发布时间：
[2] (作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution（论文名称）, in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)（论文发表在的出版物名称（期刊号）或会议名称）.又如，[8] and Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.
很高兴你向我求助提问这个题，我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献，我发给你，十来篇吧，也不是很多，主要关键词为mobile engine，不过没有英语翻译，一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的，因为毕业论文，自己翻译下也好，这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱，注意查收下。如果觉得好，不要忘记了采纳哦。
英文参考文献标准格式
参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，它的作用众所周知，在此不再赘述。参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。为帮助大家顺利完成学术论文的撰写，我为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。
学位论文参考文献的.格式
丨 期刊
期刊作者.题名[J].刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码
周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报，1995，46(3)：317 323
Dobbs J M, WongJ M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polorcoselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工，(2)：103-105
Mesquita A C,Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinyl acetatepolymerization by ionizingradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465
丨 专著
专著作者.书名[M].版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
蒋挺大.亮聚糖[M].北京：化学工业出版社，
Kortun Spectroscopy[M]. New York: Spring-Verlag,1969
丨 论文集
论文集作者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究[C].余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京：高教出版社,
Eiben A E,vander Hauw J 3-SAT with adaptive geneticalgorithms [C].Proc 4th IEEEConfEvolutionary Press,
丨 学位论文
学位论文作者.题名[D].保存地点：保存单位，年份
陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安：西安建筑科学大学,2000
ChrisstoffelsL A J . Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool insupramolecular chemistry[D].The Netherland：
丨 专利文献
专利文献题名[P].国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期
仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本， 特开平
Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP
Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,
丨 技术标准文献
标准标准编号，标准名称[S]
ISO 1210-1982，塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]
GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]
丨 报纸
报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)
陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报，1997-12-12(5)
丨 报告
报告作者.题名[R].保存地点：年份
中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京：1996
丨 电子文献
电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处，日期
万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
文献类型及其标识
根据GB3469 规定：
①期刊[J]
②专著[M]
③论文集[C]
④学位论文[D]
⑤专利[P]
⑥标准[S]
⑦报纸[N]
⑧技术报告[R]
电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如：
①磁带[MT]
②磁盘[DK]
③光盘[CD]
④联机网络[OL]
①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
英文文献采用 APA格式
丨 单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.
丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.
丨 文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
丨期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
丨月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响，而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用)， 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护，悬架分类：一 非独立悬架：两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上，车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单，可靠，制造方便，而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳，汽车行进中的震动越大，影响越严重，所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上，并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起，具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时，另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂，且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好，因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架，但是悬架的结构越复杂，驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种：1汽车和客车等客运车辆：可以提高乘驾舒适度，并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车，军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时，可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性，避免汽车起伏，发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型：1 钢板弹簧：它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板，呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中，也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧；只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲，在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下，还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料，不仅有很好的减震能力，可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用，适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧：汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧，其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形，靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用，油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连，下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构：独立悬架的弹性元件，大多数只能传递垂直载荷，并不能传递水平载荷，必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述，在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架：非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部，像客车，汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点，但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统，驱动和驾驶。 关键词：发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先，燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料，分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修，汽油发动机体积小，重量轻，价格低；当最大速度运行是，启动好；运行时震动小，噪音小，适合小型和中型汽车，尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制，汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比，热效率，而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物，在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载，这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳，碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分，但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置，极大地改善。此外，汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车，可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机，柴油发动机的大小，重量，价格高，启动差（尤其是低温时），运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟，容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是：1）没有爆燃的限制，但柴油需要自燃，所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2）柴油发动机适用于卡车，因为同样的功率，扭矩大，最大功率也大。3）柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物，没有进油门，小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板，通过改变发动机负荷，作为规管的质量，因为不存在缺氧问题，碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4）由于没有点火系统，燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此，不低于汽油发动机。5）柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求，移动的摊位，经常使用，是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二，发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此，增加汽缸发动机的数量，不仅能增加容量，提高发动机输出功率，而且能够使发动机顺利运作，以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机，小卡车，客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车，大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下，8缸V型直列发动机，有些的汽车，为减少发动机的高度，将长度缩短，安装使用V6发动机，V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机，大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单，便宜。 .缺点是，发动机的高度更高，长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低，长度短，但其结构复杂，价格更昂贵，适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料，而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块，除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室，进入排气管，阀门和火花塞等。第三，汽油发动机的燃料供应1，燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理：发动机工作时，外界空气被吸入空气过滤器，通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。
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对于飞机来说，星形发动机有许多优势：1.它们可以产生很大的动力。通常B-17轰炸机所使用的星形发动机具有9个汽缸，排量是升，能够产生1,200马力的功率。2.星形发动机的最大转速（每分钟转数，rpm）相对较低，所以它们常常不需要任何减速齿轮，就可以用来驱动螺旋桨。3.因为所有的活塞都在同一个平面上，所以它们可以均匀地冷却。并且，通常用空气就可以对它们进行冷却。这样，就减少了冷却水所带来的重量。星形发动机的使用在二战期间达到了颠峰。如今也还有一些星形发动机，但已经不常用了。现在，大多数螺旋桨驱动的飞机采用更加传统的发动机构造（比如水平对置式四汽缸发动机），或者采用更先进的燃气轮机。而燃气轮机比产生同样功率的星形发动机要轻得多。参考文献：《各类飞机引擎原理》...
要不你去（国际航空航天科学）里面去看下~找下有没有这样的资料可以让你参考的
很高兴你向我求助提问这个题，我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献，我发给你，十来篇吧，也不是很多，主要关键词为mobile engine，不过没有英语翻译，一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的，因为毕业论文，自己翻译下也好，这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱，注意查收下。如果觉得好，不要忘记了采纳哦。
发动机 发动机，又称为引擎，是一种能够把一种形式的能转化为另一种更有用的能的机器，通常是把化学能转化为机械能。（把电能转化为机器能的称谓电动机）有时它既适用于动力发生装置,也可指包括动力装置的整个机器.比如汽油发动机,航空发动机.发动机最早诞生在英国，所以，发动机的概念也源于英语，它的本义是指那种“产生动力的机械装置”。随着科技的进步，人们不断地研制出不同用途多种类型的发动机，但是，不管哪种发动机，它的基本前提都是要以某种燃料燃烧来产生动力。所以，以电为能量来源的电动机，不属于发动机的范畴。回顾发动机产生和发展的历史，它经历了外燃机和内燃机两个发展阶段。所谓外燃机，就是说它的燃料在发动机的外部燃烧，发动机将这种燃烧产生的热能转化成动能，瓦特发明的蒸汽机就是一种典型的外燃机，当大量的煤燃烧产生热能把水加热成大量的水蒸汽时，高压便产生了，然后这种高压又推动机械做功，从而完成了热能向动能的转变。明白了什么是外燃机，也就知道了什么是内燃机。这一类型的发动机与外燃机的最大不同在于它的燃料在其内部燃烧。内燃机的种类十分繁多，我们常见的汽油机、柴油机是典型的内燃机。我们不常见的火箭发动机和飞机上装配的喷气式发动机也属于内燃机。不过，由于动力输出方式不同，前两者和后两者又存在着巨大的差异。一般地，在地面上使用的多是前者，在空中使用的多是后者。当然有些汽车制造者出于创造世界汽车车速新纪录的目的，也在汽车上装用过喷气式发动机，但这总是很特殊的例子，并不存在批量生产的适用性。此外还有燃气轮机，这种发动机的工作特点是燃烧燃烧产生高压燃气，利用燃气的高压推动燃气轮机的叶片旋转，从而输出动力。燃气轮机使用范围很广，但由于很难精细地调节输出的功率，所以汽车和摩托车很少使用燃气轮机，只有部分赛车装用过燃气轮机。人类的智慧是无穷无尽的，各种新型的发动机不断地被研制出来，但是，出于安全操控的需要，到目前为止，我们可爱的摩托车还只有一种选择——往复式发动机。发动机总成 发动机总成发动机总成,又称为引擎，是一种能够把一种形式的能转化为另一种更有用的能的机器，通常是把化学能转化为机械能。（把电能转化为机器能的称谓电动机）有时它既适用于动力发生装置,也可指包括动力装置的整个机器.比如汽油发动机,航空发动机.发动机最早诞生在英国，所以，发动机的概念也源于英语，它的本义是指那种“产生动力的机械装置”。随着科技的进步，人们不断地研制出不同用途多种类型的发动机，但是，不管哪种发动机，它的基本前提都是要以某种燃料燃烧来产生动力。所以，以电为能量来源的电动机，不属于发动机的范畴。回顾发动机产生和发展的历史，它经历了外燃机和内燃机两个发展阶段。所谓外燃机，就是说它的燃料在发动机的外部燃烧，发动机将这种燃烧产生的热能转化成动能，瓦特发明的蒸汽机就是一种典型的外燃机，当大量的煤燃烧产生热能把水加热成大量的水蒸汽时，高压便产生了，然后这种高压又推动机械做功，从而完成了热能向动能的转变。明白了什么是外燃机，也就知道了什么是内燃机。这一类型的发动机与外燃机的最大不同在于它的燃料在其内部燃烧。内燃机的种类十分繁多，我们常见的汽油机、柴油机是典型的内燃机。我们不常见的火箭发动机和飞机上装配的喷气式发动机也属于内燃机。不过，由于动力输出方式不同，前两者和后两者又存在着巨大的差异。一般地，在地面上使用的多是前者，在空中使用的多是后者。当然有些汽车制造者出于创造世界汽车车速新纪录的目的，也在汽车上装用过喷气式发动机，但这总是很特殊的例子，并不存在批量生产的适用性。此外还有燃气轮机，这种发动机的工作特点是燃烧燃烧产生高压燃气，利用燃气的高压推动燃气轮机的叶片旋转，从而输出动力。燃气轮机使用范围很广，但由于很难精细地调节输出的功率，所以汽车和摩托车很少使用燃气轮机，只有部分赛车装用过燃气轮机。人类的智慧是无穷无尽的，各种新型的发动机不断地被研制出来，但是，出于安全操控的需要，到目前为止，我们可爱的摩托车还只有一种选择——往复式发动
复材叶片在民用航空发动机中的应用
因复合材料的低密度、高比强度、高比刚度，能有效降低油耗、噪音，采用复合材料叶片已成为民用航空发动机的发展趋势。以下是我为大家推荐的相关论文范文，希望能帮到大家，更多精彩内容可浏览()。
摘要：进入新世纪以来，多领域技术都得到了巨大的发展，特别是随着交通运输业的进步，大型民用飞机开始成为交通运输的主力军，因而各国开始更加重视大型飞机的研制，航空业也开始成为衡量一个国家综合国力的重要标准。而大型飞机研发的重点以及核心技术便是发动机技术。随着民用航空业的发展，民用航空飞机核心技术———发动机技术也发展飞速，其中复材叶片已经逐步在多种民机型号中得以应用。
关键词：民用航空;复合材料;发动机;风扇叶片
过去飞机发动机叶片主要采用金属以及合金，随着新材料出现，复合材料开始被应用于航空发动机叶片，与金属材料相比，其具有低重、低噪、高效的优势，并且复材叶片数量更少，能够有效抗震颤、损伤，并且在抗鸟撞性上也更加优越，满足了现代民航适航需要。因而复材叶片开始受到世界各大发动机厂商的关注，并逐步得以推广应用。
1复合材料叶片的应用
复材叶片制造技术主要有预浸料/压模技术和3-DWOVEN/RTM技术。采用预浸料/模压技术的代表有GE90、GEnx、TRENT1000及TRENTXWB发动机的复合材料风扇叶片，而LEAP-X发动机复合材料风扇叶片采用3D-WOVEN/RTM技术成型。
预浸料/模压成型叶片
采用该种复材叶片的代表主要有GE90发动机和GEnx发动机(美国GE)，此外罗•罗公司也在进行相关研发。(1)GE90发动机。该型号发动机为GE公司上世纪九十年代所研发的特大推力发动机，是国外应用于民航最早使用复材叶片的发动机之一。该发动机复材叶片使用了预浸料/模压成形技术，叶片从内至外逐渐减薄，叶尖厚度最薄。并且在叶身涂有防腐涂层(聚氨酯)，叶背采用一般涂层，前缘包边采用钛合金材料，从而提高叶片鸟撞抗性。为防止复合材料在运行中分层，在叶片后缘以及叶尖处采用纤维缝合技术予以加固。叶根榫头为三角燕尾形，其表面涂有耐磨材料以降低榫头摩擦系数。GE90所采用的复材叶片为22片，相比较于钛合金空心叶片，复材叶片质量更轻，强度更高。经过十余年的运行，证明了复合材料风扇叶片适用于具有严格要求的商业飞行的需要。(2)GEnx发动机。该发动机所应用的复材叶片材料以及模压成型工艺，同GE90相比变化不大，在此基础上GEnx对GE90的复材叶片的结构设计进行了优化。GEnx主要采用了第3代GE复合材料，外形也类似GE90-115B发动机，但由于使用了新一代三元流设计，叶片数减为18片，总质量进一步降低。叶片尖部以及前缘使用钛合金护套，并在叶片榫根部位，增加了耐磨衬垫，便于后期维护检修。(3)随着复合材料在民航发动机中的应用，英国罗•罗公司也开始将目光从钛合金叶片上转移到复材叶片。其同GKN集团正共同进行碳纤维增强复材叶片的研发，该叶片同钛合金叶片同样薄，并且在量产、成本以及鲁棒性上均符合民航发动机标准。目前这种碳纤维风扇叶片已经完成了包括叶片飞出、鸟撞试验在内的地面试验。
成型复材叶片
对于风扇叶片中等推力发动机提出的强度要求更高，因而Snecma公司在CFM56系列发动机研发中，在LEAP-X中将会应用碳纤维对复合材料进行增强。相比较于GEnx以及GE90，所采用的碳纤维薄层铺设技术不同，Snecma公司在LEAP发动机叶片的制造中所采用的RTM工艺，是将碳纤维进行预先编制，在树脂注入以及叶片高压成型之前，碳纤维便已经成为3-DWOVEN结构。Snecma公司在复材叶片的制造上委托了AEC公司，由于AEC公司生产制造自动化程度相对较高，因而其制备三维编制预制体并完成整个叶片的制造仅需要24小时。同CFM56(CFM公司)发动机相比，LEAP发动机叶片成型采用了3-DWOVEN/RTM技术，前者结构上采用了更多的技术，而后者采用复合材料，有效减轻了发动机重量，提高了燃油效率，降低了排放量和发动机噪声。目前，LEAP-X发动机已经开始得到中国多种旅客机的关注，未来将会逐步在中国普及推广。
2复材叶片的发展趋势
因复合材料的低密度、高比强度、高比刚度，能有效降低油耗、噪音，采用复合材料叶片已成为民用航空发动机的发展趋势。制约复合材料叶片大规模应用的关键因素是预制体制备、复材成型技术等。
预制体制备
复材叶片制造的难点之一是制备预制体。国外常用的预制体制备方法有两种：一种是选用IM7/8551-7和IM7/M91作为预浸料并采用激光定位手工/自动化成型技术制备，适用于制备大推力、大叶盘直径涡扇发动机的风扇叶片预制体;另一种是对IM7碳纤维进行预浸渍处理，通过3D-WOVEN/RTM自动化技术成型，主要用于制备小推力涡扇发动机风扇叶片的预制体。以往采用激光定位辅助+手工铺叠的技术进行预制体制造，而GKN公司开发了自动化丝束铺放设备(简称AFP)可实现预制体的自动化成型。罗•罗公司在研制TNENT系列发动机复合材料风扇叶片时使用了GKN公司的自动化纤维丝束铺放设备，实现了复材叶片预制体的自动化成型，并运用超声刀对预制体进行切割。Snecma公司率先提出了无余量预制体成型技术、预制体预变形技术以及高度自动化的预制体制备技术。Snecma公司的3DW/RTM成型风扇叶片预制体技术可降低传统二维风扇叶片的分层缺陷产生的可能性，让叶片顶部更薄、根部更厚;经纱连续的变截面成型技术提高预制体的承载能力;采用高压水射流对预制体进行无余量切割。
成型技术RTM
注射成型以及模压是目前国际上流行的复材叶片成型技术，虽然两者在技术上具有一定的差异性，但均可称为闭模成型技术。涡扇发动机的叶片扭转大且为双曲面，其结构形式相对复杂，常规的成型技术无法满足叶片加工精度，而闭模成型技术的成型精度高，能够很好的满足涡扇发动机对于叶片制造的需求，因而其逐步成为目前复材叶片成型的'主流技术。随着技术的逐步发展，目前国外开始利用复合材料模具代替金属模具，以此保证生产加工中模具和零件能够保持一致的热膨胀系数，进而获得更高的零件尺寸精度。此外，复材叶片成型加工技术开始引入数字仿真模拟技术，从而在技术研究前期对成形工艺进行方向性指导，在研制过程中合理规避风险，缩短研制周期，降低研制成本。
3结束语
复合材料以其优越的特性开始成为民航发动机叶片的主流材料，并且随着技术的发展，复材发动机叶片的制造效率更高，自动化程度也更先进。在未来高精度、可靠性、一致性会成为复材叶片生产研发的主要方向。我国自主研发的大型民用客机中也开始应用商用发动机，这为我国复材叶片的研发制造提供了一个契机，虽然目前复合材料在我国航空发动机制造中还处于初始应用阶段，复材叶片的制造业仅在起步阶段，但在我国技术人员的努力下，我国自主研发的应用复材叶片的涡扇发动机必然会在世界航空领域占据一席之地。
参考文献:
[1]李杰.GE复合材料风扇叶片的发展和工艺[J].航空发动机，2008，34(4)：54-56.
[2]贺福.碳纤维及石墨纤维[M].北京：化学工业出版社，2010：1-16.
[3]赵云峰.先进纤维增强树脂基复合材料在航空航天工业中的应用[J].军民两用技术与产品，2010，37(1)：4-6.
航模飞机一般用活塞发动机、脉动式喷气发动机、固体火箭发动机和二氧化碳发动机等。活塞发动机多数是二行程单缸内燃机。航空模型规范规定，参加竞赛和纪录飞行的模型发动机汽缸工作容积不大于10毫升,分为1毫升、毫升、5毫升、10毫升等几个主要等级。这些发动机有火花点火发动机、压燃发动机和电热线点火发动机等。火花点火发动机以汽油作燃料，用电火花点火。压燃发动机用煤油和乙醚作燃料,混合气压缩时自燃点火。电热线点火发动机用甲醇为主要燃料，用电热线（铂铱合金丝）点火。航空模型活塞发动机重量很轻，单位汽缸容积功率很高。竞赛用毫升的电热线点火发动机，重150～200克，最大功率可超过千瓦（1马力）。
化学化工环境1. 喜树发根培养及培养基中次生代谢产物的研究2. 虾下脚料制备多功能叶面肥的研究3. 缩合型有机硅电子灌封材料交联体系研究4. 棉籽蛋白接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂合成与性能研究5. 酶法双甘酯的制备6. 硅酸锆的提纯毕业论文7. 腐植酸钾/凹凸棒/聚丙烯酸复合吸水树脂的合成及性能研究8. 羟基磷灰石的制备及对4-硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究9. 铝合金阳极氧化及封闭处理10. 贝氏体白口耐磨铸铁磨球的研究11. 80KW等离子喷涂设备的调试与工艺试验12. 2800NM3/h高温旋风除尘器开发设计13. 玻纤增强材料注塑成型工艺特点的研究14. 年处理30万吨铜选矿厂设计15. 年处理60万吨铁选厂毕业设计16. 广东省韶关市大宝山铜铁矿井下开采设计17. 日处理1750吨铅锌选矿厂设计18. 6000t/a聚氯乙烯乙炔工段初步工艺设计19. 年产50万吨焦炉鼓冷工段工艺设计20. 年产25万吨合成氨铜洗工段工艺设计21. PX装置异构化单元反应器进行自动控制系统设计22. PX装置异构化单元脱庚烷塔自动控制系统设计23. 金属纳米催化剂的制备及其对环己烷氧化性能的影响24. 高温高压条件下浆态鼓泡床气液传质特性的研究25. 新型纳米电子材料的特性、发展及应用26. 发达国家安全生产监督管理体制的研究27. 工伤保险与事故预防28. 氯气生产与储存过程中危险性分析及其预防29. 无公害农产品的发展与检测30. 环氧乙烷工业设计31. 年产 21000吨 乙醇 水精 馏装置 工艺设计32. 年产26000吨乙醇精馏装置设计33. 高层大厦首层至屋面消防给水工程设计34. 某市航空发动机组试车车间噪声控制设计35. 一株源于厌氧除磷反应器NL菌的鉴定及活性研究36. 一株新的短程反硝化聚磷菌的鉴定及活性研究37. 广州地区酸雨特征及其与气象条件的关系38. 超声协同硝酸提取城市污泥重金属的研究39. 脱氨剂和铁碳法处理稀土废水氨氮的研究40. 稀土 超磁致 伸缩 材料 扬声器 研制41. 纳米氧化铋的发展42. 海泡石TiO2光敏催化剂的制备及其研究43. 超磁致伸缩复合材料的制备44. 钙钛矿型无铅压电陶瓷的制备和性能研究毕业论文45. APCVD法在硅基板上制备硅化钛纳米线46. 浅层地热能在热水系统中的利用初探及其工程设计47. 输配管网的软件开发
很高兴你向我求助提问这个题，我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献，我发给你，十来篇吧，也不是很多，主要关键词为mobile engine，不过没有英语翻译，一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的，因为毕业论文，自己翻译下也好，这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱，注意查收下。如果觉得好，不要忘记了采纳哦。
Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响，而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用)， 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护，悬架分类：一 非独立悬架：两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上，车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单，可靠，制造方便，而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳，汽车行进中的震动越大，影响越严重，所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上，并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起，具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时，另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂，且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好，因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架，但是悬架的结构越复杂，驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种：1汽车和客车等客运车辆：可以提高乘驾舒适度，并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车，军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时，可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性，避免汽车起伏，发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型：1 钢板弹簧：它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板，呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中，也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧；只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲，在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下，还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料，不仅有很好的减震能力，可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用，适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧：汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧，其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形，靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用，油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连，下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构：独立悬架的弹性元件，大多数只能传递垂直载荷，并不能传递水平载荷，必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述，在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架：非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部，像客车，汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点，但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统，驱动和驾驶。 关键词：发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先，燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料，分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修，汽油发动机体积小，重量轻，价格低；当最大速度运行是，启动好；运行时震动小，噪音小，适合小型和中型汽车，尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制，汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比，热效率，而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物，在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载，这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳，碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分，但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置，极大地改善。此外，汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车，可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机，柴油发动机的大小，重量，价格高，启动差（尤其是低温时），运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟，容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是：1）没有爆燃的限制，但柴油需要自燃，所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2）柴油发动机适用于卡车，因为同样的功率，扭矩大，最大功率也大。3）柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物，没有进油门，小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板，通过改变发动机负荷，作为规管的质量，因为不存在缺氧问题，碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4）由于没有点火系统，燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此，不低于汽油发动机。5）柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求，移动的摊位，经常使用，是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二，发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此，增加汽缸发动机的数量，不仅能增加容量，提高发动机输出功率，而且能够使发动机顺利运作，以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机，小卡车，客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车，大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下，8缸V型直列发动机，有些的汽车，为减少发动机的高度，将长度缩短，安装使用V6发动机，V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机，大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单，便宜。 .缺点是，发动机的高度更高，长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低，长度短，但其结构复杂，价格更昂贵，适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料，而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块，除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室，进入排气管，阀门和火花塞等。第三，汽油发动机的燃料供应1，燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理：发动机工作时，外界空气被吸入空气过滤器，通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。
不要开车就好
我来补充几条：1发动机爆燃或表面点火2出现拉缸现象3润滑油品质差4润滑油道堵塞逐个排除就行要现成的没有
...多给点分，最近穷了。。。1.发动机冷却系统概述 冷却系的功用是将受热零件吸收的部分热量及时散发出去，保证发动机在最适宜的温度状态下工作。 发动机的冷却系有风冷和水冷之分。以空气为冷却介质的冷却系成为风冷系；以冷却液为冷却介质的称水冷系。2 发动机冷却系统的基本组成 在冷却系统中，其实有两个散热循环：一个是冷却发动机的主循环，另一个是车内取暖循环。这两个循环都以发动机为中心，使用是同一冷却液。 在冷却系统中，其实有两个散热循环：一个是冷却发动机的主循环，另一个是车内取暖循环。这两个循环都以发动机为中心，使用是同一冷却液。3 发动机冷却系统的工作过程 主循环中包括了两种工作循环，即“冷车循环”和“正常循环”。冷车着车后，发动机在渐渐升温，冷却液的温度还无法打开系统中的节温器，此时的冷却液只是经过水泵在发动机内进行“冷车循环”，目的是使发动机尽快地达到正常工作温度。随着发动机的温度，冷却液温度升到了节温器的开启温度(通常这温度在80℃后)，冷却循环开始了“正常循环”。这时候的冷却液从发动机出来，经过车前端的散热器，散热后，再经水泵进入发动机。4 发动机冷却系统常见故障分析 这上面，不抄了，累了
要不你去（国际航空航天科学）里面去看下~找下有没有这样的资料可以让你参考的
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