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英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向
英语是全球化时代绝大多数国际型活动的首选工作语言。作为公认的使用最普遍的国际通用语言或全球通用语，英语被广泛地运用于会议、期刊和图书出版、新闻传播等方面。以下是我精心整理的英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
一、 语言学(语言学一般理论的研究);
二、 英美文学(英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等);
三、 翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等);
四、 英美文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究);
五、 教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究)。
英语专业毕业论文什么题目最好写?
作为英专毕业学姐，我认为翻译实践报告最好写，因为翻译一篇文章的论文只需要自己好好翻就行，不需要出门做实践调查问卷。
附：英语专业论文参考选题(Suggested Topics of Graduation Papers for English Majors)
1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析
2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评
3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论
4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较
5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索
6. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究
7. A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching 以学生为中心的英语词汇教学
8. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译
9. A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究
10. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎
11. About the Quality-oriented Education in English Language Teaching 英语教学中的素质教育
12. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换
13. Application of English Idioms in Daily Life 英语习语在日常生活中的运用
14. Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-cultural Communication 体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异
15. Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造
16. Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词
17. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术
18. Comparing First and Second Language Acquisitions 二语习得与母语的比较研究
19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区
20. Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation 论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法
21. Cultural Factors and Limitations in Translation 翻译的文化因素局限性
22. Developing Students’ Cultural Awareness through Foreign Language Teaching 通过外语教学培养学生的文化意识
23. Dialectics in Translation 翻译中的辩证法
24. Differences between Audio-lingual Method and Functional Approach 听说法与交际法的区别
25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响
26. English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered 英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心
27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究
28. Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达
29. Features of Network English 网络英语的特点
30. Food Culture in America and China 中美饮食文化比较
31. How to Appreciate English Prose: Traditional and Modern Ways 如何欣赏英语散文——传统与现代方法比较
32. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺
33. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的`作品在中国的影响
34. Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响
35. Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译
36. Inter-Translation of English and Chinese Proverbs 英汉谚语的互译
37. Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice 简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人
38. Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异
39. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征
40. Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征
41. Linguistic Features of English Advertisements 英语广告的语言特征
42. Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象
43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误
44. Metaphoric Expressions in Poem … 论《…》诗中的暗喻
45. Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程
46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析
47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机
48. On Charles Dickens Style in … 论狄更斯的《…》中的语言风格
49. On . Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识
50. On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流
51. On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice 论《威尼斯商人》中的人物夏洛克
52. On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准
53. On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展
54. On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China 谈交际法在中国的可行性
55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能
56. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观
57. On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性
58. On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略
59. On the Linguistic Features of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的语言特点
60. On the Poetry of Robert Frost (1874-1963) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌
61. On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1885) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌
62. On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则
63. On the Relations of Basic Language Skills 基本语言技能的关系
64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同
65. On the Style of Withering Heights 《呼啸山庄》的文体分析
66. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧
67. On the Vividness and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻
68. On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法
69. On the Writing / Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts 论涉外经济合同写作/翻译
70. On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译
71. On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译
72. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译
73. On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作
74. Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象
75. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用
76. Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式
77. Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts 礼貌与间接言语行为
78. Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误
79. Professional Skills for Foreign Language Teachers in Chinese Middle Schools 中国中学外语教师的专业技能
80. Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension 阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系
81. Relationship between … Theory and Language Research 论…理论与语言研究的关系
82. Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系
83. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法
84. Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑
85. Semantic Analysis of Nominalisation in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析
86. Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language 论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视
87. Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American Englishes论英式英语和美式英语的异同
88. Social Context in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 外语教学中的社会语境
89. Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”
90. Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions 论习语中的象征手法
91. Syntactical Features of Business English 谈商务英语写作的句法特征
92. Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨
93. Techniques of Theme Production in Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》主题的表现手法
94. The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用
95. The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点
96. The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素
97. The E/C Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译
98. The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能
99. The Influence of L1 on the Learning of a Foreign Language 母语对外语学习的影响
100. The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响
101. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力
102. The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译
103. The Role of Grammatical Rules in English Language Learning 语法规则在英语学习中的地位
104. The Significance of Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Testing 外语测试中交际能力的重要性
105. The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in E/C Translation 等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用
106. The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译
107. The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译
108. The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用
109. The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式
110. Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the D’Urbervilles 哈代和他的《苔丝》
111. Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology) 论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法
112. Translation Techniques of Idioms and Slangs 成语、俚语的翻译技巧
113. Translation Techniques of Proverbs, Loanwords and Colloquialisms 谚语、外来语和俗语的翻译技巧
一、语言学（语言学一般理论的研究）。二、英美文学（英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等）。三、翻译学（翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等）。四、英美文化（英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究）。五、教学法（英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究）。英语专业论文参考选题1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析。2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评。3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论。4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the Wes t and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较。5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索。
英文论文写作也是先做出摘要引言，然后提出一些理论，最后通过一定的论点查找到问题，解决问题的一个过程，提出问题是依据现状来说，解决问题需要解决你提出的问题，这是论文的一个核心，在致谢方面，需要特别注重一下就行了，那么英文论文中研究方法有哪些？下面我们就为大家介绍一下。一、英文论文中研究方法有哪些？外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法（一）定性方法 （Qualitative approach）定性研究的基本情况：1. 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框；2. 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象，让一切事情让本来的规律去发生，发展，研究者不加控制和干扰；3. 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动；4. 在一般性的调查之后，可以进行深入的个案调查 （case study）； 5. 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法，最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律（即提出假设或结论） .英文论文（二）定量方法 （Quantitative approach）通过一连串的数字，表格，图标来说明问题，如《广告语言中的语用预设》 ,陈新仁 ,1998分类：统计方法 （statistical method） :人口普查实验方法 （experimental method） :交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况：1.定量法通常是从假设出发，事先有个看法；2.定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的；3.定量强调研究的客观性，远离数据，远离当事人，是局外人的视角；4.所得数据信度高，具有可重复性；5.所得结论具有普遍性。（三）定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1. 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验；2. 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为；3. 了解就是移情；4. 依赖定性数据。1. 强调用实验方法来获取数据；2. 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系；3. 了解要保持距离；4. 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1. 从部分到整体；2. 整体观；3. 面向内部结构；4. 了解过程；5. 假设一种动态现时。1. 从整体到部分；2. 成分观；3. 面向外部结构；4. 了解结果；5. 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1. 以观察材料为出发点；2. 事先没有形成看法；3. 探索性的，扩展性的，描述性的；4. 可以生成假设；5. 成果，描述或假设。1. 以假设为出发点；2. 事先进行预示；3. 简约性的，推断性的，验证性的；4. 假设检验；5. 成果，理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1. 观察面广，但较分散；2. 变量不加控制，有利于了解变量的复杂关系，但也容易顾此失彼；3. 注意内容，但容易忽视形式；4. 主观，但解释力强；（四）定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1.观察 （observation）： participant and non-participant observation; not knowing what is not known and structured observation 访谈 （interview）： open, structured and semi-open interview2. 笔记和日记 （log）： detail is everything; chronological order3. 录音和录像4 . 口 头 自 陈 （verbal reporting）： 边 想 边 说 （think aloud）， 内 省 （introspection） , 回 忆（retrospection）5. 问卷 （questionnaire）： open, closed and semi-closed（五）实验研究真正的实验研究：研究者对自变量的控制；对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 （quasi-experimental research） 和 前 实 验 研 究（pre-experimental research） 准实验研究交际法比传统的翻译法好Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好Subjects: 两组（班）学生，各种条件（年龄，性别等）都是等值的，尤其是成绩也差不多。Instruments : Procedure: 前测，分别教学一段时间，后测Results and discussion
四大名著的毕业论文是最好写的，因为角度很多，视角也不少。比较麻烦的就是因为研究的人多，论文也多，要经过原创性检测的时候很麻烦。所以建议你只看名著，对于自己喜欢、疑惑或者和你擅长领域相关的东西着手，写论文，不要去搜别人的论文。
从《西游记》透视官场百态 毕业论文对很多没写过论文的同学来说，可是件难事。下面为大家收集了一篇从《西游记》透视官场百态-论文范文，供大家参考。 【摘要】《西游记》不但是一部神魔小说，更是一部官场小说。然而，把它作为官场小说来研究的较之甚少。本文试就把《西游记》作为一部官场小说来论述，描写出了封建官场的虚伪与罪恶，以及统治阶级的残暴与冷酷。 【关键词】西游记 官场 百态 前 言 熟读《西游记》之后，从原本的对僧徒四人以及众仙、妖的爱憎中超脱出来，隐约看到了它的另外一个牵着全文的脉络，那就是“官场”两字。 对《西游记》的研究，自从它问世以来就从未间断过，特别是对书中人物的研究，如对孙悟空、猪八戒、唐僧甚至是对各个神仙菩萨的研究，可谓是众说纷纭，百花齐放，百家争鸣。也有的专家学者说《西游记》其实就是一部官场小说，之前我总是将信将疑，好端端的一部神魔小说，凭什么要硬生生地和官场扯上关系呢!偶尔浏览的几个专家的观点也觉得未免有点牵强附会。可是，当自己真正以研究的眼光来审视时，以超脱普通的爱憎情感来重新细读《西游记》之后，隐隐约约中，也看出来书中所描绘的僧徒与神妖之间的关系确乎道出了官场之百态。 自古以来，官场，就是一个让人感到神秘邪乎而又敬畏的地方，里面总是有很多的故事和丰富的内容。同样，《西游记》也是如此，书中描写的神灵妖魔，与封建社会的愚昧迷信思想以及“家天下”的封建官场制度结合在一起，让人感到神秘邪乎，而且畏惧。 然而，官场到底是一个什么样子的? 曾经看到一本书中这样描述官场：官场没有裁判，谁叫得最响，谁就是歌唱家;谁先到达终点，谁就是冠军。然而，叫得最响的，未必是唱得最好的;得了冠军的，未必是跑得最快的。官场永远只有结果，没有过程，不分春夏秋冬①。 这段关于对“官场”的定义，可谓是一针见血地说出了官场的本质。我曾经看过许多官场小说，里面都是赤裸裸地描述权钱、权色交易以及勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的没有硝烟的战争。而《西游记》中的官场，却写得相当隐晦，在封建官僚的高压下，作者高明地把抨击封建官场制度转化为神魔之间的斗争，今人读《西游记》，只有通过透视，才能看出其中描写的官场百态。 作者是高明的，他的《西游记》里面的人物关系很简单，不外乎是去西天取经的唐僧师徒四人与众多神仙、鬼怪之间的关系，文章的情节脉络也很清晰，就是写师徒四人如何历尽九九八十一难，最终取得真经的故事。可就是在这如此简单的故事情节中，却透视出了另一种文化——官场文化。 官场是错综复杂的，百态横生。从《西游记》里我们可以看到封建官场中一些常见的现象：官员之间互相踢皮球与官官相护、贿赂与腐朽丛生、凡事都讲究后台靠山、关系网复杂以及官场中的怀恨报复等。 注：①选自张耀南、李柏光、肖伟中 编著的《官场文化》 中国经济出版社1995年版 第1页 一、踢皮球与官官相护 在《西游记》中，唐僧师徒的取经路上有时候碰到的妖怪太过邪乎，凭己之力无法降服，只好上天请道行更高的神仙帮忙。在请求援助的过程中，我们便有机会看到神仙们的另外一番面目：不是互相踢皮球就是互相包庇。这种处事的态度与方法，我们现在俗称为关系学，是官场上的一种关系学。有人这样给“关系”一个说法：看不透人情世故，做什么都不灵;深谙关系之道，方能处处游刃有余。 且看《西游记》书中这样的一个例子： 那人(乌鸡国王的魂灵)道：“他的神通广大，官吏情熟，都城隍常与他会酒，海龙王尽与他有亲，东岳天齐是他的好朋友，十代阎罗是他的异兄弟。因此这般，我也无门投告。”三藏道：“陛下，你阴司里既没本事告他，却来我阳世间作甚?”那人道：“师父啊，……夜游神……着我来拜谒师父。他说你手下有一个大徒弟，是齐天大圣，极能斩怪降魔。今来志心拜恳，千乞到我国中，拿住妖魔，辨明邪正，朕当结草衔环，报酬师恩也!”(节选自《西游记》第三十七回) 从下划线的语句中我们可以看出，在神界的政治关系，和人世间的政治关系是一样的，打官司，讲得是亲戚朋友的关系，自古衙门一个口，有理没钱莫进来，有钱没关系也免谈!官与官结亲，官与官是友，那些地位低下、没有人事的人要打官司，要想扳倒地位比自己高的人，谈何容易!只有两个字：没门! 这种情况不但在神界鬼界，人间照样也存在。在封建社会，一个人一旦进入了官场，就会千方百计地去结识比自己官大的、地位高的人，并与之或称兄道弟，或沾亲染故，总会绞尽脑汁地攀上点关系，为自己的仕途铺好路子，甚至是一旦自己出了问题，上面也好有人担保庇护。这种现象，即为“官官相护”。平民百姓以及那些小官们被这些人侵害，莫想讨回公道，也无从告起，只能是忍气吞声，含冤饮泣。再看衡阳峪黑水河神的遭遇，讲的就是这种现象： 只见那下湾里走出一个老人，远远的跪下叫：“大圣，黑水河河神叩头。”行者道：“你莫是那棹船的妖邪，又来我么?”那老人磕头滴泪道：“大圣，我不是妖邪，我是这河内真神。那妖精旧年五月间，从西洋海趁大潮来于此处，就与小神交斗。奈我年迈身衰，敌他不过，把我坐的那衡阳峪黑水河神府，就占夺去住了，又伤了我许多水族。我却没奈何，径往海内告他。原来西海龙王是他的母舅，不准我的状子，教我让与他住。我欲启奏上天，奈何神微职小，不能得见玉帝。今闻得大圣到此，特来参拜投生，万望大圣与我出力报冤!”(节选自《西游记》第四十三回) 对于那些饱受欺凌的弱势群体来说，如上面划线的语句，黑水河神伸冤无门，自身又无力报仇，结果往往是会寻找另一条出路：找个英雄替自己出气。于是乎，孙大圣便成为他伸冤昭雪的一根救命稻草，一个可以寄托的希望。在封建社会，这种打抱不平的事常有发生，源头就是为官者的踢皮球或官官相护，不能为民排忧解难，使得生活在底层的人民的利益受到侵害，冤屈难申，只好另谋出路。英雄也就应运而生。正所谓官逼着民反，为官者不作为，只顾一己之私，弄得百姓怨声载道。 《西游记》中，这样的例子不胜枚举。从官场的本质上来讲，这种踢皮球或官官相护其实就是为了保护自己的既得利益，又不得罪于人，摆出一副“事不关己高高挂起”的态度，不想因为一点在他们看来是鸡毛蒜皮的事而影响自己的前程，所以明哲保身。我们再看书中这样一段情节： 如来听说，将慧眼遥观，早已知识，对行者道：“那怪物我虽知之，但不可与你说。你这猴儿口敞，一传道是我说他，他就不与你斗，定要嚷上灵山，反遗祸于我也。我这里着法力助你擒他去罢。”(节选自《西游记》第五十二回) 如来明明知道青牛是什么妖怪，与何人有关，可是他就偏偏不点破，只叫孙悟空去找太上老君。如此看来，这个如来佛祖的城府是何等的深!他深谙官场中的人际关系学，懂得领导之间要“官官相护”，不要互相拆台，更是不超越彼此的管辖范围，“解铃还须系铃人”，要清理门户也不需要由他来强出头，况且说不定人家是“故意”放青牛下界去考验唐僧师徒来着，何必为这事去得罪于人呢! 其实这就是所谓的“踢皮球”现象了。一个“皮球”， 一个有点刺头的皮球，踢来踢去，谁也不接招，谁也不想也不敢接招，从哪里来的，踢回哪里去，甚至是踢给别人，迂回包抄，往来反复，就是得不出一个结果，白白耗费了时间和精力。上级安排任务踢皮球，下面出事情了踢皮球，同事之间在工作上、处理问题上踢皮球，谁也不想多干活，谁也不想自己吃亏让自己的利益受损，更不因为自己多做了事情出了风头结果招来人家的嫉恨报复，却又得不到上级的赞许和提拔。 二、“潜规则”原来是“显规则” 曾经有一位官员这样定义“潜规则”：“潜规则”是一种不讲原则、不讲法理、不分是非、上不了台面，但在一些社会生活领域却行得通、能管用的行事规则。 这句话说的很精辟，把潜规则的本质揭露了出来。在封建社会，要想在官场上混，要想混出个名堂，不懂得一些“道道儿”是行不通的，是迂腐的表现。“道道儿”就是潜规则，不需要别人点破，但一定是彼此间心知肚明，无师自通。 在《西游记》中，也有不少故事情节反映了“潜规则”的存在。不过，有这么一个情节是这样写的： 阿傩、伽叶引唐僧看遍经名，对唐僧道：“圣僧东土到此，有些甚么人事送我们?快拿出来，好传经与你去。三藏闻言道：“弟子玄奘，来路迢遥，不曾备得。”二尊者笑道：“好，好，好!白手传经继世，后人当饿死矣!”……行者嚷道：“如来!我师徒们受了万蜇千魔，千辛万苦，自东土拜到此处，蒙如来吩咐传经，被阿傩、伽叶掯财不遂，通同作弊，故意将无字的白纸本儿教我们拿去，我们拿他去何用!望如来敕治!”佛祖笑道：“你且休嚷，他两个问你要人事之情，我已知矣。但只是经不可轻传，亦不可以空取，向时众比丘圣僧下山，曾将此经在舍卫国赵长者家与他诵了一遍，保他家生者安全，亡者超脱，只讨得他三斗三升米粒黄金回来，我还说他们忒卖贱了，教后代儿孙没钱使用。你如今空手来取，是以传了白本。白本者，乃无字真经，倒也是好的。因你那东土众生，愚迷不悟，只可以此传之耳。”即叫：“阿傩、伽叶，快将有字的真经，每部中各检几卷与他，来此报数。” 二尊者复领四众，到珍楼宝阁之下，仍问唐僧要些人事。 三藏无物奉承，即命沙僧取出紫金钵盂，双手奉上道：“弟子委是穷寒路遥，不曾备得人事。这钵盂乃唐王亲手所赐，教弟子持此，沿路化斋。今特奉上，聊表寸心，万望尊者不鄙轻亵，将此收下，待回朝奏上唐王，定有厚谢。只是以有字真经赐下，庶不孤钦差之意，远涉之劳也。”那阿傩接了，但微微而笑。被那些管珍楼的力士，管香积的庖丁，看阁的尊者，你抹他脸，我扑他背，弹指的，扭唇的，一个个笑道：“不羞!不羞!需索取经的人事!”须臾把脸皮都羞皱了，只是拿着钵盂不放。 二尊者开口便把话说得很白，伸手向唐僧要人事。然而唐僧师徒欲取真经，沿途跋涉，一路化缘而来，亦不受人家的赠送，哪里会有什么“人事”相送?阿傩、伽叶见捞不到好处，便把无字经蒙师徒四人。后来事情暴露，仍是厚着脸皮讨要“人事”，嘴里还振振有词：“白手传经继世，后人当饿死”!说得多么理直气壮!就连如来也如是说：“经不可轻传，亦不可以空取，向时众比丘圣僧下山，曾将此经在舍卫国赵长者家与他诵了一遍，保他家生者安全，亡者超脱，只讨得他三斗三升米粒黄金回来，我还说他们忒卖贱了，教后代儿孙没钱使用。你如今空手来取，是以传了白本”。 如此看来，在如来佛祖那里取真经，是有规矩的，不过这规矩并不是“潜规则”，而是成了名正言顺的“显规则”了。没好处费就想来讨要东西，只能是白纸相送，还谎称“无字真经，倒也是好的”!由此我们可以看到什么呢，由此折射出的封建统治阶级蒙百姓的手段是多么的不要脸!伸手要贿赂，赤裸裸地刻画，绝妙的讽刺。 让“潜规则”变成“显规则”，导致社会风气败坏，是因为上梁不正下梁歪，领导的缘故也。 三、背景是保护伞 一个人在官场上混，混得如意不如意，前景能不能被看好，有没有出头，很大程度上得看这个人有没有背景，背景深不深，后台硬不硬。平步青云和原地踏步甚至是一落千丈肯定是有原因的，而这个原因，也得归功于“背景”二字。 我说“背景”是一个人在官场上混的保护伞，是因为背景既可以保前程，也可以保性命。有了好背景，前途一片光明，提拔有望;有了好背景，出了问题也可以弄个“保外就医”，就算丢职也能保命。 在《西游记》故事里，孙悟空跟随唐三藏上西天取经途中，数次遭遇邪乎的妖怪，不得已到天竺请如来帮忙解决。我们暂且来看这两次孙悟空上西天请如来降魔的情节： ⑴、孙悟空遭遇大鹏精，如来如是说：“但那三怪，说将起来，也是与我有些亲处……自那混沌分时，天开于子，地辟于丑，人生于寅，天地再交合，万物尽皆生。万物有走兽飞禽，走兽以麒麟为之长，飞禽以凤凰为之长。那凤凰又得交合之气，育生孔雀、大鹏。孔雀出世之时最恶，能吃人，四十五里路把人一口吸之。我在雪山顶上，修成丈六金身，早被他也把我吸下肚去。我欲从他便门而出，恐污真身，是我剖开他脊背，跨上灵山。欲伤他命，当被诸佛劝解，伤孔雀如伤我母，故此留他在灵山会上，封他做佛母孔雀大明王菩萨。大鹏与他是一母所生，故此有些亲处。”行者闻言笑道：“如来，若这般比论，你还是妖精的外甥哩。”如来道：“那怪须是我去，方可收得”……大鹏金翅雕开口对佛应声叫道：“如来，你怎么使大法力困住我也?”如来道：“你在此处多生孽障，跟我去，有进益之功。”妖精道：“你那里持斋把素，极贫极苦;我这里吃人肉，受用无穷!你若饿坏了我，你有罪愆。”如来道：“我管四大部洲，无数众生瞻仰，凡做好事，我教他先祭汝口。”(节选自《西游记》第七十七回) 我们来分析这个故事情节，大鹏金翅雕和如来有沾亲带故的渊源，所以即使这妖怪之前如何折磨欺侮唐僧师徒，仍然会得到赦免，得到法外开恩，甚至如来还说：“跟我去，有进益之功……我管四大部洲，无数众生瞻仰，凡做好事，我教他先祭汝口”。看看，这就是有背景的好处!犯了法，又如何?!! 我们再来看孙悟空另外一次请求如来帮忙的情节： ⑵、我佛合掌道：“观音尊者，你看那两个行者，谁是真假?”……我观假悟空乃六耳猕猴也。此猴若立一处，能知千里外之事，凡人说话，亦能知之，故此善聆音，能察理，知前后，万物皆明。与真悟空同象同音者，六耳猕猴也。”那猕猴闻得如来说出他的本象，胆战心惊，急纵身，跳起来就走。如来见他走时，即令大众下手，早有四菩萨、八金刚、五百阿罗、三千揭谛、比丘僧、比丘尼、优婆塞、优婆夷、观音、木叉，一齐围绕。孙大圣也要上前，如来道：“悟空休动手，待我与你擒他。”那猕猴毛骨悚然，料着难脱，即忙摇身一变，变作个蜜蜂儿，往上便飞。如来将金钵盂撇起去，正盖着那蜂儿，落下来。大众不知，以为走了，如来笑云：“大众休言，妖精未走，见在我这钵盂之下。”大众一发上前，把钵盂揭起，果然见了本象，是一个六耳猕猴。孙大圣忍不住，轮起铁棒，劈头一下打死，至今绝此一种。如来不忍，道声：“善哉!善哉!”大圣道：“如来不该慈悯他，他打伤我师父，抢夺我包袱，依律问他个得财伤人，白昼抢夺，也该个斩罪哩!”如来道：“你自快去保护唐僧来此求经罢。”(节选自《西游记》第五十八回) 从这段话中我们可以了解到，六耳猕猴死于孙悟空的金箍棒下。同样是妖怪，同样是孙悟空对付不了而求救于如来，可是为什么六耳猕猴的命运和大鹏金翅雕的命运竟如此不同?一个犯了罪不但能够赦免，还能够“有进益之功，可以先祭汝口”;而另一个犯了罪，却只能就地正法，毫不足惜。 出现这两种截然相反的结果，就是有无背景的缘故。一个是如来的娘舅，一个是不入类的化外之猴，其命运当然会不同!大鹏金翅雕作难，如来是好言劝慰，许下诺言;而六耳猕猴作难呢，如来先是明知故问地询问观音谁真谁假，继而恼羞成怒地下令大伙动手，待妖精被悟空打死时，又假惺惺地不忍道：“善哉善哉!”面对这两种结果，旁人作何感想呢?就连孙悟空如此叛逆，也不多言语，返身继续保唐僧去了。 如来佛祖是西天的最高统治者，法力无边。他所说的话就是圣旨，所作出的`决定人人都必须服从，心不服也得口服，没人敢反抗。这就是权力的好处，权力可以使一个人欲望膨胀，为所欲为。如来想赦免谁想打死谁，就在于他的一张嘴。正事有这等利害关系，谁不想拼了命和他结交攀关系呢!有了如来作背景做靠山，即使下界为妖害人，也不是不可以的。 神界犹如此，人间何以堪! 四、关于山神土地与妖怪 那行者打了一会，打出一伙穷神来，都披一片，挂一片，裩无裆，裤无口的，跪在山前，叫：“大圣，山神土地来见……那洞里有一个魔王，神通广大，常常的把我们山神土地拿了去，烧火顶门，黑夜与他提铃喝号。小妖儿又讨甚么常例钱……把我们头也摩光了，弄得我们少香没纸，血食全无，一个个衣不充身，食不充口……”行者道：“汝等乃是阴鬼之仙，有何钱钞?”众神道：“正是没钱与他，只得捉几个山獐野鹿，早晚间打点群精;若是没物相送，就要来拆庙宇，剥衣裳，搅得我等不得安生!万望大圣与我等剿除此怪，拯救山上生灵。”(节选自《西游记》第四十回) 山神土地本是一方管理治安的官员，可是在《西游记》里，往往有这样一种情况：一旦一座山头有了妖魔入住，那这里的山神土地就一个个变得畏畏缩缩，不要说管治抵抗，就连上告的勇气都没有了，甚至是任由妖魔欺凌宰割，天天忍气吞声，颜面扫地，只一味地企盼有人来搭救。如上面材料中的山神土地，被红孩儿百般ling辱，连一点反抗的勇气都没有了。虽说自身的力量不足与红孩儿抵抗，可是也不懂上天入地寻求帮助，只是愚昧地等待有人搭救。好不容易来了个孙悟空，便把全部的希望寄托在他身上了。 在我看来，作者在书中反复多次地安排这样的情节是有深意的。山神土地就好似人间的地方官员，妖魔鬼怪就犹如地方上的黑恶势力。有多少的地方官打黑除恶不力，不但没法保境安民，连自个儿也被那些黑恶势力的操纵了，任由恶魔为非作歹残害百姓。更有甚者，有些官员还助纣为虐，充当这些黑恶势力的保护伞，搞得乌烟瘴气，民怨沸腾。 当然，也有一些官员，不肯与黑恶势力同流合污，却没有办法治理这些害人毒瘤，采取听之任之，睁一只眼闭一只眼，任由黑道横行，天天只盼望上级会派人来处理，而不是自己积极主动地寻找办法解决。这样的态度，虽不似那些与之同流合污为虎作伥的官员，但这种“不作为”的为官态度照样也没法使百姓安居乐业。 五、你犯我一尺，我犯你一丈 唐僧师徒上西天取经目的是为了救助处于水深火热之中的南赡部洲的人民，是一种纯粹的义举。根据如来的说法，取经路上所有的妖怪，都是他们故意设置的，是为了考验唐僧师徒的取经的诚心，也为了凑足九九八十一难。然而，就是这样纯粹的义举，为了解救南瞻部洲的人民的动机，在我看来，却是一场政治，是一场赤裸裸的政治报复。 我们先来看下面这几个例子，就可以明白了： 行者道：“菩萨，这是你坐下的一个青毛狮子，却怎么走将来成精，你就不收服他?” 菩萨道：“悟空，他不曾走，他是佛旨差来的。”行者道：“这畜类成精，侵夺帝位，还奉佛旨差来。似老孙保唐僧受苦，就该领几道敕书!”菩萨道：“你不知道;当初这乌鸡国王，好善斋僧，佛差我来度他归西，早证金身罗汉。因是不可原身相见，变做一种凡僧，问他化些斋供。被吾几句言语相难，他不识我是个好人，把我一条绳捆了，送在那御水河中，浸了我三日三夜。多亏六甲金身救我归西，奏与如来、如来将此怪令到此处推他下井，浸他三年，以报吾三日水灾之恨。一饮一啄，莫非前定。今得汝等来此，成了功绩。”行者道：“你虽报了甚么一饮一啄的私仇，但那怪物不知害了多少人也”。(选自《西游记》第三十九回) 菩萨由于一己之仇，便要教一国之民受苦难。俗言一人做事一人当，乌鸡国王将菩萨浸入河水，理应由国王一人承担此罪过，可是，我佛慈悲，却教妖怪篡了国王的位，霸占了他的后宫，害了不知多少百姓!更有甚者，有天竺国凤仙郡一案： 玉帝道：“那厮三年前十二月二十五日，朕出行监观万天，浮游三界，驾至他方，见那上官正不仁，将斋天素供，推倒喂狗，口出秽言，造有冒犯之罪，朕即立以三事，在于披香殿内。汝等引孙悟空去看，若三事倒断，即降旨与他;如不倒断，且休管闲事。”(节选自《西游记》第八十七回) 玉帝因凤仙郡侯三年前的一次过失，触犯天颜，惩罚凤仙郡三年不下一滴雨，结果呢?受苦的当然是黎民百姓，使得当地“连年亢旱，累岁干荒，民田菑而军地薄，河道浅而沟浍空。井中无水，泉底无津。富室聊以全生，穷民难以活命。斗粟百金之价，束薪五两之资。十岁女易米三升，五岁男随人带去。城中惧法，典衣当物以存身;乡下欺公，打劫吃人而顾命”。 百姓有何罪?因为皇帝郡侯的过失，却要老百姓来承担痛苦，天理何在?就是这样残害百姓的作为，却还要美其名曰“考验唐僧师徒的九九八十一难”，考验固然需要，却为何要搭上黎民百姓的身家性命?其实不然，考验是假，报复是真。考验只是一个借口，报复一己之仇方才是目的。官场险恶，为了达到目的而玩弄手段权术，不惜牺牲他人的利益。此乃“权”之过也。 欲加之罪，何患无辞。领导要惩治下属，总会找出一些冠冕堂皇的理由来，即使是莫须有罪名。在封建社会，官场上尔虞我诈的事多了，统治者往往凭着自己的喜好来处罚下属，完全没有法理可言，就像上面例子中的玉帝、菩萨，为了报私仇，便纵容自己的爪牙胡作非为，报的私仇之快，也陷百姓于苦难之中。 六、尾声 《西游记》是一部神魔小说，也是一部官场小说。冷眼看书中各色人物的乖张举止，影射的是封建官场的险恶，人世的炎凉，社会的腐朽。小说运用象征主义以及暗喻的手法，讽刺了为官者的虚伪与冷酷，口口声声说是救民於水火之中，仔细分析开来，却是为了一己的利益，才无故生端些是非出来而已。所以说，在官场上，神亦是鬼怪，鬼怪也可以是神。 一部《西游记》，道出了官场之百态。 参考文献： [1] 张耀南、李柏光、肖伟中等。 《官场文化》北京：中国经济出版社1995年版 [2] 陆 钦。名家解读《西游记》 山东：山东人民出版社1998年版 ;
你这篇中国知网也好，万方数据也好都有例子！甚至百度文库都有！==================论文写作方法===========================论文网上没有免费的，与其花人民币，还不如自己写，万一碰到人的，就不上算了。写作论文的简单方法，首先大概确定自己的选题，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章，通读一遍，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！参照论文的格式，列出提纲，补充内容，实在不会，把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了,祝你顺利完成论文!
在神秘数字“四”的崇拜历史上，“四民”意识具有强大的生命力和渗透力。《西游记》的角色构成照顾到了以“四民”为主体的社会各个阶层，正如清人张书绅在《新说西游记总论》中所指出的：“士农工商、三教九流、诸子百家，无非一部《西游记》也。以一人读之，则是一人为一部《西游记》；以士农工商、三教九流、诸子百家各自读之，各自有一部《西游记》。”[5]这里从读者的角度说明了社会各阶层均能从《西游记》中感受到自身角色扮演的存在。唐僧师徒“四众”身份复杂，他们基本上是“半路出家的和尚”，一方面要扮演持规受戒的和尚角色，另一方面又在角色行为上流露出强烈的士农工商“四民”意识。众所周知，唐僧作为很有资历的和尚，其行为举止和言语规范虽然是佛教徒式的，但又无时无刻不在热衷于“士”角色的扮演，张锦池先生曾经指出：“唐僧对李世民的感恩情结，是种‘士为知己者死’，属士大夫的文化心态。”[6]在取经路上，他不时地流露出文士的雅兴。据统计，整部《西游记》共九次写到他吟诗，其中第六十四回写他在荆棘岭木仙庵与树妖木精和诗，显出了诗人气质。更值得注意的是，这一角色还发挥着“以文制武”的文化功能。在我们的文化中，《晏子春秋·内篇·谏下》中的“二桃杀三士”最先投下了以文制武的悲剧阴影。宋代统治者一开始就通过“杯酒释兵权”的谋略来限制武将的权利，形成了以文臣节制武将的统治氛围。直到明代，依然表现出“帝国政府重文轻武的风气”[7]。这就是武艺高强的孙悟空等三个高徒之所以依附于近乎窝囊的唐僧的文化背景。正是唐僧这种文弱士子角色扮演导致的许多不必要的麻烦才使得整部《西游记》经常处在险象迭生的摇曳叙事中。猪八戒，这个被通天河和平顶山上的妖精称为“半路上出家的和尚”，其角色扮演的确打上了世俗社会“农”这一阶层人物精神气质的烙印。在《西游记》中，猪八戒虽然最先是以一个妖精的身份出场的，然而这妖精却与众不同，他是高老庄高老的上门女婿，高老对他的评价是：“一进门时，倒也勤谨：耕地耙地，不用牛具；收割田禾，不用刀杖。昏去明来，其实也好。只是一件，有些会变嘴脸。”而猪八戒也对孙悟空变的假高翠莲说：“我得到了你家，虽是吃了些茶饭，却也不曾白吃你的。我也替你家扫地通沟，搬砖运瓦，筑土打墙，耕田耙地，种麦插秧，创家立业。”这样，作者就把猪八戒写得颇像个农夫了。连他用的九齿钉钯那件兵器，也非常像件用来平整土地、施肥倒粪的农具。在取经路上，猪八戒经常因“恋家”而受到来自各方面、特别是孙悟空的嘲笑和戏弄。猪八戒作为“农”角色亮相于江湖舞台，不亚于“刘姥姥进大观园”，其尴尬样和滑稽相是可想而知的。作者正是抓住了这种不和谐做尽了妙趣横生的文章。取经路上的孙悟空尽管在总体上自始至终扮演着豪侠角色，但是他的言语经常流露出商人的口气，他经常把“生意”、“买卖”等商人使用频率最高的词语挂在嘴上，如小说写他初次见到猪八戒就暗笑道：“原来是这个买卖。”后来，小说不只一次地写他遇到强盗，心中总是暗笑道：“造化！造化！买卖上门了！”第三十七回写他遇到妖怪，又说：“照顾老孙一场生意。”第八十三回写他在与李天王打官司时，也声称：“老孙的买卖，原是这等做，一定先输后赢。”将商人的生意经都搬弄出来了。另外，孙悟空还善于从事物品交换，第三十四回写他机关算尽地用自身毫毛变的假葫芦来换取精细鬼、伶俐虫的两件宝贝。这种交换尽管带有欺诈性质，但是为了正义的事业，孙悟空还是懂得让贪便宜者吃亏这一经营之道的。况且，从为争名分大闹天宫白手起家，到被压到五行山下功亏一篑，孙大圣的角色扮演既显示了以工商业者为代表的市民阶层渴望民主、公平的强烈愿望，又表明他们试图打破固有封建秩序的艰难。孙悟空最终加入取经队伍，走上了取经的道路隐喻着商人阶层若想在封建社会里实现自我价值，最好的出路就是倚傍文士去建功立业。总之，在孙悟空身上，我们多多少少地能够嗅到一种商营者角色扮演的味道。“工”本来在“四民”中就显得默默无闻，他们在社会上只有埋头苦干的份儿，沙僧不正是这类角色的写照吗？在《西游记杂剧》中，沙僧被贬下界的流沙河，从事着“推沙受罪”的职业，这理应就是“工”者要干的苦差事。《西游记》写他自吹自己的法宝降妖杖是“鲁班制造工夫盖”，这就使之与工匠的祖师爷鲁班建立了某种特殊关系。总之，作者在组建“四众”这支取经队伍时是兼顾到古代社会“四民”各阶层的情况的。三、“四角”定制与取经队伍的巧妙搭配就审美结构而言，对《西游记》取经队伍“四众”构成具有决定影响的是中国古代戏剧以及说书等传统曲艺文学经久探索所形成的四大角色定制。“西游”故事虽然与其他章回小说一样都曾经经过了戏曲艺术表现阶段，但“三国”故事与“水浒”故事都是以个别片段的形式上演的，而“西游”故事则是整部被编写到戏剧文本中的，它有利于角色设计的通盘考虑。这样，戏剧家的“四大角色”设计经验必然影响到了《西游记》取经队伍的人员组成。也就是说，《西游记》里的“四众”形象具有鲜明的角色特征，他们纷纷以某种力学结构模式显示出特殊的审美张力，令人百读而难以释卷。中国古代戏剧的角色构成经过大浪淘沙逐渐形成了按人物的性别、年龄、身份、性格等特点而分出的不同类型，这在元杂剧中被固定为“末、旦、净、杂”四大角色，在明清传奇戏以及后来的京剧中又演化为分工更加精细的“生、旦、净、丑”。面对复杂的社会人生，四大角色的设置，以不变应万变，在正、邪、内、外几种力量的组合碰撞，在男、女、庄重、滑稽诸种角色扮演中，产生了无数动人的故事。这种角色模式是人们根据丰富的审美经验经过万道工序提炼的。《西游记杂剧》作为现存惟一完整的“西游”杂剧，虽然在角色安排上没有明确给师徒四众挂上“旦、末、净、杂”的大牌，以至于使我们无从确认作者赋予人物的角色性质。但是，作为一部戏剧著作，各个戏剧角色所负载的功能还是很清楚的。《西游记杂剧》等戏剧的这种叙事力学结构必然渗透到小说《西游记》的角色设计之中，由此产生出未必是与“旦、末、净、杂”四大角色一一对应的人物形象系列组合，“四众”取经队伍的配备便应运而生。黄周星在《西游记》第八回附录的“回后评”中指出：从来戏场中，必有生、旦、净、丑。试以此书相提而论，以人物，则唐僧乃正生也，心猿当作大净，八戒当作丑，沙僧当作末；若以道理言，悟道者全凭此心为主，则心猿之大净，未尝不可为正生。唐僧慈善温柔，宛如妇人女子，则正生又未尝不可为老旦。”[3](P99)经过这番分析，我们可以从中充分感受到一种“戏”的味道，角色之间的相互牵制和冲突，特别是正统英雄悟空（相当于扮演正气凛然武士的大净）和喜剧英雄八戒（相当于扮演花脸的丑）之间的互动性冲突，构成了整部小说充满“戏”味的基础。于是，“四众”角色设计的张力就通过人们对“生、旦、净、丑”四大角色叙事功能的联想而充分展现出来了。同时，西游故事曾经以说书艺术的形式流传，作为《西游记》主要蓝本的《西游记平话》应当是这种说书艺术的最佳文本。从《西游记》中，我们隐隐约约感受到评书艺术“四梁八柱”角色设置经验的遗存。换句话说，说书艺术中的“四梁八柱”经验为师徒四众的“编制”设置再次提供了审美的基本构架。“四梁八柱”本来是建筑学上的用语，指的是中国传统建筑的基本构造，这种构造为当年气派高雅的“四合院”整体建筑的稳固提供了保障。人们在总结评书艺术经验时，将“四梁八柱”这一术语引入。所谓的“四梁”，即指“书根、书领、书胆、书筋”，是故事的主要角色，“八柱”是陪衬、保梁的次要人物[8]。“书根”通常是一部书赖以把社会背景、历史使命体现出来的人物，应菩萨之约、奉唐王之命前往西天取经的唐僧基本上起到了这一作用。有裨世道人心是唐僧作为“书根”出现的主要叙事功能，这一形象的意义在于教化，他可以满足听众和读者的道德和情感需要。从生理上看，唐僧身上充满了种种诱惑：由于吃了他的肉可以长生不老，恶魔们纷纷在取经路上拭目以待，随时挑起事端；由于他有男性的玉体美颜，女妖们也纷纷不顾廉耻地做好了截留的准备，一旦得手，就马上拉唐僧成亲，随时破坏取经大业。作者赋予唐僧这两方面的资质，从而使八十一难有了自圆其说的合理起因。就身份而言，“师父”的地位使之拥有家长式的最终决定权，他的一言一语似乎都体现了一种合乎常规的理念，都需要认真贯彻执行。别看他一路上满口都是圣经贤传之语，动辄念动咒语教训悟空，但这都是伦理社会长者角色扮演的风范。不过，唐僧良善的动机获得的却是代价惨重的恶果。在现实社会里，人们可能会对唐僧这样的“师父”望而生厌，但在艺术的天地里，假如唐僧明察秋毫，不是一位屡屡惹是生非的“师父”，西游故事也就不会波澜迭起。可见，唐僧作为“书根”的功能是非常强有力的。“书筋”就是情节和人物关系之间的针线人物，是使全书生色、跳动的角色，猪八戒就是这样一位充满喜剧色彩的艺术形象。相对于唐僧这一庄重严肃的角色而言，猪八戒生来就是一副滑稽相。他本是天上的天蓬元帅，因调戏嫦娥，被贬下界，却错投猪胎，长成猪头大耳；来到高老庄，又强娶良女为妻；被悟空降伏后还恋恋不舍，取经路上几次要打退堂鼓。离开高老庄的猪八戒，本来已经走上了“人间正道”，却又不时地触发怀旧之情；本来从此可以认真修身养性，却仍然贪吃、贪睡、好色，恶习不改。作者在对人性缺陷的尽情嘲弄中生发出许多有滋有味的话题，从而使读者在开心解颐、尽情欢笑中获得特殊的审美享受。就此而言，猪八戒作为“书筋”的功能发挥得淋漓尽致。“书领”是提领全书的统帅人物，那蹦蹦跳跳地冲锋在前的孙悟空堪当此角色。在《西游记》中，无处不可见孙悟空的身影，作为拥有“书领”性能的他，俨如当今电视剧中的领衔主演，每次从出场到收场都少不了他的份儿。妖魔找事，靠他处理；别人惹事，由他摆平——没有本领高强、智多见广的孙大圣，取经事业自然会寸步难行。可以说，西游故事的开合自如就寄托在这位发挥“书领”作用的猴行者身上。“书胆”乃是书中的正面形象，能够起到黏和人物的作用，这一角色自然责无旁贷地落到了沙僧头上。在《西游记》中，沙僧可以说既无大功也无大过，扮演着一个堂堂正正的“君子”角色。相对而言，虽然他本领略差，但没有他看护师父和行李，两位师兄就无法主动出击；没有他压阵，唐僧就少了几分安全感；没有他多次从中调和，取经队伍内部就可能出现更多的纠纷。一心要成就正果的沙僧办事稳重而细心，决不会顾此失彼。如第五十七回写他把被打昏的师父安排停当才去寻找肇事者。又如第九十八回写取回的经书散落尘埃，三个徒弟中惟沙僧发现书中“并无半点字迹”。沙和尚性格还有务实识俗的一面，他信奉的是：“不信直中直，须防人不人。”当孙行者与红孩儿怪论亲时，他引用俗语“三年不上门，当亲也不亲”提醒悟空不要轻举妄动。这说明，在取经队伍中，他并非是可有可无的冗员，而是能够发挥“书胆”功能的最佳人选。当然，“四梁八柱”之说绝非只是就单个角色在说书中的功能和效果而言的，实际上，它包容量极大，涵盖着各个角色之间正反、刚柔、主次、庄谐等错综复杂的互动关系，这进而使得《西游记》“师徒四众”的编制构成增添了更多的内在魅力。
都是象征的 手法。一个想象代表一种势力。。
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一、标题 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。 (一)总标题 总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有： ①揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。 ②提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，容易激起读者的注意。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。 ②交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注意，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中央和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。 ④用判断句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。 ⑤用形象化的语句。如《激励人心的管理体制》、《科技史上的曙光》、《普照之光的理论》等。 标题的样式还有多种，作者可以在实践中大胆创新。 (二)副标题和分标题 为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的，对总标题加以补充、解说，有的论文还可以加副标题。特别是一些商榷性的论文，一般都有一个副标题，如在总标题下方，添上“与××商榷”之类的副标题。 另外，为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面，也可以加副标题。如《如何看待现阶段劳动报酬的差别——也谈按劳分配中的资产阶级权利》、《开发蛋白质资源，提高蛋白质利用效率——探讨解决吃饭问题的一种发展战略》等。 设置分标题的主要目的是为了清晰地显示文章的层次。有的用文字，一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上；也有的用数码，仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序，起承上启下的作用。需要注意的是：无论采用哪种形式，都要紧扣所属层次的内容，以及上文与下文的联系紧密性。 对于标题的要求，概括起来有三点：一要明确。要能够揭示论题范围或论点，使人看了标题便知晓文章的大体轮廓、所论述的主要内容以及作者的写作意图，而不能似是而非，藏头露尾，与读者捉迷藏。二要简炼。．论文的标题不宜过长，过长了容易使人产生烦琐和累赘的感觉，得不到鲜明的印象，从而影响对文章的总体评价。标题也不能过于抽象、空洞，标题中不能采用非常用的或生造的词汇，以免使读者一见标题就如堕烟海，百思不得其解，待看完全文后才知标题的哗众取宠之意。三要新颖。标题和文章的内容、形式一样，应有自己的独特之处。做到既不标新立异，又不落案臼，使之引人入胜，赏心悦目，从而激起读者的阅读兴趣。 二、目录 一般说来，篇幅较长的毕业论文，都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文，因其内容的层次较多，整个理论体系较庞大、复杂，故通常设目录。 设置目录的目的主要是： 1．使读者能够在阅读该论文之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解，以便读者决定是读还是不读，是精读还是略读等。 2．为读者选读论文中的某个分论点时提供方便。长篇论文，除中心论点外，还有许多分论点。当读者需要进一步了解某个分论点时，就可以依靠目录而节省时间。 目录一般放置在论文正文的前面，因而是论文的导读图。要使目录真正起到导读图的作用，必须注意： 1．准确。目录必须与全文的纲目相一致。也就是说，本文的标题、分标题与目录存在着一一对应的关系。 2．清楚无误。目录应逐一标注该行目录在正文中的页码。标注页码必须清楚无误。 3．完整。目录既然是论文的导读图，因而必然要求具有完整性。也就是要求文章的各项内容，都应在目录中反映出来，不得遗漏。 目录有两种基本类型： 1．用文字表示的目录。 2．用数码表示的目录。这种目录较少见。但长篇大论，便于读者阅读，也有采用这种方式的。 三、内容提要 内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。 内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。 写作内容提要的目的在于： 1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。 2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，如果产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。 因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩罗嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。 内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。 报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。 指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。举例如下： ●市场经济条件下的政府，固然应服从上级规划部署的全局，但主要的着眼点应放在对下负责，对本地的经济发展，对本地的人民生活水平提高负责，这才是发展全局经济的前提，从而也自然在根本上符合对上负责。 ●变部门“齐抓共管”企业为共同服务于企业，应成为部门工作的主要重点。(摘自《政府在市场经济中 如何定位》一文的内容提要) 内容提要的写作要求可以概括为“全、精、简、实、活”。具体说来： 1．内容提要要求具有完整性。即不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容(或观点)遗漏。提要应写成一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用。 2．重点要突出。内容提要须突出论文的研究成果(或中心论点)和结论性意义的内容，其他各项可写得简明扼要。 3．文字要简炼。内容提要的写作必须字斟句酌，用精练、概括的语言表述，每项内容不宜展开论证说明。 4．陈述要客观。内容提要一般只写课题研究的客观情况，对工作过程、工作方法以及研究成果等，不宜作主观评价，也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。一项研究成果的价值，自有公论，大可不必自我宣扬。因而，实事求是也是写作内容提要的基本原则。 5．语言要生动。提要既要写得简明扼要，又要生动活泼，引人入胜，在词语润色、表达方法和章法结构上要尽可能体现文彩，以求唤起读者阅读正文的欲望。 四、正文 正文包括绪论、本论、结论三部分。这是毕业论文最重要的组成部分，其它章节有专门详细论述，这里不再重复。 五、参考文献 参考文献又叫参考书目，它是指作者在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考过的著作和报刊杂志，它应列在毕业论文的末尾。列出参考文献有三个好处：一是当作者本人发现引文有差错时，便于查找校正。二是可以使毕业论文答辩委员会的教师了解学生阅读资料的广度，作为审查毕业论文的一种参考依据。三是便于研究同类问题的读者查阅相关的观点和材料。 当然，论文所列的参考文献必须是主要的，与本论文密切相关的，对自己写成毕业论文起过重要参考作用的专著、论文及其它资料。不要轻重不分，开列过多。 列出的参考文献一般要写清书名或篇名、作者、出版者和出版年份。 参考资料：
旅游地名的翻译（汉译英、英译汉）旅游英语的语言特点中英旅游英语对比旅游英语的英语思维如何将教育思想用英语融入旅游中传播中国文化英语国家旅游者对中国名胜的理解方式
中英语作文《格列佛游记》读后感In English composition gulliver's travels the feeling after reading12月里，我读了英国作家乔纳森;斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》，小说以辛辣的讽刺与幽默、离奇的想象与夸张，描述了酷爱航海冒险的格列佛，四度周游世界，经历了大大小小惊险而有趣的奇遇。 12 months, I read the British writer Jonathan; Swift's gulliver's travels, novel by bitter ironies and humor, extraordinary imagination and exaggeration, describe the love sailing adventure, four degrees gulliver travel around the world, experienced greatly small breathtaking and interesting adventures.游记中小人国、大人国里光怪离奇的故事深深地吸引了我，然而给我印象最深的是，1710年格列佛泛舟北美，巧访了荒岛上的慧因国，结识了具有仁慈、诚实和友谊美德的慧因。在慧因国的语言中没有“撒谎”和“欺”这样的字眼，人们更不理解它的含义。他们不懂什么叫“怀疑”、什么是“不信任”，在他们的国度里一切都是真实的、透明的。Small and medium-sized people's kingdom, adult kingdom light blame extraordinary story deeply attracted me, however, give me the deepest impression is, 1710 in North America, rafting gulliver skillfully visit the island for the wisdom of, met with kindness, honesty and friendship for wisdom of virtue. Wisdom in the language of the kingdom for no "lying" and "deceit" this word, people don't understand the meaning of it more. They don't know what call "suspect", what is "no confidence" in their country, everything is true, transparent.格列佛在慧因国里度过了一段美好的时光，他完全融入这个社会，以致于与暗喻人类的耶胡交往时形成强烈的反差，因为他们总是以怀疑的眼光看待他的诚实，使他感到失落，对人类产生了极度的厌恶。 Because of the kingdom in the hui gulliver had a good time, and he fully integrated into the society, so that the human and metaphor and hu contact the formation of strong contrast, because they always with suspicion of his honesty, made him feel lost to humans, the extreme dislike.我很羡慕文中的主人公有幸能到慧因国，慧因国是我们所追求和向往的理想境地，在这里你不需顾虑别人说话的真假，而在现实的世界，有着太多我们不愿看到的事情常常发生：有人用花言巧语取别人的血汗钱、有人拐卖儿童谋取暴利、有人甚至为了金钱抛弃自己的亲身父母。难怪我们的老师、长辈从小就教育我们要提高警惕，不要上当。这与我们提倡的帮助他人、爱护他人是很难统一的。当我遇到有困难的人，要伸出援助之手时，我迟疑；当有人替我解围时，我不敢接受。这些都让我内心感到痛苦、矛盾，无所适从。既妨碍了我去“爱”别人，同时也错过了别人的“爱”，在难道不是一种悲哀吗？ I admire the hero could have to hui for the comet, because we are pursuing the kingdom of the ideal situation, and yearning in here you don't need to worry the true and false, and talking to people in the real world, with so much we do not like to see things are often happen: someone with other people's hard-earned money, diddle rhetoric was abducted children seek profits, some even for money leave his own parents. No wonder our teacher, elder since the childhood education we have to remain vigilant, don't be deceived. This and we advocate help others, love others is united very hard. When I met a person who has difficulty, to lend a helping hand, I hesitate to; When someone for me, I can't accept clearance. These make me feel pain, contradiction and disoriented. Both hampered I love others, also missed the others "love", in a sad isn't?我不知道十八世纪美国的辉格、托利两党缠绵悱恻、暧昧的关系，当然也就无从体会斯威夫特笔下的争论吃鸡蛋应先敲哪头、 鞋跟之高低等"原则"问题的"高跟党"与"低跟党"的妙处。 I don't know the eighteenth century America's case, the glory of the two parties exceedingly sentimental, ambiguity of relation, of course, there was no way swift's debate experience to eat eggs should be knocked the height of head, which heel "principles" problem "high follow the party" and "low with the party" beauty.我错怪斯威夫特了，我要有一颗宽容的心。而后来的斯威夫特也渐渐变得可以理解了，给我的感觉是他很正义。 I blamed swift, I want to have a tolerance of heart. And later swift also gradually become can understand, give my feeling is that he is justice.他讽刺地道出了当时英国的特点："贪婪、党争、伪善、无信、残暴、愤怒、疯狂、怨恨、嫉妒、淫欲、阴险和野心。"他挖苦地描述了人兽颠倒的怪诞现象：马成了理性的载体，而人则化作脏臭、屎尿横飞、贪婪刁难的下等动物耶胡。他大谈人的天性，就是心甘情愿被金钱所奴役，不是奢侈浪费就是贪得无厌。看完《格列佛游记》之后，我们不能不审视自己，我们身上有没有这些顽疾劣根的影子。 He was a real irony British features: "greed, the party is divided, hypocrisy, without faith, brutal, anger, crazy, resentment, jealousy, lust, sinister and ambition." He described the beast sarcastic man upside of paradox: MaCheng a rational carrier, but are into dirty rotten, excrement and urine to fly the popularity of an inferior animals and greed, hu jintao. His talk about human nature, is willing to be subjected to money, not extravagant waste is insatiable. Finish see gulliver's travels after, we have to look at themselves, we have a problem on the root shadow.有一句话，我认为评论得很经典：以夸张渲染时代的生气，藉荒唐痛斥时代的弊端；在厌恨和悲观背后，应是一种苦涩的忧世情怀。 A word, I think very classic: to review the angry, render times exaggerated by lashing out at the shortcomings of The Times; absurd In hatred and pessimistic, should be behind a bitter sorrow the feelings.没有想到在那些朴实得如同流水账的大白话游记中竟蕴含着这么深邃的内涵。 Didn't think in those simple as the DaBaiHua travel stories have day-books contain so deep connotation.我期盼着有一天我们的社会也像慧因国，孩子们的眼中不再有疑虑，教育与现实是统一的。我愿为此付出努力，也希望大家与我一道，从自己做起，从现在开始做起，让这个社会多一点真诚、少一点虚伪。I hope one day we society also like hui for the children's eyes no longer have suspicions, education and reality is unified. I wish to pay the effort, also hope you and I together, from ourselves, to start from now, let the society more sincere, a bit less hypocrisy.
范文："Gulliver's travels" not only has a profound ideological content, but also has a perfect art form. Swift's art has many places worth learning, first of all, the fiction and fantasy technique using Swift describes when British reality.
He is also based on the British reality to create a rich and colorful, the fairy tale fantasy world, Swift's fantasy and reality is harmonious and unified.
Gregory Buddha in Lilliput, Brobdingnag, flying Island, encountering the each are not identical, but are arranged to be perfectly logical and reasonable, no flaw.
翻译：《格列佛游记》不仅具有深刻的思想内涵，而且具有完美的艺术形式。斯威夫特的艺术有很多值得学习的地方。首先，斯威夫特在描写英国现实时运用的小说和幻想手法，他也根据英国现实创造了一个丰富多彩的童话幻想世界。
斯威夫特的幻想和现实是和谐统一的，格里高利佛在小人国、布罗丁纳格、飞岛、，遇到的每一个都不尽相同，但都被安排得十分合乎逻辑、合理，没有瑕疵。
英语翻译技巧：
1、省略翻译法
这与最开始提到的增译法相反，就是要求你把不符合汉语，或者英语的表达的方式、思维的习惯或者语言的习惯的部分删去，以免使所翻译出的句子沉杂累赘。
2、合并法
合并翻译法就是把多个短句子或者简单句合并到一起，形成一个复合句或者说复杂句，多出现在汉译英的题目里出现，比如最后会翻译成定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等等。
one of the most interesting questions about gullivers travels is whether the houyhnhnms represent an ideal of rationality or whether on the other hand they are the butt of swift's satire. in other words, in book iv, is swift poking fun at the talking horses or does he intend for us to take them seriously as the proper way to act? if we look closely at the way that the houyhnhnms act, we can see that in fact swift does not take them seriously: he uses them to show the dangers of pride.
first we have to see that swift does not even take gullver seriously. for instance, his name sounds much like gullible, which suggests that he will believe anything. also, when he first sees the yahoos and they throw excrement on him, he responds by doing the same in return until they run away. he says, "i must needs discover some more rational being," even though as a human he is already the most rational being there is. this is why swift refers to erasmus darwins discovery of the origin of the species and the voyage of the beagle-to show how gulliver knows that people are at the top of the food chain. but if lemule gulliver is satirized, so are the houyhnhnms, whose voices sound like the call of castrati. they walk on two legs instead of four, and seem to be much like people. as gulliver says, "it was with the utmost astonishment that i witnessed these creatures playing the flute and dancing a vienese waltz. to my mind, they seemed like the greatest humans ever seen in court, even more dextrous than the lord edmund burke" . as this quote demonstrates, gulliver is terribly impressed, but his admiration for the houyhnhnms is short-lived because they are so prideful. for instance, the leader of the houyhnhnms claims that he has read all the works of charles dickens, and that he can singlehandedly recite the names of all the kings and queens of england up to george ii. swift subtly shows that this houyhnhnms pride is misplaced when, in the middle of the intellectual competition, he forgets the name of queen elizabeths husband.
swifts satire of the houyhnhnms comes out in other ways as well. one of the most memorable scenes is when the dapple grey mare attempts to woo the horse that guenivre has brought with him to the island. first she acts flirtatiously, parading around the bewildered horse. but when this does not have the desired effect, she gets another idea: "as i watched in amazement from my perch in the top of a tree, the sorrel nag dashed off and returned with a yahoo on her back who was yet more monstrous than mr. pope being fitted by a clothier. she dropped this creature before my nag as if offering up a sacrifice. my horse sniffed the creature and turned away." it might seem that we should take this scene seriously as a failed attempt at courtship, and that consequently we should see the grey mare as an unrequited lover. but it makes more sense if we see that swift is being satiric here: it is the female houyhnhnm who makes the move, which would not have happened in eighteenth-century england. the houyhnhm is being prideful, and it is that pride that makes him unable to impress gullivers horse. gulliver imagines the horse saying, sblood, the notion of creating the bare backed beast with an animal who had held mr. pope on her back makes me queezy .
a final indication that the houyhnmns are not meant to be taken seriously occurs when the leader of the houynhms visits lilliput, where he visits the french royal society. he goes into a room in which a scientist is trying to turn wine into water (itself a prideful act that refers to the marriage at gallilee). the scientist has been working hard at the experiment for many years without success, when the houyhnmn arrives and immediately knows that to do: "the creature no sooner stepped through the doorway than he struck upon a plan. slurping up all the wine in sight, he quickly made water in a bucket that sat near the door" .
he has accomplished the scientists goal, but the scientist is not happy, for his livelihood has now been destroyed. swifts clear implication is that even though the houyhnhmns are smart, they do not know how to use that knowledge for the benefit of society, only for their own prideful agrandizement.
throughout gullivers travels, the houyhnhms are shown to be an ideal gone wrong. though their intent might have been good, they don't know how to do what they want to do because they are filled with pride. they mislead gulliver and they even mislead themselves. the satire on them is particularly well explained by the new born houyhnhm who, having just been born, exclaims, "with this sort of entrance, what must i expect from the rest of my life!" .
"Gulliver's Travels," the author of Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland, his father was a British settlement in Ireland. He is a posthumous child, dependent adult by his uncle. His masterpiece "Gulliver's Travels," published in 1726, was regarded as a children's literary works, but it is actually attacked, the British social degradation and corruption of satirical writing.
In this book, write a hero, a surgeon, Gulliver's adventures, some of them breathtaking. In Lilliput, he became a monster, invulnerability, a few dozen head of cattle are still Liantun famished stomach; in a giant country, he became a giant people's dolls, was played in between the palm of your hand, and with flies and bees fight against the child; later, he came to a mysterious flying island, where people use the lower part of the bird's natural magnet and bottom magnet under the power of arbitrary move, which was also ready to summon the ghost of a dialogue, specially engaged in some baffling The study of strange countries;
also deeply embarrassed the country of the Hui Yin, in the Sagittarius-turvy world, there are many incredible stories. Reading reading, I would like, together with the Gulliver walked into that fantasy world. Of those doll-like villain, the tall and mighty giant, looked like flying fish, island residents and Hui Yin and Yehuda who gave me left a deep impression.
I think the most special to the number of flying island residents. Their eyes are longer on one side, but also a music-loving nation, in their clothes also have their favorite instrument. Where the attendants will have to keep beating their heads ministers, or they love to good to be true. ... ...
After reading this book, I admire Gulliver's wisdom, courage and adventurous spirit, he was a unique man, he saw the sea on the adventure could not suppress his impulses. As a doctor, he specialized in travel to travel around the vessel, that the grounds crew doctor, go around the world, everywhere adventure.
After reading this book, I feel that these books is very interesting, and will not do not see into, but after reading a few times, more and more in love with these books. The book is that people's progress, and in the world of surf is everyone's dream. Open the hands of the book, go headlong into a one day will find the fun.
"Gulliver's travels" not only has a profound ideological content, but also has a perfect art form. Swift's art has many places worth learning, first of all, the fiction and fantasy technique using Swift describes when British reality, he is also based on the British reality to create a rich and colorful, the fairy tale fantasy world, Swift's fantasy and reality is harmonious and unified, Gregory Buddha in Lilliput, Brobdingnag, flying Island, encountering the each are not identical, but are arranged to be perfectly logical and reasonable, no flaw. He every reach a fantasy land are affected by different treatment, hit off, the sense of reality that works of art, this reality has great appeal, so that to achieve a high degree of effect of satire.
四大名著的毕业论文是最好写的，因为角度很多，视角也不少。比较麻烦的就是因为研究的人多，论文也多，要经过原创性检测的时候很麻烦。所以建议你只看名著，对于自己喜欢、疑惑或者和你擅长领域相关的东西着手，写论文，不要去搜别人的论文。
孙悟空 Sun Wu-kong猪八戒 pig of the eight prohibitions 人性、神性、动物性——浅论《西游记》神魔形象的塑造Human nature, Divinity and Animality--A Brief Introduction to Dieu-monstre image-building of Pilgrimage to the West
西游记，四大名著之一，被改编拍成电视剧电影多次。下面是我给大家整理的一些英语范文，供大家参阅!
有关西游记的英语作文篇1
Dear Jack,
I’m happy to hear from you.
Here, I want to introduce Journey to the West to you.
How would you like to go on a long journey with a bunch of animals having human characters? Perhaps you’ll shake your head. But many Chinese wanted such an adventure within the influence of this book.
Journey to the West is a story about a Buddhist and his four apprentices experienced eighty-one difficulties, and eventually reached the destination and got Buddhist scriptures.
Monkey Hit Lady White Bone Thrice is one of its most brilliant plots. One day Tang Priest’ and his disciples were traveling a mountain. And there was a fiend called White Bone Thrice. It had heard that anyone who had eaten a piece of the Tang Priest’s flesh will live forever, so it tried three times to capture him. But no matter what it changed itself into, Wukong could quickly recognized it, and then raised his cudgel and hit it. Are you more interested in this book?
I strongly recommend you to read this book. By the way, in the book everyone can find his own character. Maybe you’re the brave and resourceful Wukong.
Best wishes.
Yours, July
有关西游记的英语作文篇2
Every year, the Spring Festival Gala catches people’s attention. They are keeping their eyes on the shows, seeing if they are interested. It is said that the Monkey King should be on the show this year, but at last, the director changed his idea and decided to kick the Monkey King out. The news was leaked out, people felt angry about it, as the Monkey King was such a classic character, what’s more, this year belonged to the monkey year, so people thought it was necessary to let the Monkey King be on the gala. I watched the classic TV series Going to the West, the monkey king is such funny and so many people like him. Even though so many years has passed, still many young people like to watch this TV series. The memory of monkey king will still lingers on people’s mind.
每年的春节联欢晚偶会吸引了人们的注意力。他们一直关注这这个节目,看看他们是否感兴趣。据说孙悟空今年应该在节目中,但最后,导演改变了他的想法,决定淘汰掉孙悟空。消息泄露后,人们感到生气,孙悟空是一个经典的角色,更重要的是,今年是猴年,所以人民认为让孙悟空出现在联欢晚会是必要的。我以前看了这部经典的电视剧《西游记》,孙悟空是如此有趣,如此多人喜欢他。即使这么多年过去了,仍有很多年轻人喜欢看这部电视剧。对孙悟空的记忆仍然停留在人们的脑海中。
有关西游记的英语作文篇3
Journey to the west is a historic Chinese novel that is considered one of the four classics from the Ming Dynasty. These novels along with the golden lotus water margins as well as the romances of the three kingdoms have won popular acclaim from generation to generation. Journey to the west is a combination of myth parable and comedy. It is a story about a Buddhist monk and bunch of animals with human characteristic. The animals actually in the story are a very fairy tale type of mood and they traveled west to India to find Buddhist scriptures. The animals themselves are celestial being in mortal forms and they have magical powers that protect them from the goblins and the evil spirits.
Author Wu Cheng-en writings create an imaginary world that creates a life like with the absurd giving us a glance of the different sides of human nature.
Monkey was created out of a rock. He not only has the sharp wit and an unruly nature of a monkey but also extra ordinary powers that he uses to overcome demons and monsters. Pig sets off his pig like clumsiness with the disposition that is the epitome of honesty and directness. He is always making a mess out of things and generating a lot of humor in the process. Before the monk can find the scriptures he must surmounts 81 obstacles including overcoming such supernatural beings as cow demon the spider
beast and a living skeleton. These obstacles symbolize the difficulties and challenges that people meet in the course of ideals.
The character is the main reason that journey to the west keeps reader in thrall. The book gets more then and uproars comedy. It gives us readers an unforgivable insight into life itself.
As for the historical record of journey to the west let's go back to the Tang dynasty. History actually recalls the Buddhist monk master Shan-chang or master Xuan Zhuang who crossed he mighty desert to reach the India continent during the Tang dynasty. 19 years later he came back to china with over 600 Buddhist scriptures. So the factual basis of journey to the west was born. However master Xuan Zhuang actually was a little bit different from master san tong. Who was actually a fictional character created by the author?
In a novel, Tang Shan-chang maybe a monk on a daring mission to find Buddha scriptures. But he is also a faint-hearted hypocrite who lacks transcendent insight and lives life in pectoral fear. He is kind and
compassionate but his inability to distinguish between true and false hood make him all to susceptible to pig's effort to sew this court. The result is that he wrongly distresses monkey who can see through the bio schemes of evil spirits and demons. But of course when he has fallow blindly in
the trap of some fin or other it is always monkey that fall back on for help.
Actually the character of the monk happens to be quite similar to the mythical scholar although he is an idealist at heart he is as weak as a kitten and just sets there helplessly for rescue when he gets into a predicament.
The author is perhaps making a sly jab at the incompetent rulers of his time. But if Tang Shan-chang is evaluated purely from his viewpoint of religion or spiritual attainment he appears as not a saintly monk but rather an ordinary man. So monkey is the real hero in journey to the west.
Monkey is created from a rock on enchanted mountain and because of his courage and insight is later anointed by his peers as king. But one day in a flash of enlightenment, this glorious monkey king see that life is a very temporary thing and that the delights of his timely existence in the area mountain tree cannot go on forever. Amazingly he gives it all up to find a master who can guide him on to the path of spiritual motivation. Monkey is gifted with intelligence and agility both mentally and physically. So he puts his talents to use by mastering his skills of wizardry to the point of where he can transform himself 72 times in a blink of an eye. He has a magic wan that can shrink smaller the pen or
expand till it is like a club of bronze and a magic cloud that can take him up to the heavens or down to the bales of the earth.
The monkey still retains his mischievous and playful temperament of his fellow apes. His intelligence and child like naughtiness are reviled when he does things like deliberately sending pig to scan the near by mountain and then transforming himself into an insect to keep an eye on his indolent companion.
Fearing nothing the monkey would play in the palace of the sea god in heaven or in Hades itself. He even makes a bet with Buddha. His is a rebellious character that will just not bow to established rules.
Full of life and filled with spirit as well as being sincere and optimistic in nature, he is not bothered by suffering and is always ready to face up to new challenges. This kind of wiliness to forge ahead maybe the stuff those heroes are made out of. But it carries with it a weakness of arrogance impulsiveness and a desire to excel over others.
Pig fills a role that symbolizes the desire to comfort and pleasure. He to has magical powers but it is just not the same as monkey. Who makes him seem naive and clumsy by comparison monkey just love to tease him so pig does his level best to be a thorn in monkeys side by telling lies about him to tong song jon.
Pig is a lazy gluttonous that needs his material comforts when it comes to trouble he just can't hold his side up so is always first to call on for help. During their journey he nearly cast his companion in his own spiritual cultivation inside. When he falls for enticement of beautiful women and riches. But if finally turns out to be all work of Buddha salvia that has come to test him. Yet thanks to the author pig ludicrous behavior brings an ironic smile to the readers face rather then a frown of disapproval because while pig makes a laughing stock of him self-the reader is
reminded of the covetous raspy nature that empathy the human condition. Another character that appears quite less frequently is friar san when he does take the stage. His quite resolute and down to nature are readily apparent.
Actually In journey of the west is purification of the mind so that the entire expedition to find Buddha scriptures is actually a way of achieving spiritual goodness. So in this play three arrogant weakness laziness even ignorance they are all weakness of human nature that requires spiritual correction. However honesty goodness and courage are all our friends in the depths of our soul. And this way the journey to the west the various characters in battle with evil and they teach us that in human life it is possible and temper ourselves to achieve ideals and goodness.
有关西游记的英语作文篇4
My impression on reading Journey to the West
Jouney to the West is a historic Chinese novel that is considered one of the 4 classics from the Ming Dynasty .These novels along with Outlaws of the Marsh, A Dream in Red Mansion as well as Three Kindoms have won popular acclaim from generation to generation . Jouney to the West is actually a combination of myth , parable and comedy .It is filled with imagination and have enjoyed a great and immense popularity among the people in China for over 400 years on account of its fresh and convoluted plots , distinctive and life-like characters, profound and incisive ideological content and life-hearted style .
It is based on a story about a Buddhist monk and a bunch of animals with human characteristic(which are his 3 disciples ,the irrevent and capable Monkey, greedy Pig, and Friar Sand) .The animals in the story are actually of a very fairy tale type of mood and they traveled west to India to find Buddhist scriptures. The animals themselves are celestial being in mortal forms and they have magical powers that protect them from the goblins and the evil spirits.
Monkey was created out of a rock. He not only has the sharp wit and an unruly nature of a monkey but also extra ordinary powers that he uses to overcome demons and monsters. Monkey is also gifted with intelligence and agility both mentally and physically. So he puts his talents to use by mastering his skills of wizardry to the point of where he can transform himself 72 times in a blink of an eye. He has a magic wand that can shrink smaller than a pen or expand till it is like a club of bronze and a magic cloud that can take him up to the heavens or down to the bales of the earth. Full of life and filled with spirit as well as being sincere and optimistic in nature, he is not bothered by suffering and is always ready to face up to new challenges.
Pig sets off his pig like clumsiness with the disposition that is the epitome of honesty and directness. He is always making a mess out of things and generating a lot of humor in the process. Pig fills a role that symbolizes the desire to comfort and pleasure. He too has magical powers but it is just not the same as monkey , who
makes him seem naive and clumsy by comparison .Monkey just love to tease him , so pig does all his best to be a thorn in monkey’s side by telling lies about him to Tang Priest.
Another character that appears quite less frequently is Friar Sand . He is quite resolute and his down-to-earth nature is readily apparent.
In Jouney to the West, a total of 87 chapters are dedicated to the story of the Tang Priest ,Xuang Zang’s quest for the Buddhist the course of their journey , they brave a series of dangers and vanquish devils and monsters. The road to the Western Paradise is fraught with danger , whether in mountains and forests or in villages and towns .Before the monk can find the scriptures he must surmount 81 obstacles . Demons of all descriptions like the ferocious Red Boy, the scorpion sipirt
of Pipa Cave and spiderwomen ,etc. try to bar their way ,even to the extent of killing and eating XuangZang .Some of these ghostly opponents appear openly hostile ,while others are cunningly disguised . Some wield power over kingdoms or feign to officials carrying out their lawful duties .Monkey plays a central role in every battle with the monsters ,not only contending with them face to face , but also helping his
companions overcome the obstacles and restraints that originate within themselves. After overcoming all kinds of evil and devious enemies , with Monkey as the backbone of the company ,the travelers finally reach the Western Paradise and accomplish their sacred mission of taking back the scriptures . In this so-called “ stories of the 81 obstacles” which symbolize the difficulties and challenges that people meet in the course of pursuing their ideals , the staunch spirit and character of the 4 companions to battle all enemies and overcome all hurdles in order to attain their goal is manifested very clearly and as much it is a vivid portrayal of the spirit and character of the Chinese nation.
With supernatural beings as its protagonists ,Journey to the West creates a world full of fantasy and illusion. But this fantasy world reflects various kinds of contradictions in the society of Wu Chen’en’s time .The characters of the demons are generalizations and sublimations of the characters of ordinary mortals .Fantasy and reality reach a high level of synthesis in Jouney to the West.
Humor is a major characteristic of the style of Jouney to the West. Money is the supreme comic figure in this classical Chinese novel. His humor springs from his optimistic self-confidence and his sharp ability to perceive people’s true natures ,as well as his tolerance of others’ weaknesses and his hatred of evil .The humor in this novel is also manisfested in certain plots & subplots of the nature of comedies. Pig’s clumsy actions and speech are invariably hilarious ,but the laughter he elicits is tolerant but sad at the same time .This is because the weaknesses in Pig’s character are not unique or accidental ,they ’re common traits of the Chinese character. The author’s humor is built up on a base of profound knowledge of human society and a high degree of psychological penetration.
Actually Journey to the west is purification of the mind in that the entire expedition to find Buddhist scriptures is actually a way of achieving spiritual
goodness. So in this play three weaknesses arrogance, laziness, even ignorance, they are all weakness of human nature that requires spiritual correction. However
honesty ,goodness ,and courage are all our friends in the depths of our soul. And this way the Journey to the west teach us that in human life it is possible to temper ourselves to achieve ideals and goodness.
Human nature, divine nature and animals - On "Journey to the West" image Rappelz孙悟空:Monkey King猪八戒: Pigsy