Will oil be the kiss of death for recovery?The price of oil has suddenly broken higher – to the point where triple-digit crude is once again in the week oil climbed to $87 a barrel, its highest level since October 2008. This was after a period of eight months when oil traded between $70 and $80, a narrow band that pleased oil producers without hurting consumers too latest surge seems to have been prompted by rising confidence in a global economic recovery, even if most traders and bankers are still cautious about supply and demand fundamentals. The more bullish Wall Street banks see prices climbing further, with Barclays Capital forecasting $97, Goldman Sachs $110 and Morgan Stanley $100 next the higher prices go, the deeper the concerns that they will stifle global growth. Jeff Rubin, a former CIBC chief economist and author of a book on oil and globalization, says: “Triple-digit oil prices are going to threaten a world recovery.”Pricier oil and other key commodities, notably iron ore and copper, could ripple through the economy and financial markets, potentially triggering inflation and forcing central banks to lift interest rates from ultra-low levels. This could force bond yields higher, but lower the attractions of , higher oil prices could lift energy shares. In the S&P 500 index, the energy sector is up just per cent this year and was barely positive in the first quarter, lagging behind the index's 6 per cent gain for the Colas, ConvergEx Group chief market strategist, says: “With crude oil prices marching steadily higher, portfolio exposure to the energy sector could well become a key determinant of overall investment performance through the balance of 2010.”Oil prices first hit $100 a barrel in January 2008, before continuing their rapid ascent to peak at $147 in July of that year. They fell to a low of $32 in December 2008, before recovering again. Yesterday oil traded at about $85 a latest rise comes as the economic recovery fuels a jump in oil demand after the first global decline in a quarter century. Supply is not a worry, as the Opec oil cartel has more than 6m b/d of capacity to spare in a difference from last year is that then the oil price was rising against the backdrop of a weaker dollar. This year crude and the dollar have risen seem untroubled. Energy ministers at the International Energy Forum in Mexico last week embraced less volatility, not lower prices. Lawrence Summers, director of the US National Economic Council, in remarks this week bemoaned his country's dependence on foreign oil supplies, but did not complain about economists do not view $80 oil as a threat to global growth, which the International Monetary Fund projects at 4 per cent this year. James Hamilton, an economist at the University of California, San Diego, is author of a paper that found oil's 2008 surge to $147 a barrel helped tip a housing-led slowdown into a recession. This time, the relatively steady nature of the price rebound has allowed consumers to adjust.“The shock value is gone now,” Prof Hamilton Allidina, commodity strategist at Morgan Stanley, says the $100 oil he predicts next year would increase the “oil burden” – a function of demand, prices and global output – to about 4 per cent from per cent late last year. This would hurt developed economies more than emerging ones, as the latter are powering global growth and can afford fuel subsidies, he says. The IMF estimates consumer petroleum subsidies will reach almost $250bn this year. “If we were to move to $100 a barrel, economic growth would start to slow, but ‘derail' is likely too strong a word,” Mr Allidina move to higher oil prices would not necessarily generate corresponding gains in retail fuel prices, as new refining capacity has made petrol markets more competitive. In the US, filling stations in most states still sell petrol for less than $3 a gallon, well below the peak of 2008. In the UK, however, petrol prices are close to record highs, even though crude is well below its any case, prices are as much an effect of the economic expansion as a threat to it. China, the fastest-growing economy, is alone expected to consume 520,000 b/d more this year than last, contributing a third of global demand growth, according to International Energy Agency estimates.“You can't have a global recovery without the oil price recovering as well,” says Lutz Kilian, a University of Michigan economist who has studied the effects of oil shocks. Because demand is fuelling prices, “the only way to keep oil prices down is to remain in a recession, which hardly sounds attractive”. The prospect of higher prices is still alarming to many observers. Olivier Jakob, of Swiss consultant Petromatrix, said in a note that the “recovery of 2009 was fuelled with crude oil at $62 a barrel, not at $90 a barrel or $100 a barrel. We fear that the latest run on WTI will be the kiss of death for a global economy that was trying to avoid the possibility of a double-dip recession.”When oil prices last surged to $100 a barrel in late 2007, US and other rich-country consumers blunted the impact by drawing on home-equity loans and credit cards to finance petrol purchases, says David Greely, energy economist at Goldman Sachs.“It does raise the issue if we're in a much more credit constrained world going forward, are consumers able to do that or will they be more sensitive?” he asks 高油价:死亡之吻?油价突然之间已经破位上行,三位数水平似乎再度触手可及。上周油价升至每桶87美元,为2008年10月以来的最高水平。此前8个月,油价一直运行在70-80美元这个狭窄区间内,这一价位既让石油生产国满意,也不至于给石油消费国造成太大损害。最新这轮涨势似乎是受到人们对全球经济复苏的信心日增的推动,尽管多数交易员和银行家对供需基本面依然抱着谨慎看法。较为乐观的华尔街银行预计油价将进一步上涨,其中巴克莱资本(Barclays Capital)预计明年油价会涨到97美元,高盛(Goldman Sachs)预计会涨到110美元,摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)预计涨到100美元。然而,油价涨得越高,人们就越是担心它会扼杀全球增长。加拿大帝国商业银行(CIBC)前首席经济学家杰夫•鲁宾(Jeff Rubin)表示:“油价如达到三位数水平,将危及全球复苏。”鲁宾写有一本论述石油与全球化的著作。石油及其它主要大宗商品(尤其是铁矿石和铜)价格上涨,可能对经济和金融市场产生连锁反应,触发通胀,迫使各央行提高目前处于极低水平的利率。这可能推高债券收益率,但会降低股票的吸引力。不过,油价上涨会利好能源股。在标普500指数中,能源板块今年以来仅上涨,其中在首季只是勉强维持上涨,而整体指数今年迄今已上涨6%。ConvergEx Group首席策略师尼古拉斯•克拉斯(Nicholas Colas)表示:“随着原油价格稳步走高,投资组合中的能源股敞口,很可能成为决定今年余下时间总体投资表现的一个关键因素。”油价第一次触及每桶100美元是在2008年1月。其后油价继续快速上行,至当年7月于147美元见顶。2008年12月,油价跌至32美元低点,后来再度回升。上周四油价处于每桶85美元附近。这次油价上涨的背景是:全球经济在度过25年来的首次衰退后,出现复苏,推动石油需求大幅增长。供应面没有问题,石油卡特尔组织欧佩克(Opec)必要时可立即启用逾600万桶/日的富余产能。与去年不同的一点是,当时油价上涨发生在美元走弱的背景下,而今年石油和美元一起上涨。各国政策制定者似乎没有觉得不安。最近在墨西哥举行的国际能源论坛(International Energy Forum)上,各国能源部长感到欢欣的是油价波动减小,而非价格走低。美国国家经济委员会(National Economic Council)主任劳伦斯•萨默斯(Lawrence Summers)上周发表讲话时,哀叹美国过度依赖外国石油,但没有抱怨油价。一些经济学家不认为每桶80美元的油价会对全球增长构成威胁。国际货币基金组织(IMF)预计今年全球经济将增长4%。加州大学圣迭戈分校的经济学家詹姆斯•汉密尔顿(James Hamilton)在一篇论文中指出,2008年油价飙升至每桶147美元,对住宅市场引发的经济放缓演变成衰退起到了推波助澜的作用。这次油价回升的势头相对平稳,让消费者能够适应。“现在冲击力消失了,”汉密尔顿表示。摩根士丹利大宗商品策略师侯赛因•阿里迪纳(Hussein Allidina)预计明年油价将达到每桶100美元水平。他表示,这将导致“石油负担”(oil burden),即石油需求、价格与全球产出之间的一个函数,从去年底的升至4%左右。他说,发达经济体从中受到的损害将大于发展中经济体,因为后者正在推动全球增长,而且有能力发放燃油补贴。IMF估计,今年石油消费补贴总额将接近2500亿美元。如果油价升至每桶100美元,经济增长将开始放缓,但若说‘破坏'就可能言过其辞了,” 阿里迪纳表示。随着新增炼油产能使汽油市场竞争加剧,原油价格上涨未必会带动燃油零售价相应幅度的上涨。在美国多数州的加油站,汽油售价仍不到每加仑3美元,远低于2008年时的峰值。不过,在英国,汽油价格接近历史高位,尽管原油价格远低于历史最高水平。总之,油价既受到经济扩张的推动,也对经济扩张构成威胁。据国际能源机构(IEA)估计,在全球增长最快的经济体中国,今年石油日消费量将同比增加52万桶,占全球需求增量的三分之一。“在全球复苏的形势下,油价不可能不回升,”研究过石油冲击影响的密歇根大学经济学家卢茨•基连(Lutz Kilian)表示。因为需求正在推高价格,“要使油价保持在低位,唯一的办法是让经济继续维持衰退,这听上去一点都不吸引人。”不过,油价上涨的前景仍让许多观察家感到担心。瑞士咨询公司Petromatrix的奥利维尔•雅各布(Olivier Jakob)在一份研究简报中称:“2009年的复苏是由每桶62美元的原油推动的,不是每桶90美元、也不是每桶100美元。我们担心,对于正在设法避免双底衰退的全球经济来说,WTI(西德克萨斯州中质原油)的最新走势将是死亡之吻。”高盛能源经济学家戴维•格瑞利(David Greely)表示,上次油价在2007年底逼近100美元时,美国及其它富裕国家的消费者使用房屋净值贷款和信用卡支付汽油费用,淡化了油价上涨的影响。“现在面临一个问题,如果今后信贷紧缩状况明显超过以往,消费者还能这么做吗,或者他们将变得更加敏感?”
同等学力的英语范文也分为好几种类型,这次讲的是经济和生活类型的。下面是我给大家整理的同等学力经济生活类英语范文,供大家参阅!
Directions: In this part, you are to written an essay more than 150 words within 30 minutes under the title of the Importance of Confidence. Your essay should be based on the information given in the outline below
Outline:
1. Importance of confidence
2. Reasons for lack of confidence
3. Necessity to build up confidence
范文
Importance of Confidence
Whatever one does, one should do it with confidence. If one has no confidence, there is little possibility that one can achieve anything when faced with hardships. This truth seems to be self-evident. In reality, however, we do see a lot of people who always complain that they lack the ability to do something or that their difficulties are too great to overcome.
Why do some people often feel frustrated even though they are capable of doing something? I think there are two main reasons. In the first place, these people don’t have a correct estimate of themselves. Secondly, there is another possibility that they exaggerate the difficulties.
In my opinion, one should build up faith in oneself as long as he has a right attitude towards his own ability. We should neither underestimate nor overestimate our ability As a proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” With confidence we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with.
Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 30 minutes on developing tourism. Your essay should be based on the OUTLINE below.
1. 目前的状况
2. 发展旅游业的好处
3. 由此而产生的问题
范文
Tourism, a smokeless industry, is developing rapidly in China. With the reform and opening –up policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5, 000 years.
Tourism as a form of enterprise brings China a lot of benefits. In the first place, it is financially beneficial to the economic development of China. Tourism is one of the most important channels to obtain foreign currencies. In the second place, tourism enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world. On the other hand, the foreigners who have visited China are deeply impressed by the latest developments of out country and the friendliness and hospitality of our people. It is clear that tourism contributes a great deal to the friendship and mutual understanding between the Chinese people and people all over the world.
Everything, however, has two sides. Tourism gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to our inefficient transportation system. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the expenses. Therefore, there are still a lot of obstacles hindering the expansion of tourism in our country.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicFor a Better Understanding between Parent and Child. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline below:
1. Present situation: lack of communication between parent and child
2. Possible reasons:
1) Different likes and dislikes;2) Misunderstanding;3) Others
3. Suggestions:
1) For parents;2) For children
范文
For a Better Understanding between Parent and Child
Nowadays there is often a lack of understanding between parent and child. Parents often consider their children’s behaviors “irrational”,while the children are always complaining about their parents’ not understanding them. Consequently, the so-called generation gap comes into being.
In my opinion, there are several reasons responsible for the situation. First, it is most natural for the two generations to have different likes and dislikes since they grow up in different times and environments. Second, their understanding of the world and methods of thinking are also different from each other, which is likely to cause misunderstandings. If both parents and children become more reasonable and tolerant, will there be so many quarrels and conflicts? Last but not least, nowadays, in most cases both parents and children are too busy to have enough time to exchange ideas with each other.
In order to improve their relation, parents and children make joint efforts. Parents should be patient enough so as to listen to their children. The children should respect their parents, whose suggestions, although hard to follow at the beginning, always prove to be beneficial and valuable. Only in this way can parents and children achieve better understanding.
17. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: What Is Success? Your composition must be based on the information given in the outline below.
Outline:
1. Different opinions on success
2. Ways to achieve success
3. My view on success
范文
What Is Success?
What is success? Different people hold views on this question. Some think that one is successful if he can make a great deal of money. Others argue that success means holding an important government post. Still others believe that whoever has got high academic title is successful. It is clear that there are quite different opinions on success.
In order to become successful, you should first of all be both perseverant and hardworking. You should always keep in mind that perseverance is the mother of success and industry is the key to it. In addition, you should pay great attention to your work method. It is necessary for you to sum up your experience constantly and improve the efficiency of your work. Finally, it is important for you to get along well with your co-workers, care for each other and help each other.
In my opinion, success means achieving brilliant results in one’s work, that is, making outstanding contributions to the development of the country and bringing happiness to the people.
经济全球化的趋势不可逆转,也正因为如此,我们 英语 作文 写作的范围也受到了一定的拓展。下面我为大家带来经济全球化英语作文,供大家参考! 经济全球化英语作文(一) Economic globalization benefits the world immensely, especially the prosperity of tourism. As a result,the cultures, languages and customs in the minorities are notmysterious to the world any more, which should be attributed to thepopularity of tourism. It is a consensus that tourism canstimulate the economic development in a region, since tourism playsan important role in the acceleration of the improvement ofservice, such as transportation, accommodation, catering and othermarginal business. With a view to attracting more tourists, theminority regions have to consider how to improve their image andservice, during the course of which they can have an overall planto promote the status of their region. Nowadays, many people travelfor minority regions to satisfy their curiosity, where they canhave unexpected findings. Furthermore, tourism can strengthenthe interflow of cultures and traditions between the people indifferent regions. Trips to minority countries and regions renderpeople a lot of new cultures and customs, which, presumably, havebeen handed down from old ages and enjoyed very splendid history. Formerly, people can only get some segments about the minoritiesfrom videos, films and other incomplete descriptions on books. Now,tourists have more opportunities to communicate or even live withthe minority people and acquire first-hand knowledge about them,which provides the researchers with a lot of authentic information. Admittedly, tourism damages thenatural environment in some minority regions and spoils thepeaceful life of them to some degree due to their frequentactivities in the minority regions, the environment beingdeteriorated in some regions, which is not what we expected. Generally, the popularity of Englishand tourism brings more advantages than damage to the minorityregions, since it has enriched people’s knowledge and widened theirhorizons. But meanwhile, we should be on the alert for the damageto the minority regions and take effective means to tackle theproblems tourism arouses. 经济全球化英语作文(二) Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and opportunities. To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing countries. Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing fast. Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic zones. Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of increase. Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries relationship. Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market gradually. However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the corner. Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international trade. Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the total. Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their economies. Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous position. With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing . Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far behind. Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic shocks. At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for speculators. Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in power. 经济全球化英语作文(三) Nowadays we can enjoy the same films,fashions,brands,advertisements and TV evident difference between countries is what extent do you think the disadvantages overweight the advantages of this? Globalization creates conditions for widening international exchanges,strengthening mutual understanding between nations,expanding cultural,educational,and scientific cooperation between nations and countries,enjoying the cultural achievements of people around the world which encourages the process of modernization and the enrichment of national culture. However,these conditions also create the possible danger of diminishing the national culture with a negative impact on the pre123vation of national globalization and an open door policy,erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards,a selfish and individualistic lifestyle and harmful cultural products can easily be imported into the present,modern information technology which in the main is controlled by US is hourly and intensively disseminating US ideology,way of life,culture and films across the US food is promoted so that some people consider globalization as global Americanization. During the process of economic globalization,inequality between developed and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor has become wider,most of the result of globalization go to assist developed does not pose equal interests and risks to all an overwhelming advantage compared to most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of science and technology,developed ca123alist countries control the situation of economic globalization. For these reasons,globalization is a fierce and complicated struggle in both cultural and ideological take the initiative in international economic integration but also have to take the initiative in fighting to keep our distinct culture resisting pro-foreign and cross-bred phenomena,and overcoming the psychology of preferring money over ethical values. 经济全球化英语作文(四) Globalization`s dual power Globalization has found a significant place in the lives of the people. During the process of globalization, we have made a bridge where ideas and beliefs can cross the borders, and the walls of distrust and the barriers of suspicion between countries have gradually disappeared. Though globalization is seen as a sign of a hopeful future by some, there are others who believe that it can cause a horrible disaster for the world economy. Counties benefit a lot from globalization, especially the developing countries. With it, there is a global market for companies to trade their products which can make the production sector develop rapidly. This gives lots of options to the manufacturers as well. Besides, competition keeps prices relatively low and it can provide a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different nations. In addition, there is a sound flow of money, as a result, inflation is less likely to occur. But the disadvantages brought by globalization cannot be ignored. Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being swerved to the Asian countries. The cost of labor in the Asian countries
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点,并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容:
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想,并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题,需思考:
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚,一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以,同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例:
1、首先,从一个问题开始。例如:互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次,表明你对这个问题的立场。例如:互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后,发展你的答案。例如:互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消:互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点,以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
Good afternoon, professors and everyone. i am ... from ... and my supervisor is professor . under his encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper, the title of which is "...". i choose this t...
毕业论文答辩注意以下几个问题,对提高成绩是有益的。 一、熟悉内容 作为将要参加毕业论文答辩的同学,首先而且必须对自己所著的论文内容有比较深刻的理解和比较全面的熟悉。所谓“深刻的理解”是对论文有横向的把握。这两方面是为回答答辩委员会成员就有关论文的深度及相关知识面而提出的问题所做的准备。例如,题为<创建名牌产品发展民族产业>的论文,答辩委员会成员可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”,但学生必须对自己的论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”,否则,就会出现尴尬局面 二、图表穿插 任何毕业论文,无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收,这样,秘然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以,应该在答辩过程事适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的答辩成绩。 三、语流适中 进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明,他们在众多的都是和同学面前答辩时,说话速度往往越来越快,以致答辩委员会听不清楚,影响了答辩成绩。故答辩学生一定要注意在答辩过程中的语流速度,要有急有缓,有轻有重,不能像连珠炮似的轰向听众。 四、目光移动 毕业生在论文答辩时,一般可脱稿,也可半脱稿,也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种开工,都应注意自己的目光,使目光时常地瞟向答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的接触,使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上,由于听时间过长,委员们难免会有分神现象,这时,你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来,使委员们的思路跟你的思路走。 五、体态语辅助 虽然毕业论文答辩同其它答辩一样以口语为主,但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的答辩,使答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反,如果你在答辩过程中始终如一地直挺挺地站着,或者始终如一地低头俯视,即使你的论文结构再合理,主题再新颖,结论再正确,答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时,一定要注意使用态语。 六、时间控制 一般在比较正规的答辩会上,都对辩手有时间要求,因此,毕业学生在进行论文答辩时应重视时间的掌握。对时间的控制要有力度,到该截止的时间立即结束,这样,显得有准备,对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路,容易给答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对时间控制的一种表现,应该重视的。 七、紧扣主题 在校园中进行毕业论文答辩,往往辩手较多,因此,对于答辩委员会成员来说,他们不可能对每一位的论文内容有全面的了解,有的甚至连题目也不一定熟悉。因此,在整个答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行,能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外,委员们一般也容易就题目所涉及的问题进行提问,如果能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗化,对你的论文加以首肯。 八、人称使用 在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及人称使用问题,建议尽量多地使用第一人称,如“我”“我们”,即使论文中的材料是引用他人的,用“我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料,特别是毕业论文大多是你自己作的,所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样,会使答辩委员会成员有这样的印象:东西是你的,工作做了不少!
英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文
时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
Thats all. Thank you.
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and industrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of products. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our product import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introduction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.当今社会,对外贸易在国家或者地区的经济发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。一国要获得经济快速的经济发展,必须学会利用国际国内两个市场。通过对外贸易,进行物产的互通有无,从而实现资源的优化配置。对贸易行为的分析通常分为总量分析和结构分析,总量分析是从量的角度分析问题,而结构分析更注重从质的角度考察贸易行为。而对外贸易结构是一国或地区经济技术发展水平、产业结构状况、商品国际竞争能力、在国际分工和国际贸易中的地位等的综合反映,而商品结构和区域结构是对外贸易结构的重要组成部分。中国从2001年加入WTO以来,对外贸易快速增长,以成为即美、日两国以后的世界第三大贸易国,但是随着我国对外贸易的快速发展,在结构上的问题越来越多的显现出来,例如商品结构的不合理,出口产品仍然是低附加值产品。而且,我国的对外贸易中商品贸易额远远大于服务贸易额,因此研究我国的对外贸易结构主要是研究我国的商品进出口贸易,达到商品结构的优化。本文将从我国对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构入手,来分析我国的进出口贸易,最后提出为了实现进出口贸易战略目标的措施。全文分为五章,前三章主要讲我国对外贸易的发展现状和对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构的分析,第四章讲,我国在引入外资时对我国进出口贸易的影响,最针对当前的对外贸易结构,提出进出口贸易发展中为了实现战略目标的措施和出口商品的优化措施。
功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫功夫给
Fulfill your destiny.
同等学力的英语范文也分为好几种类型,这次讲的是经济和生活类型的。下面是我给大家整理的同等学力经济生活类英语范文,供大家参阅!
Directions: In this part, you are to written an essay more than 150 words within 30 minutes under the title of the Importance of Confidence. Your essay should be based on the information given in the outline below
Outline:
1. Importance of confidence
2. Reasons for lack of confidence
3. Necessity to build up confidence
范文
Importance of Confidence
Whatever one does, one should do it with confidence. If one has no confidence, there is little possibility that one can achieve anything when faced with hardships. This truth seems to be self-evident. In reality, however, we do see a lot of people who always complain that they lack the ability to do something or that their difficulties are too great to overcome.
Why do some people often feel frustrated even though they are capable of doing something? I think there are two main reasons. In the first place, these people don’t have a correct estimate of themselves. Secondly, there is another possibility that they exaggerate the difficulties.
In my opinion, one should build up faith in oneself as long as he has a right attitude towards his own ability. We should neither underestimate nor overestimate our ability As a proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” With confidence we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with.
Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 30 minutes on developing tourism. Your essay should be based on the OUTLINE below.
1. 目前的状况
2. 发展旅游业的好处
3. 由此而产生的问题
范文
Tourism, a smokeless industry, is developing rapidly in China. With the reform and opening –up policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5, 000 years.
Tourism as a form of enterprise brings China a lot of benefits. In the first place, it is financially beneficial to the economic development of China. Tourism is one of the most important channels to obtain foreign currencies. In the second place, tourism enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world. On the other hand, the foreigners who have visited China are deeply impressed by the latest developments of out country and the friendliness and hospitality of our people. It is clear that tourism contributes a great deal to the friendship and mutual understanding between the Chinese people and people all over the world.
Everything, however, has two sides. Tourism gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to our inefficient transportation system. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the expenses. Therefore, there are still a lot of obstacles hindering the expansion of tourism in our country.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicFor a Better Understanding between Parent and Child. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline below:
1. Present situation: lack of communication between parent and child
2. Possible reasons:
1) Different likes and dislikes;2) Misunderstanding;3) Others
3. Suggestions:
1) For parents;2) For children
范文
For a Better Understanding between Parent and Child
Nowadays there is often a lack of understanding between parent and child. Parents often consider their children’s behaviors “irrational”,while the children are always complaining about their parents’ not understanding them. Consequently, the so-called generation gap comes into being.
In my opinion, there are several reasons responsible for the situation. First, it is most natural for the two generations to have different likes and dislikes since they grow up in different times and environments. Second, their understanding of the world and methods of thinking are also different from each other, which is likely to cause misunderstandings. If both parents and children become more reasonable and tolerant, will there be so many quarrels and conflicts? Last but not least, nowadays, in most cases both parents and children are too busy to have enough time to exchange ideas with each other.
In order to improve their relation, parents and children make joint efforts. Parents should be patient enough so as to listen to their children. The children should respect their parents, whose suggestions, although hard to follow at the beginning, always prove to be beneficial and valuable. Only in this way can parents and children achieve better understanding.
17. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: What Is Success? Your composition must be based on the information given in the outline below.
Outline:
1. Different opinions on success
2. Ways to achieve success
3. My view on success
范文
What Is Success?
What is success? Different people hold views on this question. Some think that one is successful if he can make a great deal of money. Others argue that success means holding an important government post. Still others believe that whoever has got high academic title is successful. It is clear that there are quite different opinions on success.
In order to become successful, you should first of all be both perseverant and hardworking. You should always keep in mind that perseverance is the mother of success and industry is the key to it. In addition, you should pay great attention to your work method. It is necessary for you to sum up your experience constantly and improve the efficiency of your work. Finally, it is important for you to get along well with your co-workers, care for each other and help each other.
In my opinion, success means achieving brilliant results in one’s work, that is, making outstanding contributions to the development of the country and bringing happiness to the people.
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文
本科生英语论文 范文
范文一:英语本科 毕业 论文
The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Thesis statement:
Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.
Outline
Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles
A. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in England
B. A brief commentary of the novel
1. the writer --Thomas hardy
2. general introduction of the novel
Ⅱ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her life
A. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
1. the moribund society
2. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
B. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
1. the traditional moral concept
2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
C. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
hypocritical religion in that time
2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
D. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
’s unfortunate marriage
2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.
Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.
key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate
内容提要
本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先,本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后,对文本进行简要评论。再次,本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论:(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后,揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。
关键词:悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运
范文二:英语专业毕业论文格式要求
1、主要任务
毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段,是英语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节,是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分,是培养学生综合应用所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能,并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径,是对学生进行科学研究的初步训练。毕业论文是学生大学毕业前的最后学习阶段,是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语 语文知识 及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
2、知识要求
英语专业的毕业论文按专业方向的不同可分为“文学”、“语言及语言学研究”、“语言教学”、“翻译研究”和“ 文化 与跨文化”等不同类别。按论文性质的不同,又可分为理论型研究论文、应用型研究论文、综述型论文和研究 报告 型论文。每个专业方向都可以有这4种不同的类型。
(1)理论型研究论文指对已有的语言、文学、翻译、教学、文化等学科领域的理论性和应用性的研究成果,在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进行有一定新意的探讨,这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视角、新的材料、新的 方法 、新的论证、新的结论。理论型研究应熟识与了解现有的科学观点、结论和评价,并进行消化、吸收,针对现有理论中的不足、不确切和未涉及之处进行局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。写理论型研究论文的学生要有较好的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确、科学地分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体的理论性问题,在教师的指导下发现、提出理论性问题并对某一具体理论提出自己的看法和意见。
(2)应用型研究论文指以实际应用为目的,探讨已有的知识在实践中应用的可能性,或运用已有的研究成果探索应用的新途径。应用型研究必须与教学、研究或社会相结合,重点在于如何运用现有的知识,提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题,作出有参考或应用价值的结论。选择写应用型研究论文的学生要有一定的理论准备,能够熟练运用已学的理论知识,正确分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体问题并在老师的指导下运用某一具体理论提出解决问题的看法和意见。
(3)综述型论文是对某一学科领域研究与发展状况作综合叙述介绍的一种论文类型。综述型论文是在大量阅读各种文献的基础上,对学科中某一具体的理论性或实际应用性问题的研究状况进行综合归纳,分析整理,去粗取精,做出判断,理出清晰而明确的研究发展脉络,从而展示研究现状和已取得的研究成果,分析问题的症结,并指出未来的研究走向和发展趋势的动态性研究成果。写综述型论文的学生应对所选课题的研究状况有比较全面的把握和正确的了解,对材料的归纳 总结 要较好地体现出综合性和概括性,要在分析、判断的基础上作出新的结论,而且要有一定的前沿性和前瞻性。
(4)研究报告型论文是就某一课题开展调查或测试并对调查或测试中获得的各种数据进行分析、综合、归纳、整理、讨论,从而作出结论的调研性论文。研究报告型论文可分为调查报告与测试报告两类。写研究报告型论文的学生需要具有正确采集、分析和处理信息和数据的方法,需要具有在理论上对调查过程进行分析和论证的能力,并能在老师的指导下独立 1
制定调查或测试方案。
3、能力培养要求
毕业论文写作是本科英语专业教学计划中规定的一项内容和组成部分,是学生毕业前提交的一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的学术论文。它是学生毕业前独立而系统地从事科学研究的初步尝试。毕业论文表明学生的英语水平和实际应用英语的能力,表明学生相关学科方面的学识水平,表明学生发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。毕业论文对能力的培养有以下几个方面的具体要求:
(1)锻炼学生运用连贯的、正确的、科学的英语语言的能力,全面提高学生综合运用英语的水平;
(2)培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题的思维品质;
(3)培养学生运用所学的理论知识解决来理论性问题或英语实践技能方面的应用性问题的能力;
(4)培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和严谨踏实的工作作风;
(5)培养学生勇于实践、勇于探索、勇于创新的精神。
4、综合素质要求
毕业论文在英语人才培养中起着一般教学不可替代的作用,是对课堂教学和非课堂教学的重要补充。毕业论文跟课堂教学和非课堂教学二者的配合可有效地解决语言知识、言语技能和相关知识的活用问题,能以一种综合性的研究成果的方式把分散的知识、技能与能力要素有机地结合起来。这种结合是全方位的,即思想、观念、知识、技能、能力和文化素质等诸多方面的全面综合,这种结合同时也包括文献资料检索能力、资料筛选能力、计算机应用能力、动手能力、概括能力、归纳能力、分析问题的能力与解决问题的能力等等。总之,毕业论文教学以培养学生全方位的多方面综合素质为目的。
Half-way from rags to richesApr 24th 2008From The Economist print editionVietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?EyevineCorrection to this articleKNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows dug into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans during the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries. These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introduce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”. Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged . Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll. An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm produce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open. All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introduction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable. Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council. Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introduced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-reducing World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”—free enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $ billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exodus of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them. Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and productivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten. The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket. Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern industrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic. But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further reductions in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to stench of corruptionThe Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official procedures. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly. Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and individuals borrowed to speculate on shares and government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay. What could go wrongAll this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks: • Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development. Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources,[1] typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviours affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices; and how prices, in turn, determine the supply and demand of goods and services.[2][3] Macroeconomics, on the other hand, involves the "sum total of economic activity, dealing with the issues of growth, inflation and unemployment, and with national economic policies relating to these issues"[2] and the effects of government actions (such as changing taxation levels) on them.[4] Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon 'microfoundations' — . based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behaviour. One of the goals of microeconomics is to analyze market mechanisms that establish relative prices amongst goods and services and allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results, as well as describing the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general equilibrium, markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory. Also considered is the elasticity of products within the market system. Assumptions and definitions The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. This implies that there are many buyers and sellers in the market and none of them have the capacity to significantly influence prices of goods and services. In many real-life transactions, the assumption fails because some individual buyers or sellers or groups of buyers or sellers do have the ability to influence prices. Quite often a sophisticated analysis is required to understand the demand-supply equation of a good. However, the theory works well in simple situations. Mainstream economics does not assume a priori that markets are preferable to other forms of social organization. In fact, much analysis is devoted to cases where so-called market failures lead to resource allocation that is suboptimal by some standard (highways are the classic example, profitable to all for use but not directly profitable for anyone to finance). In such cases, economists may attempt to find policies that will avoid waste directly by government control, indirectly by regulation that induces market participants to act in a manner consistent with optimal welfare, or by creating "missing markets" to enable efficient trading where none had previously existed. This is studied in the field of collective action. It also must be noted that "optimal welfare" usually takes on a Paretian norm, which in its mathematical application of Kaldor-Hicks Method, does not stay consistent with the Utilitarian norm within the normative side of economics which studies collective action, namely public choice. Market failure in positive economics (microeconomics) is limited in implications without mixing the belief of the economist and his or her theory. The demand for various commodities by individuals is generally thought of as the outcome of a utility-maximizing process. The interpretation of this relationship between price and quantity demanded of a given good is that, given all the other goods and constraints, this set of choices is that one which makes the consumer happiest. [edit] Modes of operation It is assumed that all firms are following rational decision-making, and will produce at the profit-maximizing output. Given this assumption, there are four categories in which a firm's profit may be considered. A firm is said to be making an economic profit when its average total cost is less than the price of each additional product at the profit-maximizing output. The economic profit is equal to the quantity output multiplied by the difference between the average total cost and the price. A firm is said to be making a normal profit when its economic profit equals zero. This occurs where average total cost equals price at the profit-maximizing output. If the price is between average total cost and average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, then the firm is said to be in a loss-minimizing condition. The firm should still continue to produce, however, since its loss would be larger if it were to stop producing. By continuing production, the firm can offset its variable cost and at least part of its fixed cost, but by stopping completely it would lose the entirety of its fixed cost. If the price is below average variable cost at the profit-maximizing output, the firm should go into shutdown. Losses are minimized by not producing at all, since any production would not generate returns significant enough to offset any fixed cost and part of the variable cost. By not producing, the firm loses only its fixed cost. By losing this fixed cost the company faces a challenge. It must either exit the market or remain in the market and risk a complete loss. [edit] Market failure Main article: Market failure In microeconomics, the term "market failure" does not mean that a given market has ceased functioning. Instead, a market failure is a situation in which a given market does not efficiently organize production or allocate goods and services to consumers. Economists normally apply the term to situations where the inefficiency is particularly dramatic, or when it is suggested that non-market institutions would provide a more desirable result. On the other hand, in a political context, stakeholders may use the term market failure to refer to situations where market forces do not serve the public interest. The four main types or causes of market failure are: Monopolies or other cases of abuse of market power where a "single buyer or seller can exert significant influence over prices or output". Abuse of market power can be reduced by using antitrust regulations.[5] Externalities, which occur in cases where the "market does not take into account the impact of an economic activity on outsiders." There are positive externalities and negative externalities.[5] Positive externalities occur in cases such as when a television program on family health improves the public's health. Negative externalities occur in cases such as when a company’s processes pollutes air or waterways. Negative externalities can be reduced by using government regulations, taxes, or subsidies, or by using property rights to force companies and individuals to take the impacts of their economic activity into account. Public goods are goods that have the characteristics that they are non-excludable and non-rivalous and include national defense[5] and public health initiatives such as draining mosquito-breeding marshes. For example, if draining mosquito-breeding marshes was left to the private market, far fewer marshes would probably be drained. To provide a good supply of public goods, nations typically use taxes that compel all residents to pay for these public goods (due to scarce knowledge of the positive externalities to third parties/social welfare); and Cases where there is asymmetric information or uncertainty (information inefficiency).[5] Information asymmetry occurs when one party to a transaction has more or better information than the other party. For example, used-car salespeople may know whether a used car has been used as a delivery vehicle or taxi, information that may not be available to buyers. Typically it is the seller that knows more about the product than the buyer, but this is not always the case. An example of a situation where the buyer may have better information than the seller would be an estate sale of a house, as required by a last will and testament. A real estate broker purchasing this house may have more information about the house than the family members of the deceased. This situation was first described by Kenneth J. Arrow in a seminal article on health care in 1963 entitled "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care," in the American Economic Review. George Akerlof later used the term asymmetric information in his 1970 work The Market for Lemons. Akerlof noticed that, in such a market, the average value of the commodity tends to go down, even for those of perfectly good quality, because the buyer has no way of knowing whether the product they are buying will turn out to be a "lemon" (a defective product). [edit] Opportunity cost Main article: Opportunity cost Although opportunity cost can be hard to quantify, the effect of opportunity cost is universal and very real on the individual level. In fact, this principle applies to all decisions, not just economic ones. Since the work of the Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser, opportunity cost has been seen as the foundation of the marginal theory of value. Opportunity cost is one way to measure the cost of something. Rather than merely identifying and adding the costs of a project, one may also identify the next best alternative way to spend the same amount of money. The forgone profit of this next best alternative is the opportunity cost of the original choice. A common example is a farmer that chooses to farm his land rather than rent it to neighbors, wherein the opportunity cost is the forgone profit from renting. In this case, the farmer may expect to generate more profit himself. Similarly, the opportunity cost of attending university is the lost wages a student could have earned in the workforce, rather than the cost of tuition, books, and other requisite items (whose sum makes up the total cost of attendance). The opportunity cost of a vacation in the Bahamas might be the down payment money for a house. Note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives, but rather the benefit of the single, best alternative. Possible opportunity costs of the city's decision to build the hospital on its vacant land are the loss of the land for a sporting center, or the inability to use the land for a parking lot, or the money that could have been made from selling the land, or the loss of any of the various other possible uses—but not all of these in aggregate. The true opportunity cost would be the forgone profit of the most lucrative of those listed. One question that arises here is how to assess the benefit of dissimilar alternatives. We must determine a dollar value associated with each alternative to facilitate comparison and assess opportunity cost, which may be more or less difficult depending on the things we are trying to compare. For example, many decisions involve environmental impacts whose dollar value is difficult to assess because of scientific uncertainty. Valuing a human life or the economic impact of an Arctic oil spill involves making subjective choices with ethical implications.
这类论文就是泛泛而谈,随便找几篇凑下就可以,我没有论文库的号,去淘宝的 翰林书店 店铺下载的,质量可以的。
经济学论文?那种经济学的?这个题目太宽泛了