine temperature, it has been proposed to lower the over-revolution restrictive speed, depending on a decrease in engine temperature, so as to realize reliable engine lubrication over allowable engine speeds. Automotive engines require a certain speed control so that an over-revolution restrictive speed becomes lower for low engine temperatures. Such a speed control is hereafter referred to as an over-revolution prevention control, and is provided to protect the engine against deterioration of engine lubrication at low engine temperatures. Executing the over-revolution prevention control at low engine temperatures, however, may cause an automatic transmission to fail to up-shift in response to a requirement for quick acceleration. Moreover, an over-revolution prevention control system for an engine equipped with an automatic transmission may also have the disadvantage of letting the engine operate too sluggishly in speed for a long period of time to cause an up-shift, even if quick acceleration is needed. This is because the engine is normally forced to maintain a higher speed while operating at lower temperatures. This causes the shift-up vehicle speed to become higher, thereby heating up the engine. However, since the over-revolution restrictive speed established for lower engine temperatures remains low, although the shift-up vehicle speed is changed so that it becomes higher, no up-shift of the automatic transmission takes place, even though the engine operates at full throttle. 这是英文原文，瑞士的～希望对楼主有用！您还可以参考以下网站：
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[编辑本段]图书信息书 名: 汽车市场营销作 者：王琪出版社： 机械工业出版社出版时间： 2009-2-1ISBN: 9787111258278开本： 16开定价: 元[编辑本段]内容简介本书从介绍汽车市场营销的基本概念和基础知识出发，紧密结合中国及世界汽车市场现状，全面系统地阐述了汽车营销基础、汽车市场营销环境分析、汽车企业市场营销管理、汽车市场调研与预测、汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析、汽车产品策略、汽车价格策略、汽车分销策略、汽车促销策略、汽车营销实务、二手车与汽车零配件营销业务以及国际汽车市场营销等汽车市场营销方面的内容。全书共分十二章，通过本书的学习，可以使学习者较为系统、全面地掌握汽车市场营销的基本理论和主要内容。本书在最后还附有精选的汽车营销案例以供学习者加深相关知识的运用和理解。本书既可以作为普通高等院校交通运输及汽车服务工程等相关专业的本科生的教材使用，也可供汽车市场营销从业人员参考阅读。[编辑本段]图书目录前言第一章 汽车营销基础第一节 汽车工业在国民经济中的地位与作用第二节 经营与销售第三节 汽车市场第四节 汽车市场营销第五节 营销因素与市场营销组合复习思考题第二章 汽车市场营销环境分析第一节 汽车市场营销环境概述第二节 汽车市场营销宏观环境分析第三节 汽车市场营销微观环境分析第四节 我国汽车市场的形成与发展第五节 人世对我国汽车市场营销环境的影响复习思考题第三章 汽车企业市场营销管理第一节 汽车企业战略规划第二节 汽车企业市场营销管理第三节 汽车市场营销计划复习思考题第四章 汽车市场调研与预测第一节 汽车市场营销信息系统第二节 汽车市场调研第三节 汽车市场预测复习思考题第五章 汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析第一节 汽车消费市场分析第二节 汽车消费者购买模式分析第三节 私人汽车消费者购买行为分析第四节 组织购车用户购买行为分析复习思考题第六章 汽车产品策略第一节 汽车产品及组合第二节 汽车产品的寿命周期及应用策略第三节 汽车品牌与商标策略复习思考题第七章 汽车价格策略第一节 汽车价格概述第二节 汽车产品定价方法第三节 汽车产品定价策略复习思考题第八章 汽车分销策略第一节 汽车销售渠道第二节 汽车分销渠道中的中间商第三节 汽车营销模式复习思考题第九章 汽车促销策略第一节 汽车促销与促销组合第二节 汽车人员促销第三节 汽车广告促销第四节 汽车公共关系促销第五节 汽车营业推广促销复习思考题第十章 汽车营销实务第一节 汽车营销及管理人员的基本要求第二节 4S店汽车营销模式第三节 汽车销售的基本法则和技巧复习思考题第十一章 二手车与汽车零配件营销业务第一节 二手车的鉴定与评估第二节 二手车营销业务第三节 汽车零配件营销复习思考题第十二章 国际汽车市场营销第一节 国际汽车市场的特点第二节 国际汽车市场营销环境分析第三节 国际汽车市场营销方式第四节 国际汽车市场营销策略复习思考题附录 汽车营销案例案例一：奇瑞促销——为汽车“黑马”插上腾飞的翅膀案例二：上海大众帕萨特的定价策略案例三：广州本田的汽车专卖店销售模式案例四：上海通用的客户关系管理（cRM）的实施案例五：北京现代的促销策略案例六：奔驰营销的成功之路案例七：汽车“定制式”营销模式案例八：别克汽车的中国成功之路案例九：卡玛斯汽车销售新渠道的推出案例十：丰田汽车进入美国汽车市场的营销策略参考文献参考资料：图书
随着国民经济的迅猛发展，汽车产量逐年增加，2006年已达720万辆。我国汽车保有量越来越多，车型也越来越复杂。尤其是高科技的飞速发展，一些新技术、新材料在汽车上的广泛应用后，给汽车故障诊断与排除增加了一定难度。本篇论文重点讨论轿车离合器的故障分析及维修方法。离合器是手动变速汽车必备的一个重要总成。没有离合器手动挡汽车将无法起步，并且难以实现挡位变换。在汽车使用中，离合器难免出现这样、那样的故障，直接影响汽车的正常运行。现在汽车迅速进入家庭，汽车私有化程度提高，所以汽车故障将会影响到我们每一个人。分析研究离合器故障现象、原因、探索离合器故障的排除方法和离合器的维修工艺，具有重大而现实的意义。本文重点通过北京现代轿车离合器故障的探讨，正确认识离合器故障，更好的使用和维护离合器。2离合器概述在汽车上，离合器是手动汽车和电控换档机械式自动变速器汽车传动系中的一个重要总成，是保证这样汽车能够起步和换档的一个必备的独立部件。离合器的功用及发展概况离合器的功用离合器安装在发动机与变速器之间，用来分离或接合前后两者之间动力联系。其功用是：1）使汽车平稳起步;2）中断给传动系的动力，配合换挡3）防止传动系过载离合器的发展概况现今所用的盘片式离合器的先驱的多片盘式离合器，它是直到1925年以后才出现的。多片离合器最主要的优点是，在汽车起步时离合器的接合比较平顺，无冲击。20世纪20年代末，直到进入30年代时，只有工程车辆、赛车和大功率的轿车上使用多片离合器。多年的实践经验和技术上的改进使人们逐渐趋向与首选单片干式摩擦离合器，因为它具有从动部件转动惯量小、散热性好、结构简单、调整方便、尺寸紧凑、分离彻底等优点，而且在结构上采取一定措施，已能做到接合平顺，因此现在广泛用于大、中、小各类车型中。如今单片干式摩擦离合器在结构设计方面相当完善。采用具有轴向弹性的从动盘，提高了离合器接合时的平顺性。离合器从动盘总成中装有扭转减振器，防止了传动系统的扭转共振，减小了传动系噪声和动载荷，随着人们对汽车舒适性要求的提高，离合器已在原有基础上得到不断改进，乘用车上愈来愈多地采用具有双质量飞轮的扭转减振器，能更有效地降低传动系的噪声。离合器工作原理种类以及要求离合器的种类汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力偶合器、电磁离合器等几种。液力偶合器靠工作液(油液)传递转矩，外壳与泵轮连为一体，是主动件；涡轮与泵轮相对，是从动件。当泵轮转速较低时，涡轮不能被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于分离状态；随着泵轮转速的提高，涡轮被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于接合状态。电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。如在主动与从动件之间放置磁粉，则可以加强两者之间的接合力，这样的离合器称为磁粉式电磁离合器。目前，与手动变速器相配合的绝大多数离合器为干式摩擦式离合器，按其从动盘的数目，又分为单盘式、双盘式和多盘式等几种。摩擦式离合器又分为湿式和干式两种。离合器的工作原理离合器工作原理离合器的工作原理：离合器的主动部分和从动部分借接触面间的摩擦作用，或是用液体作为传动介质(液力偶合器)，或是用磁力传动(电磁离合器)来传递转矩，使两者之间可以暂时分离，又可逐渐接合，在传动过程中又允许两部分相互转动。目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器(简称为摩擦离合器)。摩擦式离合器工作原理：发动机飞轮是离合器的主动件。带有摩擦片的从动盘和从动盘毂借滑动花键与从动轴（变速器主动轴）相连。压紧弹簧将从动盘压紧在飞轮端面上。发动机转矩即靠飞轮与从动盘接触面之间的摩擦作用而传到从动盘，再由此经过从动轴和传动系统中一系列部件驱动车轮。弹簧的压紧力越大，则离合器所能传递的转矩也越大。摩擦离合器应满足的基本要求(1)保证能传递发动机发出的最大转矩，并且还有一定的传递转矩余力。(2)能作到分离时，彻底分离，接合时柔和，并具有良好的散热能力。(3)从动部分的转动惯量尽量小一些。这样，在分离离合器换档时，与变速器输入轴相连部分的转速就比较容易变化，从而减轻齿轮间冲击。
汽车工程专业毕业论文,已发送，注意查收。希望对你有帮助。
随着城市车辆密度的加大，自动变速器已逐渐成为汽车的必备装备，而不仅仅是豪华的标志。因为有了自动变速器，改变车速变得轻松自如，且不必频繁地踩踏板。 如今，几乎所有的现代汽车厂家都生产配备自动变速器的汽车，原因之一是自动变速器可以帮助发动机降低对环境的污染。自动变速器可实现最佳转速比，即使发动机低速运转，也能保障车辆随驾驶者的意愿正常行驶，油耗降低了，污染也就受到控制。1908年，福特T型车最早采用一种两个速比的自动变速器。其构造是采用多组齿轮，并且分成中央齿轮和周边齿轮，最外边则是一个转轮，随着中央齿轮从发动机引入的扭矩不同，齿轮组相机行事，从而得到高低不一的转速，包括倒车档的反向旋转。从那以后，自动变速器的构造原理并无大的改变，但材料技术的进步与润滑油性能的提高，使这种变速器的速比更为丰富。ZF公司于1999年推出了首台6个速比的变速器，与此同时，液压控制技术的发展，还可使驾车者通过制动踏板直接改变车速。 美国在第二次世界大战之前就生产过一种3个速比的自动变速器，只要把变速杆推至D的位置上，便可由油门踏板随意地改变车速。传统的离合器由一个涡轮转换器所取代。每当制动踏板被踩下或抬起时，由一个液压泵干预速度的变化。这套简单的系统后来回增加了“Kickdown”，使性能更加完善。后来，又有人发明了涡流转换器的锁止机构，消除了加速时打滑的感觉，从而大大地降低了油耗。转轮式自动变速器存在一个缺点，即起步加速时令人有一种车轮打滑的感觉，于是驾车人会猛加油门，但车速又并不随即增高。目前已有一些厂家，如日产和菲亚特，求助于电子装置来设法消除这一缺点，日产Primera的6速变速器与菲亚特Punto的7速变速器便是这番努力的结果。驾车者根本无需扳动手柄，便可以轻松自如地改变车速。虽然自动变速器不断地演变进步，但始终有缺点，即车速的反应与踏板的动作之间总有一定的差距，驾驶中缺乏直觉的印象。1969年出现的电子控制系统及1982年出现的数字技术对此作了改进。随着发动机燃油喷射与点火装置的不断完善，自动变速器也有新的花样，如设置了“运动式’或“雪地行驶”等不同的操控方式，有的在仪表盘上设有一个印有S字母的按钮，可以在加速时变得格外迅捷；或者印有雪花图案代表雪地行驶的按钮，可避免在起步时打滑。更有甚者，新一代“随机应变式”变速器还可以顺应驾车者不同的习惯、相应的反应、使驾驶变得更加得心应手。近年，保时捷公司又发明了一种“手控／自动变速器”，凭靠一组复杂的电子装置，可以使驾车者在自动与手动变速之间任意选择。例如，在市内行驶时，由于需要频繁地变换速度，使用自动变速器便显得非常方便；而一旦来到高速公路或其它开阔的地方，则又可将自动变速的功能关掉，转为由手控制，以此来领略驾车中的多种乐趣。这一点已逐渐成为高档车的特性。 将自动变速器智能化，并且普及到大众化的汽车上，这是法国人的功劳。1997年标致206与雷诺Clio率先采用了最先进的电脑控制技术及被称为“fuzzylogie”的原理，即“模糊逻辑”。这样的汽车可以依据驾车者的性情、路面的状况、车身的负荷乃至周边环境等多种因素，在9种程式中挑选最适合的功能，实现智能化驾驶，以充分发挥车辆的性能，降低油耗，确保安全。自动变速器的发展使汽车好像有了人的智慧，甚至比人更善于思索。它根据外界路面的变化，经过计算，代替人作出准确聪明的决断。
随着国民经济的迅猛发展，汽车产量逐年增加，2006年已达720万辆。我国汽车保有量越来越多，车型也越来越复杂。尤其是高科技的飞速发展，一些新技术、新材料在汽车上的广泛应用后，给汽车故障诊断与排除增加了一定难度。本篇论文重点讨论轿车离合器的故障分析及维修方法。离合器是手动变速汽车必备的一个重要总成。没有离合器手动挡汽车将无法起步，并且难以实现挡位变换。在汽车使用中，离合器难免出现这样、那样的故障，直接影响汽车的正常运行。现在汽车迅速进入家庭，汽车私有化程度提高，所以汽车故障将会影响到我们每一个人。分析研究离合器故障现象、原因、探索离合器故障的排除方法和离合器的维修工艺，具有重大而现实的意义。本文重点通过北京现代轿车离合器故障的探讨，正确认识离合器故障，更好的使用和维护离合器。2离合器概述在汽车上，离合器是手动汽车和电控换档机械式自动变速器汽车传动系中的一个重要总成，是保证这样汽车能够起步和换档的一个必备的独立部件。离合器的功用及发展概况离合器的功用离合器安装在发动机与变速器之间，用来分离或接合前后两者之间动力联系。其功用是：1）使汽车平稳起步;2）中断给传动系的动力，配合换挡3）防止传动系过载离合器的发展概况现今所用的盘片式离合器的先驱的多片盘式离合器，它是直到1925年以后才出现的。多片离合器最主要的优点是，在汽车起步时离合器的接合比较平顺，无冲击。20世纪20年代末，直到进入30年代时，只有工程车辆、赛车和大功率的轿车上使用多片离合器。多年的实践经验和技术上的改进使人们逐渐趋向与首选单片干式摩擦离合器，因为它具有从动部件转动惯量小、散热性好、结构简单、调整方便、尺寸紧凑、分离彻底等优点，而且在结构上采取一定措施，已能做到接合平顺，因此现在广泛用于大、中、小各类车型中。如今单片干式摩擦离合器在结构设计方面相当完善。采用具有轴向弹性的从动盘，提高了离合器接合时的平顺性。离合器从动盘总成中装有扭转减振器，防止了传动系统的扭转共振，减小了传动系噪声和动载荷，随着人们对汽车舒适性要求的提高，离合器已在原有基础上得到不断改进，乘用车上愈来愈多地采用具有双质量飞轮的扭转减振器，能更有效地降低传动系的噪声。离合器工作原理种类以及要求离合器的种类汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力偶合器、电磁离合器等几种。液力偶合器靠工作液(油液)传递转矩，外壳与泵轮连为一体，是主动件；涡轮与泵轮相对，是从动件。当泵轮转速较低时，涡轮不能被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于分离状态；随着泵轮转速的提高，涡轮被带动，主动件与从动件之间处于接合状态。电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。如在主动与从动件之间放置磁粉，则可以加强两者之间的接合力，这样的离合器称为磁粉式电磁离合器。目前，与手动变速器相配合的绝大多数离合器为干式摩擦式离合器，按其从动盘的数目，又分为单盘式、双盘式和多盘式等几种。摩擦式离合器又分为湿式和干式两种。离合器的工作原理离合器工作原理离合器的工作原理：离合器的主动部分和从动部分借接触面间的摩擦作用，或是用液体作为传动介质(液力偶合器)，或是用磁力传动(电磁离合器)来传递转矩，使两者之间可以暂时分离，又可逐渐接合，在传动过程中又允许两部分相互转动。目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器(简称为摩擦离合器)。摩擦式离合器工作原理：发动机飞轮是离合器的主动件。带有摩擦片的从动盘和从动盘毂借滑动花键与从动轴（变速器主动轴）相连。压紧弹簧将从动盘压紧在飞轮端面上。发动机转矩即靠飞轮与从动盘接触面之间的摩擦作用而传到从动盘，再由此经过从动轴和传动系统中一系列部件驱动车轮。弹簧的压紧力越大，则离合器所能传递的转矩也越大。摩擦离合器应满足的基本要求(1)保证能传递发动机发出的最大转矩，并且还有一定的传递转矩余力。(2)能作到分离时，彻底分离，接合时柔和，并具有良好的散热能力。(3)从动部分的转动惯量尽量小一些。这样，在分离离合器换档时，与变速器输入轴相连部分的转速就比较容易变化，从而减轻齿轮间冲击。
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1发动机排放技术的应用分析2微型车怠速不良原因与控制措施3柴油机电子控制系统的发展4我国汽车尾气排放控制现状与对策5发动机自动熄火的诊断分析6汽车发动机的维护与保养7柴油机微粒排放的净化技术发展趋势 8汽车污染途径及控制措施9现代发动机自诊断系统探讨10关于奔驰300SEL型不能着车的故障分析11奔驰Sprinter动力不足的检测与维修12上海通用别克发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检修13现代伊兰特发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检修14广本雅阁发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检修15电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修16帕萨特排放控制系统的结构控制原理与检修17广本雅阁排放控制系统的结构控制原理与检修18汽车发动机怠速成抖动现象的原因及排查方法探讨19汽车排放控制系统的检修20上海帕萨特B5电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修21论汽车检测技术的发展22奥迪A6排放控制系统的结构控制原理与检修23丰田凌志400发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检修24奥迪A6B5电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修25标致307电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修26捷达轿车发动机常见故障分析与检修27汽车转向盘摆振故障分析28防抱死系统在常用轿车上的使用特点分析29汽车底盘的故障诊断分30汽车的常用转向系统的性能分析31汽车变速箱故障故障诊断32安全气囊的发展与应用33汽车制动系统故障诊断34分析国产几种汽车行走系统特点35分析国产几种汽车制动系统特点36分析国产几种汽车转向系统特点37机电液一体化技术在汽车中的应用38丰田系列ABS故障诊断方法的探讨39通用系列ABS故障诊断探讨40奔驰560SEL车型ABS系统故障案例分析41AL4自动变速器的结构控制原理与检修42汽车制动系43汽车四轮定位的探讨444T65E自动变速器的结构控制原理与检修45上海通用别克转向系统故障的诊断与检修46上海通用别克制动系统故障的诊断与检修47现代伊兰特转向系统故障的诊断与检修48现代伊兰特制动系统故障的诊断与检修49SONATA制动系统的结构控制原理与检修50电控悬架系统的结构控制原理与检修51上海帕萨特B5自动变速器的结构控制原理与检修52丰田佳美制动系统的结构控制原理与检修53丰田凌志400悬架系统的结构控制原理与检修54标致307制动系统故障的诊断与检修55标致307手动变速器的结构控制原理与检修56上海通用别克悬架与车桥故障分析与检修57电控液动式自动变速器的结构控制原理与维修58分析轮胎性能对汽车行走行使的影响59捷达轿车底盘常见故障分析与检修 60汽车转向系课件设计
广本雅阁发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检测的参考文献有哪些、高端豪车新车都面临抖动，高端车压缩比大，对燃油要求高，国内的燃油是特性，发动机厂家的技术是按照主流燃油颜值，对于乙醇燃油没有研究。其实不是发动机的问题，只要使用清洁剂清洁一次就可以，遇到这样情况不用着急，按照油箱大小加入1到2个司有普燃油添加剂，跑完一两箱燃油，D档位之前的抖动就好了。