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可能问到的问题：1. 论文结构的合理性、致谢中的文法错误以及参考文献中不规范的地方；2. 你的研究的创新点或者价值在哪里？局限性是什么？3.非语言交际与语言交际有什么区别与联系？能否举例说明？ 个人感觉你的论文题目似乎并未突出你研究的视角、亮点。
老师会根据你的论文题目看情况提问的，没有什么固定的。都会指出你的一些问题，只是你的结构上，标题开题方面没什么大问题就不用担心啦参考文献你要注意的是一定要你的文章里用过，你没引用写到后面去他可能问，还有就是参考文献一定是要你能找到的内容。
我没有样文哦你是想写文学方面的还是语言学方面的呢，当然文学的简单些。写文学方面的论文的话一定要阅读文本，我刚上大一时文学课老师就说关于文本阅读的问题，并且做了大量训练，因为如果你想写一个作家或流派就必须要认真读过他的作品，没有文本阅读的话写出来的论文是经不起考验的，答辩时会很难看哦，语言学论文的话要提早准备哦，要准备很多材料滴，我们学姐写方言的论文用了八个月时间，首先要整理该方言音系，然后做方言调查，然后资料整理，然后才能写，写了又要改N多遍，即使不是方言的论文，词汇啊，音韵啊，语法啊等的论文也要做充分的资料整理，和调查工作，想写好毕业论文，应该找导师研究，一定要相信导师，和导师多沟通，他们是最能帮助你的人文科的论文比较好写，现在准备时间还很充分，加油吧，
英语语言文学的论文答辩主要分为两部分：自我陈述和回答答辩老师问题，下面对这两部分进行详细讲解。一、自述(用英语完成)：1、先问好，再开始自述，自述时间为5-10分钟，要简明扼要，必须将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件。2、主要陈述内容(即Powerpoint文件主要内容)：(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如，商务方向：采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文，最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容，如，商务方向：做了哪些调查，得出什么结论，计划如何实施项目);(4)仍然存在的问题(如，商务：在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述，但是可以看PPT文件)。4、语言最好简单清楚，不要直接用论文中内容，应该用解释性的句式，如：When I was designing the lessons, I found that .英语文学论文答辩自我陈述范例：Good morning all the appraiser committee members. I come from *** , majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***.With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to irrationalism. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially Lessing's works. Secondly, Comparing to the studies abroad, which extends most than 50 years, the Lessing study in China is relatively new. Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of From Rationalism to Irrationalism-on Doris Lessing's Construction of Dreams in Psychological Fictions as the title of my hope by studying this short story we can know more about the different arrangements for the dreams and hallucinations in Lessing's works at different period, the thesis aims at an elucidation of Lessing's chronological shift in her philosophy from rationalism to , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .The thesis consists of five sections: the introduction, three chapters of argumentation,and the introduction includes a brief introduction to the writer and the writer's works concerned, the literary review of academic research at home and abroad, the main theory applied in this thesis, and an explanation to the thesis's content, structure and three chapters of argument consists of 1) an analysis of the coincidental consistency of Lessing's dream construction with Freudian theory; 2) a comparison between the hallucinations in “To Room Nineteen” and the dream images in The Golden Notebook,and an analysis to the distinction between Lessing's and Freud!s understandings on the mechanism of displacement and condensation, on id and superego, and on trauma; and 3) essing's transcendence over psychoanalytic concerns. The last section is brief conclusion of the whole thesis. It restates Lessing's metamorphosis from rationalism to , that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问，学生用英语回答)：1、大约有6-8个问题，时间将持续10-15分钟。2、首先要听清楚问题，如果没有听清，可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话)。 3、回答时首先要态度好，要切题，而且不要保持沉默，不会时可以表示抱歉。 4、常见问题： (1)关于选题：如Why did you choose this topic for your paper 或Why were you interested in this project(2)关于具体部分：商务方向：SWOT,COSTING,FLOWCHART,RISK,STAKEHOLDER,如Do you think this point a piece of weakness of the shop 或Do you think this a necessary activity for the project(3)关于背景知识及理论知识：如What does SWOT stand for (商务)(4)关于论文存在的问题：如In the last sentence on page there are some grammatical errors.(5)关于项目或论文将来的发展：如：商务方向：If possible, will you carry out the project, and if so, do you think it will make profit5、带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致)。6、最后要向老师们表示感谢。
本人于顺利通过线上答辩，以下是我的答辩陈述稿模板，分享给大家。尊敬的各位老师、同学上午好：我是……，我的论文题目是……，本篇论文是在xxx教授的指导下完成的。在此，我十分感谢某老师长期以来对我的精心指导，同时也感谢各位评审老师从百忙之中抽出宝贵的时间，参与论文的审阅与答辩。下面，我就把论文的基本思路向各位答辩老师作如下简要陈述：一、选题目的与意义（在你的开题报告里有，可以截取一些。）二、论文内容与框架本论文立足于………………………………，致力于分析……………，并揭示了………………………，探讨了………………的问题。（参考你的论文摘要）具体来说，我的论文分为以下三个部分：第一部分是引言，第一部分是引言，主要概述了选题背景、意义及研究的主要内容与方向。第二部分是正文，正文包括几部分（把各个部分的内容简要阐述一下就可以了）第三部分是结论，结论内容。三、论文的创新之处论文的精髓就在这里，但是大部分论文还是没什么创新点的（大家看看自己的论文就知道了，反正我是没有创新的，中规中矩^_^）所以这一块就把你认为的创新点写上去就可以了，当老师质疑时，你可以说自己的创新还不够，回去会跟指导老师讨论，完善。（避重就轻）四、结束语本篇论文已经完成，还有许多的地方需要更全面的改进，但总的来说，在撰写的过程中，我真实地学到了许多东西，也积累了不少经验，更进一步丰富了自己的知识。但由于个人能力不足，加之时间和精力有限，在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处，与老师的期望还有差距，许多问题还有待进行一步思考和探究，借此答辩机会，希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见，指出我的错误和不足之处，我将虚心接受，从而进一步深入学习，使该论文得到完善和提高。我的答辩自述完毕，谢谢各位老师!
方言有很多种，你可以先把范围缩小，不然题目太广，不容易研究，可以从方言产生的原因，用处等方面写
好的，为你简单的介绍一下。毕业论文答辩的主要目的，是审查文章的真伪、审查写作者知识掌握的深度，审查文章是否符合体裁格式，以求进一步提高。学生通过答辩，让教师、专家进一步了解文章立论的依据，处理课题的实际能力。这是学生可以获得锻炼和提高的难得机会，应把它看作，治学的起点。详细的就不一一介绍了。
开始就是问好呗 结束了就说谢谢 其实做到不紧张就行了哟。
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文
时间过得真快，大学生活即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
Thats all. Thank you.
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
汉语言文学论文答辩自述稿
说明这个课题的历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题没有解决，自己有什么新的看法，提出并解决了哪些问题。以下是我为您整理的汉语言文学论文答辩自述稿，希望能提供帮助。
尊敬的各位老师：
我叫xxx，xx级汉语言文学专业学员，我所撰写的论文题目是：论《围城》方鸿渐形象的现实意义，我的指导老师是xxx老师。从确定选题、拟定题纲、完成初稿，到最后定稿，我得到了x老师精心细致的指导，使我很快掌握了论文的写作方法，并能在较短的时间里迅速完成论文的写作。不管今天答辩的结果如何，我都会由衷的感谢指导老师的辛勤劳动，感谢各位老师的批评指正。
选择《围城》这本小说作为我的毕业论文的写作题材，一方面是因为我对这本小说比较的喜欢，包括由这本小说改篇而成的电视剧。的`确，《围城》是一个富有人生哲理和重大社会意义的命题，它向人们说明40年代中国社会的动荡、黑暗和病态，使恋爱、结婚、家庭成为“鸟笼”和“城堡”，寓意只有冲破自身的局限和昏暗社会的“围城”，把个人的命运和整个民族、国家的命运结合在一起，才会有新的生路。《围城》不愧为一部寓意深刻、发人深省的好作品。另一方面，结合当今社会现实，许多的现象也与《围城》中的描写场景有一些的相似，揭示其中的联系，警示世人，以倡导真、善、美的人性和理性的人生，也是我想通过自己的写作给社会的一次贡献。
我在这篇论文中，主要采用了内容分析和现实对比的写作手法，各阶段安排依照先典型分析(即具体事例分析)，具体对照现象，展现警示，再综合论述，阐明现实意义的层次进行。具体结构如下：
一、方鸿渐“玩世不恭”的人生态度造成的影响对现实社会的警示意义!
1、假的文凭的后果与不学无术
2、对爱情的“玩世不恭”造成的苦果与性开放
二、方鸿渐复杂思想性格的现实指导意义
1、表现在爱情生活方面的复杂分析及现实意义
2、表现在家庭生活方面的复杂思想性格的分析及现实意义
3、表现在事业方面的复杂性格的分析及现实意义。
第一个方面，着重从方鸿渐两件典型的事例，联系到当今社会两种不良现象(即不学无术和性开放)，以警示世人，这部分用词颇多，篇幅较长。第二个方面，综合阐述方鸿渐在社会大背景下的爱情、家庭、事业三个方面的思想性格，意图说明无论在什么样的环境下，如果缺乏主动性，缺乏自主有为的精神，缺乏坚定的性格和健全的人格，是很容易被环境和他人左右的，一个人只有将自身的发展置于社会经济文化发展的大熔炉里，事业才会有所成功;一个家庭，只有在安定平和的社会大环境下，削除了社会的重压，家庭成员之间相互谅解，家庭生活才会真诚和自由。这部分语言精练，立意高远。
在提纲的完成过程中，我得到了x老师的详细指导，观点进一步得到了提炼，对现实社会某些现象的观察和分析也进一步深入。初稿完成后，x老师又详细地审阅了全文，对一些用词不当的地方，观点不明朗的地方提出了指正。最后正式定稿后，x老师又认真地提示了论文打印的格式以及一些注意事项。
正是在老师的着力指导下，在本人细致的研究下，我结合当今社会现实的某些现象，发现了《围城》所蕴含的警示意义和指导意义。关于《围城》的有关论著相当地多，但以其人物形象的现实融合来确定研究方向，应该是我的一个创新之点。
本篇论文已经完成，虽然不是很尽人意，还有许多的地方需要更全面的改进，但总的来说，在撰写的过程中，我真实地学到了许多东西，更进一步丰富了自己的知识，自己的认识也有了相当的提高。
答辩的准备工作学生可以从下列问题（第4~10题）中，根据自己实际，选取二三个问题，作好汇报准备，（第1~3题必选）。时间一般不超过10分钟。内容最好烂熟于心中，不看稿纸，语言简明流畅。1．为什么选择这个课题（或题目），研究、写作它有什么学术价值或现实意义。2．说明这个课题的历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题没有解决，自己有什么新的看法，提出并解决了哪些问题。3．文章的基本观点和立论的基本依据。4．学术界和社会上对某些问题的具体争论，自己的倾向性观点。5．重要引文的具体出处。6．本应涉及或解决但因力不从心而未接触的问题；因认为与本文中心关系不大而未写入的新见解。7．本文提出的见解的可行性。8．定稿交出后，自己重读审查新发现的缺陷。9．写作毕业论文（作业）的体会。10．本文的优缺点。总之，要作好口头表述的准备。不是宣读论文，也不是宣读写作提纲和朗读内容提要。学生答辩注意事项1．带上自己的论文、资料和笔记本。2．注意开场白、结束语的礼仪。3．坦然镇定，声音要大而准确，使在场的所有人都能听到。4．听取答辩小组成员的提问，精神要高度集中，同时，将提问的问题——记在本上。5．对提出的问题，要在短时间内迅速做出反应，以自信而流畅的语言，肯定的语气，不慌不忙地—一回答每个问题。6．对提出的疑问，要审慎地回答，对有把握的疑问要回答或辩解、申明理由；对拿不准的问题，可不进行辩解，而实事求是地回答，态度要谦虚。
演讲稿是一种实用性比较强的文稿，是为演讲准备的书面材料。在我们平凡的日常里，很多地方都会使用到演讲稿，为了让您在写演讲稿时更加简单方便，以下是我整理的大学生毕业设计答辩的演讲稿大全，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
尊敬的各位老师：
上午好！
我叫，来自造价084班。现在我开始简单的介绍一下我做的毕业设计及对大学生活的感想。我的毕业设计题目是：赣州市滨江四期改造工程——8#楼综合预算设计。建筑面积平方米，建筑层数6层，建筑高度米，土建造价元，单方造价元。建筑工程等级：二级。建筑抗震设防类别：丙类。设计使用年限：50年。耐火等级为二级。屋面二级防水，不上人保温屋面采用卷材防水，上人保温屋面采用挤塑聚苯板防水。结构类型是：砖混结构。消防设计，建筑防火分类为二类。墙体材料采用多孔页岩砖。基础、承台、基础梁采用C30混凝土，楼面屋面梁、板采用C25混凝土，框架柱采用C25混凝土。钢筋采用HPB235二级钢和HPB335三级钢。
给排水工程，总造价x元，单方造价x元。室内生活冷水给水管及进户管管材选用：PPR给水管，连接方式采用熔接；室外埋地给水管管材用钢筋网骨架塑料（聚乙烯）复合管，连接方式采用电热熔接。室内排水管及出出户管采用PVCU芯层发泡复合消音排水管，采用承插连接或密圈连接。
电气工程，总造价x元，单方造价x元。防雷等级为三级。套管采用难熔塑料管PVC，导线采BV用塑铜线。
大学四年的造价学习、熏陶，给了我一个用造价的思想来思考问题，用组价的方式来汇总问题，用分部分项工程的方式解剖问题。用定额的标准解决问题。经管学院的经济管理，让我开启了用经济学的眼光评价问题，用经济学的视野看待世界政治变化，观察每一方在不同角度做出相应的决策的原因。经济学的价值观，机会成本，价值工程，技术经济学，工程经济学等等这些经济思想，四年的大学生活给了我一个造价，经济的思维模式思考问题。虽然在求学的路上可能稍有停步，但是学习步伐是永无止境的。在以后的工作生涯中，我将会用学校所学的基本知识，越走越远。
借此答辩之际，感谢刘老师的对我们毕业设计的悉心帮助，感谢答辩组老师对我答辩的指导！
我的演讲到此结束，谢谢您们！
尊敬的各位老师：
大家上午好！我叫xx，本次论文指导老师是×××老师，我选的毕业论文题目是《提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策研究》，下面我先汇报一下自己选择这篇论文的动机以及论文选题背景、基本写作思路、理论与实践意义。
首先来陈述一下我的写作动机。我来自台州，在没写这篇论文之前我仅知道台州各地存在生产相同产品的特色乡镇，比较熟悉的有临海的太平洋彩灯城、台州的的服装机械、玉环的阀门等等，根据xx年底的统计数据，其中阀门水泵占全国出口的60%以上，缝纫机和电动裁剪机在国际上占有70%的市场份额等等。而浙江，众所周知是一个贸易大省，我想出口与产业集群应该有醒目的联系，所以，我就选择了《提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策研究》，一方面是希望通过这篇论文能让自己更加清楚的了解浙江省出口优势产业集群的分布、现状及国际竞争力，二则因为自己属于国贸专业，也希望以后能从我省的优势产业集群中挖掘更多的商机，为自己的未来作些理论的铺垫。
其次来陈述的是本篇论文的主要论点及结构。虽然这篇论文的选题有点长，但我觉得中心还是应该扣在最后的几个字上，即“集群竞争力的对策分析”。所谓“产业集群”，是指在某一产业的上下游企业在一定区域内大量集聚，形成了竞争优势的经济群落。北京大学教授王缉慈在论坛中指出，提高出口竞争力的关键是发展富有特色的产业集群，力避产业集群的同质性的重复建设。因此，我的论文从浙江省出口优势产业集群的发展现状和主要特点着手，力求寻找到我省出口优势产业集群具有优势的软硬件基础。我总结出来的几点是规模喜人、产业结构合理、产品分工细致、出口竞争优势显著等。
在论证浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力及其竞争优势的时候，我主要分析浙江省产业集群的几个关系，比如企业集聚与生产效率、国际竞争力的关系，集群竞争力与竞争压力、创新能力的关系，“区位品牌”与集群竞争力的联系等。而出口优势产业集群竞争力的决定因素也常规的从国家层面、集群层面、企业层面“先大角度再小口径”地分析。
这篇大学生毕业论文对浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力指标分析也主要集中在第三部分，这也是我对策研究的理论根据。其中包括集群占浙江省近几年六成左右的主要经济指标————浙江省03~xx年的进出口额，浙江省出口优势产业集群中主要企业在各地区的分布情况，例举温州民营中小企业对海外市场进入方式偏好，而竞争力指标也主要围绕贸易竞争力指标（tc指数），出口分散度等进行论述。并进一步提出浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的制约因素。这些都是浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策提出的基础。
论文的重心也是通过以上的分析来给出提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的对策。我借鉴了大学经济类科目的主要归纳方法，分别从政府、企业、行业协会三个角度来提出相应的对策。也可以说是宏观与微观对策的双重分析来应答如何提升浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力。
在写完这篇论文的时候，自己感觉条理上还不是很严谨，出现了一些观点的重复，对一些具体数据的收集还有许多不足，使得这篇论文在对浙江省出口优势产业集群竞争力的的思考还停留在比较粗浅的层面，不论在理论方面，还是在实践方面都有许多问题需要继续进行深入、细致地探索。但也因为通过写这篇论文使我对浙江的出口优势产业集群的分布、产业集群状况及出口总体概况有了大致的'了解，大学本专业所学的部分知识也重新被认识与肯定，因此也可以说一篇论文使我受益匪浅。
尊敬的各位评委老师：
大家好！我是菏泽学院中文系汉语言文学专业05级10班的学生张鲁。我的论文题目是《卫斯理系列科幻小说的创作特点》。卫斯理系列科幻小说在科幻小说界的地位毋庸质疑，其奇特的构思、丰富的想象力，渊博的知识和深度的思考，深深地吸引了一批又一批的读者。作为与金庸同为香港四大才子之一的倪匡所缔造的“卫斯理”神话，有必要在文学界引起重视并加以研，但是当前而言，研究工作极其零散，毫无系统性，甚至可以说是空白。
在着手准备论文写作的时候，我重新大量阅读了卫斯理系列经典小说。对卫斯理系列科幻小说做进一步的了解，缕清思路的基础上，确定论文大致思路和研究方向。为了完成论文，本人收集了大量的文献资料，其中主要来自网上的论文期刊、图书馆的书目、学习教材的理论资料和卫斯理中文网。
在邵子华导师的指导和帮助经过阅读主要参考资料，拟定提纲，写开题报告初稿，毕业论文初稿，修改等一系列程序，于XX年5月20日正式定稿。
具体来说，我的论文分为以下四个部分：
第一部分，主要概述了卫斯理系列科幻小说审美特征上的通俗性，，在阐释上首先指出了科幻小说的审美特征，然后针对卫斯理系列科幻小说的审美特征做进一步探讨，得出其小说的幻想性远大于科学性的写作特点。
第二部分，针对卫斯理系列科幻小说的故事内容进行探讨，综合分析作者倪匡创作时在科学与幻想上的优劣，得出其在故事情节的创作上更具的特色，即其故事性强，背景宽广，情节曲折离奇，引人入迷。
第三部分，主要是论述了卫斯理系列科幻小说中体现出来的新的写作手法，即“倪式故事新编”。本部分主要是通过对部分的卫斯理系列科幻作品展开分析，总结出这一创作特色。
第四部分，对卫斯理系列科幻小说的创作主题和作品中人物进行探讨，从三个小的方面具体分析得出卫斯理系列科幻小说作品主题复杂多样、主要人物的单一性、人物塑造各具特色。
第五部分，主要是深入挖掘作品在创作中体现出来的对自由平等及人性方面的思考，从小说思想意义的高度，对小说的创作进行分析。
经过本次论文写作，我学到了许多有用的东西，也积累了不少经验，但由于学生能力不足，加之时间和精力有限，在许多内容表述上存在着不当之处，与老师的期望相差甚远，许多问题还有待于进一步思考和探索，借此答辩机会，万分恳切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见，多指出本篇论文的错误和不足之处，学生将虚心接受，从而进一步深入学习研究，使该论文得到完善和提高。
以上是我对本篇论文的简单的介绍，敬请各位评委老师提出宝贵的意见，谢谢！
简单说：先要想好自己选择这个方向的意义是什么？价值在哪里？换句话说，你的论文对社会、对学术是“有用”的。从而坚定“论”的信心。然后，要想好最有价值的东西是什么？建立一个鲜明的、站得住脚的“论点”。论文是对中心论点的反复论证过程，用大量的、经筛选的材料，来阐述你的观点。可以说，写论文本身并不难，难的是事先对材料的收集、整理、归纳和发现、提炼，需要经过认真细致搜集，研究它们的来龙去脉，以及它们在时间（历史沿革）、空间（地域条件）上的联系。假如说，前面的“想”是设计过程，收集材料就是备料过程，只剩下施工了。一篇论文容量有限，不能做广泛的探讨，可以只研究其中一个或少数几个问题，千万不能扯得太多。例如，我只说南方方言中的“企”。因为北方人大多不明白它的本义，研究就会有意义。通过收集材料，知道哪些方言把“踮起脚跟站立”说成“企”，由“企”生发出企图、企望、企待、企鹅、企及、企慕、企盼、企求、企足而待等等。再引证《说文解字》等权威材料，反复论证，先使得论点站得住。然后由此推演，得出“方言与普通话是一个融合的过程”的结论，稍作展开，引证一些有关史料，让读者深信不疑，那么，你的论文就成功了！
这个你可以参考其他的人论文，在中国知网上查一查，其实主要是找自己的兴趣，再确定文章
各地方言的差别和共同
中国七大方言概述 1.北方话（简称：北语） 2.广东话（简称：粤语） 3.江浙话（简称：吴语）：4.福建话（简称：闽语）：5.湖南话（简称：湘语）： 6.江西话（简称：赣语）： 7.客家话（简称：客语）： 1、北方方言 又称北方话，以北京话为代表，通行语中国北方地区各省区，贵州、四川、云南以及华中地区的部份县市。北方方言分为四个次方言区： （1）华北方言，通行于京津两市几东北三省，河北、山东几河南六省。其中吉林、辽宁、黑龙江三省方言最接近北京话。 （2）西北方言，通行于山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏一部分、青海一部分及新疆等六省一区。 （3）西南方言，通行于四川、贵州、云南三省及湖北大部份。湖南、广西北部边沿地区。 （4）江淮方言，俗称下江官话，通行于长江中下游，包括安徽、江苏、江西部份沿江地区。 2、吴方言 吴方言又称江浙话或江南话。过去以苏州话为代表，现今随着上海市的经济发展，使上海话使用的人口不断的增多，通晓上海话也逐渐多。因此现今吴方言的代表乃是上海话。通行地域主要是江苏省长江以南、镇江以东，南通小部份，上海及浙江大部份地区，可分为五个片： （1）以上海话为代表的太湖片，通行地域：上海市、常州地区、杭州地区和宁波地区。 （2）以临海话为代表的台州片。 （3）以温州话为代表的东欧片。 （4）以金华话为代表婺州片。 （5）以丽水话为代表的丽衢片。 3、湘方言 : 湘方言又称湖南话或湖湘话。以长沙话为代表，分布在湖南省大部份地区。湘方言从内部语音差异上看，又有新湘语和老湘语的分别。老湘语广泛流行于湖南中部宁乡、衡阳等地，新湘语流行于长沙、株州等大中城市中。 4、赣方言 赣方言又称江西话、赣语或溪语。以南昌话为代表，通行于江西省大部份地区以及福建西部、湖南省部份县市。因历史上多次北方汉人南迁多从江西为中转，家之地理上与江淮官话、湘方言、棚民话区接壤，就使江西省边缘地区深受其他方言影响，也导致赣方言自身特点被淡化。 赣方言内部可分为7个片： （1）以南昌话为代表的昌靖片，通行于南昌地区、高安地区。 （2）以宜春话为代表的宜浏片，通行于宜春地区、新余地区和湖南省 （3）以吉安话为代表的吉茶片，通行于吉安地区、井冈山地区和湖南省的茶陵、攸县、酃县。 （4）以抚州话为代表的抚广片，通行于抚州地区。 （5）以鹰潭话为代表的鹰弋片，通行于鹰潭地区、贵溪地区、乐平地区、景德镇地区。 （6）以赣县话为代表的赣南片（又称赣州片），通行于江西赣南地区。（此片赣语曾被大棚民民系的棚民籍研究者刻意划入棚民方言的分支） （7）以长汀话为代表的闽西片，通行于福建西部的汀州地区。（此片赣语支系同样也被棚民籍的研究者把之划入棚民方言的支系，这是语言学上的大作祟） 5 粤方言又称粤语或广东话，通行于广东省大部份地区，广西自治区的南和东部及港澳地区。（1）以广州话为代表的粤海片，通行地域：广东珠江三角洲地区、粤西地区、粤北地区部份县市和广西梧州地区。 （2）以台山话为代表的四邑片，通行地域：广东江门地区（新会、台山、江门市、开平、恩平和鹤山一部分）。 （3）以韶关粤语为代表的粤北片，通行地域：广东韶关地区，阳山、佛岗和英德市一部分。 （4）以阳江话为代表的高阳片，通行地域：广东茂名地区和阳江地区。 （5）以广西钦州话为代表的钦廉片，通行地域：广东湛江地区、广西钦州地区和广东雷州地区一部分。 （6）以惠州粤语为代表的惠河片（此片曾被棚民学者误为棚民方言的分支，尤其是广东河源居民，他们也象棚民研究者误认了自己是棚民人）。通行地域：广东惠州地区、河源地区和揭阳地区的普宁、揭西一部分，汕尾地区的陆河县和梅州地区的五华、兴宁一部分。 （7）以广西南宁话为代表的邕浔片，通行地域：广西南宁地区、玉林地区一部分。 （8）以广西玉林话为代表的勾漏片，通行地域：广西玉林地区和广西梧州一部分。 6、棚民方言 棚民方言又称嘉应话、客家话或流话。以广东梅城话为代表，主要通行于广东梅州地区及零星分布于江西南端和福建西部。历史上棚民一族是自东晋开始从中原地区的一群流人为了避免战乱曾好几次向南方迁居。 他们集中生活最多的地方是广东梅州地区。海外华人及华侨中亦有部份说棚民话。 7、闽方言 闽方言又称福建话或福佬话。过去以福州话为代表，今由于闽方言的闽南居民的人口日益增长，使用闽南方言的人口也由此增多。故此现今的闽方言中一般是以闽南方言的厦门话为代表。闽方言内部可分为5个片。 （1）以福州话为代表的闽东片 - （2）以厦门话为代表的闽南片，在闽方言中的闽南片又被分为几个小片：1、泉漳片以福建厦门话为准。2、潮汕片以广东汕头话为准。3、雷州片以海康话为准。4、琼文片以海南海口话为准。 （3）以建瓯话为代表的闽北片。 （4）以永安话为代表的闽中片。 （5）以莆田话为代表的莆仙片。 南洋群岛中的华人社区中也有相当多来自闽方言区，但主要是闽南方言。 附： 还有一种标准是把全国分成八大方言区，即把闽方言分成两支 1、闽北方言，又称为福建话。 闽北方言分布在福建北部、浙江南部个别地区和台湾的一部份，此外，南洋华侨也有一部份人说闽北方言。闽北方言以福州话为代表。 2、闽南方言，广东人称为潮州话，福建人称为厦门话。 闽南方言分布在福建南部、广东东部和海南岛的一部份，海外部分华人社区亦流通闽南方言。闽南方言以厦门话为代表。 （这是按地理的南北来分，如果是综合福建方言来说的话，福州话则属于闽东方言） 中国的方言 语系———————语言——————方言——————次方言 ┌晋语——————————┬大同话 │ └太原话 │ │ ┌陕甘语—————┬陕西话 │ │ └甘肃话 │ │ ┌东北话 │ │ ├河北话（国语、普通话） ┌北语群————┤ ├北方汉语————┼山东话 │ │ │ ├胶东话 │ │ │ └河南话 │ │ │ ┌鄂北话 │ │ │ ├楚语 │ │ │ ├湖南官话 │ └北语—————┤ ├岑江话 │ ├西南汉语————┼桂柳话 │ │ ├黔北话 │ │ ├黔南话 │ │ ├灌赤话 │ │ ├昆贵话 │ │ └滇西话 │ │ ┌合肥话 │ │ ├扬州话 │ ├江淮语—————┼南通话 │ │ ├九江话 │ │ └南平话 │ └—————————军家话〔中国福建省武平县中山乡〕 │ │ ┌北部———————南昌话 │ ├东部———————鹰潭话 │ ┌赣语 —————┼中部———————抚州话 │ │ ├西部———————宜春话 │ │ └西南部——————吉安话 │ │ ├客赣语群———┤ ┌赣西北客语————铜鼓话 │ │ ├赣西南客语————赣州话 │ │ ├赣东南客语————宁都话 │ │ ├闽西客语————┬长汀话 │ │ │ └连城话 │ │ ├饶平客家话〔潮州市；中国台湾苗栗县卓兰镇〕 │ │ │ ┌梅县话、四县话〔广东省梅州市；中国台湾〕 │ │ │ ├大埔腔〔广东省梅州市；中国台湾台中县〕 │ └客语 —————┼粤东梅江客语——┼惠阳客家话、海陆话〔广东省汕尾市、深圳市、 东莞市、清远市；中国台湾〕 │ │ └韶南〔广东省韶关市〕 │ ├四川客语 │ ├粤东东江客语〔广东省河源市、惠州市〕 │ ├粤北客语〔广东省韶关市〕 │ ├惠州客家话 │ ├浙江畲话【畲族】〔浙江省丽水市〕 │ ├江西畲话【畲族】〔江西省吉安市、上饶市‧‧‧〕 │ ├福建畲话【畲族】〔福建省南平市、宁德地区〕 │ └广东畲话【畲族】〔广东省汕头市、揭阳市、汕尾市、惠州市〕 │ │ ┌宣州话 │ │ ┌常州话 ↓ ↓ ├上海话 ↑ ├北部、太湖吴语—┼湖州话〕 汉语系┤ │ ├杭州话 ├————————吴语—————┤ ├绍兴话 │ │ └宁波话 │ ├中部、婺州吴语——金华话 │ ├南部、处衢吴语—┬衢州话〕 │ │ └丽水话 │ ├台州话 │ └温州话—————┬温州话 │ └瓯语 │ │ ┌北部、旌-占 ———旌德话 │ ├东部、绩-歙 ———歙县话 ├————————徽语 —————┼西部、休-黟 ———屯溪话 │ ├西南部、祈-德 ——祈门话 │ └严州话 │ │ ┌长-益（新湘话） —长沙话 ├楚语——————湘语—————┼娄-邵（老湘话） —双峰话 │ └吉-溆 ——————吉首话 │ │ ┌闽北语 —————————建瓯话 │ ├闽东语 ——————————福州话 │ │ └泰顺蛮讲 │ ├闽中语 ————————永安话 ├闽语群 ———— ┼莆仙语、兴化话 、莆田话 │ │ ┌闽南话—————┬厦门话 │ │ │ └中国台湾话、 │ └闽南语————┼潮汕语—————┬潮州话 │ └汕头话 │ ├雷州话 │ └海南话、琼文话 │ │ ┌粤海——————┬广东话、广州话 │ │ └东莞话 │ ├四邑话—————┬台山话 │ │ └雅瑶话、拉珈话〔 ├————————粤语 —————┼高-雷 ——————阳江话 │ │ ┌梧州话 │ ├桂南粤语————┼南宁话 │ │ └钦廉话 │ ├吴川话〔广东吴川、湛江〕 │ └蜑家话、水上话〔广东省、广西壮族自治区〕 │ ├————————儋州话〔海南省儋州市、昌江黎族自治县〕 │ ├————————猫家话【苗族】〔湖南省、广西壮族自治区〕 │ ├————————伶话【苗族】〔广西壮族自治区龙胜各族自治县〕 │ └————————平地瑶话【汉族、瑶族】〔湖南省、广西壮族自治区〕绪 论 一．现代汉民话共同语现代汉语是现代汉民族的语言，它既有共同语——普通话，也有不同的方言。（广义）现代汉民族共同语的使用情况：是全体汉族人民之间交际的语言，也是汉族与兄弟民族之间、中国人和外国人之间用来交际的语言。现代汉民族共同语的形成：现代汉民族共同语是汉民族通过长期的互相交往在北方方言的基础上逐渐形成的。现代汉语的前身：春秋时期的“雅言”（又称“夏言”），汉朝时的“通语”，明清时代的“官话”，“五四”运动时的“白话”。“白话文运动”和“国语运动”互相推动，互相影响，使民族共同语的书面形式和口语形式都得到了前所未有的发展。民族共同语的两种形式：口语和书面语。以口耳进行交际的口头形式是口语；用文字记载下来的书面形式是书面语。普通话在台湾省和海外称“国语”，新加坡则称“华语”。二．现代汉语的方言形成方言差异的主要因素：由于人口增长，生活区域扩大；由于社会动乱，人民向远方迁徙；由于山川阻隔、交通闭塞，人民往来不便；由于与异族接触，发生语言的互相影响和融合。汉语方言是汉民族历史发展的产物。汉语方言在长期的历史发展过程中，在语音、词汇和语法方面形成了各种不同程度的差异。其中语音方面的差异最大，词汇次之，语法方面的差异最小。现代汉语方言大致可以分为北方方言、吴方言、湘方言、赣方言、客家方言、闽方言和粤方言等七大方言。（一）北方方言旧称“官话”，以北京话为代表，使用人口最多，约占汉族人口总数的百分之七十以上。北方方言包括四个次方言：1、华北方言；2、西北方言；3、西南方言；4、江淮方言（二）吴方言也叫江浙话，以苏州话或上海话为代表，占汉族人口的百分之八点四。（三）湘方言以长沙话为代表，占汉族人口的百分之五。（四）赣方言以南昌话为代表，占汉族人口的百分之二点四。（五）客家方言以广东东部的梅州话为代表，占汉族人口的百分之四。（六）闽方言通行于福建大部，广东东部潮山地区和南面的雷州半岛以及海南，台湾两大省……，占汉族人口的百分之四点二。包括三次方言：闽南、闽东、闽中。（七）粤方言以广州话为代表，……港澳地区，占汉族人口的百分之五。三、新时期的语言文字工作了解：新时期语言文字工作的方针（第8页第一段新时期语言文字工作的方针……段尾）了解：我国当前语言文字工作最重要的两项任务是：大力推广普通话，促进汉语规范化；加强社会用字管理，促进汉字规范化。现代汉民族共同语的标准，这就是“以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话“。（现代汉民族共同语的狭义解释）了解：“以北京语音为标准音”，就是以一个具体地点的方言语音作为标准音，使人们有明确的具体的活的语音标准可以遵循。“以北方话为基础方言”，就是说以北方话作为词汇规范的基础。“以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范”，就是以现当代著名作家的具有代表性作品中的一般用例作为语法规范。（以上三点要理解 书第9-11页）绪论部分出题约占3-5分第一章 语音语音概括一、 语音的性质语音就是人类说话时发出的代表一定意义的声音。它包括生理属性，物理属性、社会属性三个方面。（此名词解释不可少字、差字）（一） 语音的生理属性了解：人的发音器官可以分为肺和气管、喉头和声带、口腔和鼻腔三大部分。（二） 语音的物理属性语音的四要素（即四个物理要素）：音高、音强、音长和音色。1、 音高就是声音的高低，决定于声波的频率。音高在汉语里的作用非常重要。2、 音强就是声音的强弱，决定于声波的振幅普通话里的轻音与音强有关。3、 音长就是声音的长短，决定于发音体振动的时间。音量与音高、音强、音长有关。4、 音色又叫音质，就是声音的特色、本质，是不同的声音能够互相区别的最基本的特征，它决定于声波振动的形式。音色的差别由三种因素造成：第一，发音体不同。第二，发音方式不同。第三，共鸣器的形状不同。（三） 语音的社会属性：它首先体现在音义结合的社会性上，还突出地体现了语音的系统性上。社会属性是语音的本质属性。二 语音的分析（一）音节音节是语音的基本结构单位，是人们在听觉上自然感受到的最小的语音片断。儿化了的两个汉字一个音节。（二）音素音素是从音色角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。音素分为辅音和元音两大类。发音时气流不一定振动声带，在口腔或咽头受阻碍而形成的音素叫辅音（又称子音）。发音时气流振动声带，在口腔或咽头不受阻碍而形成的音素叫元音（又称母音）。元音与辅音的区别：发音气流在发音器官中是否受到阻碍。元、辅区别的简答形式：1、有无阻碍；（辅音有阻碍，元音无阻碍）2、紧张状态；（辅音局部紧张，元音均衡紧张）3、气流强弱；（辅音气流强，元音气流弱）4、、响度大小；（辅音小，元音大）（三）音位音位是某种语言（或方言）里能够区别意义的最小语音单位，是根据语音的辨义作用归纳出来的。（一） 声母、韵母、声调一个音节分声母、韵母、声调三部分。声母指音节开头的辅音，韵母指声母后面的部分。一个音节如果不以辅音开头，则称为“零声母”。声调指的是音节的具有区别意义作用音高变化。三 语音的符号汉语拼音方案是记录现代汉语语音系统的法定拼音方案。汉语拼音方案主要用来给汉字注意和作为推广普通话的工具。汉语拼音的五大块：字母表、声母表、韵母表、声调符号、隔音符号。（第24-26页）第二节 普通话的辅音和元音一、辅音的发音分析辅音的发音过程有三个阶段：一是成阻，二是持阻，三是除阻。（一）辅音的发音部位发音部位：发音时气流受到阻碍的部位。辅音发音部位的七类：双唇音、唇齿音、舌尖前音、舌尖中音、舌尖后音、舌面音、舌根音。（二）辅音的发音方法发音方法：气流破除发音阻碍的方法。1、阻碍的方式：根据成阻或除阻的方式不同，可以五类1） 塞音（暴破音）：b、p、d、t、g、k（结合辅音声母表记，前三组前两位）2） 擦音：f、s、sh、r、x、h3） 塞擦音：z、c、zh、ch、j、q（结合辅音声母表记，后三组后两位）4） 边音：l5） 鼻音：m、n、ng2、声带是否振动：分清、浊两类。1） 清音：b、p、d、t、g、k、z、c、zh、ch、j、q、f、s、sh、x、h2） 浊音：m、n、ng、l、r清、浊音记法：声母中除去浊音，其余都为清音，故记住浊音的5个就可以。3、气流的强弱：分送气音、不送气音两类。1） 送气音：p、t、k、c、ch、q2） 不送气音：b、d、g、z、zh、j注：声母表里每组第一个音为不送气音；每组第二个音为送气音。只有是塞音、塞擦音时，才考虑送不送气。一、 元音的发音分析元音的性质有以下三个方面决定：（舌头的高低、前后和嘴唇的形状）舌头的高低分四度：高元音、半高元音、半低元音、低元音；舌头的前后分三度：前元音、央元音、后元音；嘴唇的形状分两种：圆唇元音、不圆唇元音。普通话的元音分：单元音和复合元音两种。（一） 单元音发音时舌位和唇形始终不变的元音叫单元音。单元音分为舌面元音、舌尖元音、卷舌元音。1、 舌面元音：i、u、Ü、a、o、e、ê2、 舌尖元音：-i[ ]，只出现在声母z、c、s后面。-i[ ]只出现在zh、ch、sh、r后头3、 卷舌元音：er注：配第35页的舌面元音舌位图，会方便记忆。（二） 复合元音发音时舌位和唇形都有变化的元音叫复合元音。复合元音包括：1、 前响二合元音：ai、ei、ao、ou、ao2、 后响二合元音：ia、ie、ua、uo、ue3、 中响三合元音：iao、iou、uai、uei第三节 普通话音节的分析一、 声母普通话的22个辅音当中，除知根浊音ng（以韵母中出现）不能出现在音节开头，其余21个辅音都可以充当声母。声母共22个，其中一个为零声母。二、 韵母普通话有39个韵母。根据韵母的组成成分，分为单元音韵母、复合元音韵母、鼻音韵母三类。（一）单元音韵母由单元音充当的韵母共有10个，即：i、u、u、a、o、e、ê、-i、-i、er（二）复合元音韵母复合元音充当韵母共有13个。前响复合韵母：ai、ei、ao、ou、ao；后响复合韵母：ia、ie、ua、uo、ue；中响复合韵母：iao、iou、uai、uei（三）鼻音韵母鼻音韵母：则元音和鼻辅音一起构成的韵母。可以出现在音节末尾的辅音只有舌尖中浊鼻音n和舌根浊鼻音ng。n即可出现在音节的开头，又可出现在音节的末尾；ng只出现在音节的末尾。普通话里有16个鼻音韵母。1、 舌尖中鼻音韵母8个：an、ian、uan（u加点）、uan、en、in、uen、un（u加点）2、 舌根鼻音韵母8个：ang、iang、uang、eng、ing、ueng、ong、iong开口呼：没有韵头而韵腹又不是i、u、u（u加点）的韵母齐齿呼：韵头或韵腹是i的韵母。合口呼：韵头或韵腹是u的韵母。撮口呼：韵头或韵腹是u（u加点）的韵母。三、声调声调主要是由音高决定的。调值即声调的实际读法，是每个音节都具有音高变化形式。调值采用“五度标记法”。线条所表现的高低升降的类型叫做调型。注：要会运用调值标记法及记清第42页的图表示方法。在答题时，要注意题的问法：调值用五度标记法标注；声调用阴、阳、上、去添写。调类指的是声调的类别，是通过归纳一种语言或方言的全部调值而得出的类别。普通话的声调有四个调值：阴平[55]、阳平[35]、上声[214]、去声[51]注： 中古汉语的调类演变为普通话的调类，有三条重要规律：第一是“平分阴阳”；第二是“浊上变去”；第三是“入派四声”。四、音节的构成方式（此节为重点，需多看几遍）普通话的音节结构分声母、韵母、声调三部分。韵母又分成韵头、韵腹、韵尾三部分。韵腹又叫主要元音，是韵母中发音开口度较大、声音最响亮的元音。所有的单元音都可以构成韵腹。韵头又叫介音，是介于声母和韵腹之间的高元音。韵头开口度较小，响亮度也较差，只能由i、u、u（u加点）三个高元音构成。韵尾指的是一部分韵母后面的收尾部分，有元音韵尾和辅音韵尾。元音韵尾由i、u构成。辅音韵尾由n、ng构成，韵腹和声调是每一个音节都必须具有的。注：熟记第45页中音节构成类型的十二种格式，注意列表中傲、野、卫、曹、贵几个字的分解方式。十二各格式中，最复杂的格式包含四个音素和一个声调，简单的格式只包含一个音素和一个声调。元音在音节里可以连续排列，最多时达到三个。五、声韵的配合规律普通话有21个辅音声母和一个零声母，有39个韵母。普通话声韵配合规律主要的6点：1、 双唇音b、p、m能和开口呼、齐齿呼的韵母配合，和合口呼韵母配合只限于音韵母u,不能得撮口呼韵母配合。2、 唇齿音f能和开口呼韵母配合，和合口呼韵母配合只限于单韵母u，不能和齐齿呼、撮口呼的韵母配合。3、 舌尖中音d、t和n、l与韵母的配合关系略有不同。 n、l能和四呼的韵母配合， d、t不能和撮口呼韵母配合，能和其他三呼的韵母配合。4、 舌尖前音z、c、s，舌尖后音zh、ch、sh、r，舌根音g、k、h，这三套声母的配合关系相同，都能和开口呼、合口呼的韵母配合，不能和齐齿呼、撮口呼的韵母配合。（此点易出选择题）5、 舌面音j、q、x与前面三套声母相反，只能和齐齿呼、撮口呼的韵母配合，不能和开口呼、合口呼的韵母配合。6、 在全部声母中，唇齿音f能配合的韵母范围最窄；舌尖中音n、l和零声母Ф能配合的韵母范围最宽，它们和四呼的韵母都能配合。配合声母最多的是开口呼，配合声母最少的是撮口呼。（此点重点）第四节 方音辨正 （非北京同学注意一下书里的例句即可）第五节 轻声 儿化 变调一、 轻声轻声：一个词或一句话里有的音节失去原有的声调，变得又短又弱的声调，这种语音现象就是轻声。声调主要决定于音高，而轻声的开成取决于音强和音长。轻声的规律：1、助动词；2、虚词；3、表示方位的成分；4、用在动词后表示趋向的词；5、叠音名词及动词叠用后的第二个音节。（轻声规律留意一下书上例词即可）轻声的作用：轻声有分辨词与非词、分辨词义和分辨词性的作用。二、 儿化儿化：普通话的卷舌韵母“er”不与声母拼合，除自成音节外，还可以附加在别的音节的后面，和前面的韵母融为一体。使前面的韵母变成卷舌韵母。这种现像叫“儿化”。儿化的作用：区别词义和词性，有的情况下表示细小、亲切的色彩。三、 变调音节和音节连在一起念时，由于互相影响，本调会发生变化，这种变化就叫变调。（一）上声的变调1、上声+上声=阳平+上声（两个上声字相连，前一个上声字变读阳平）2、上声+非上声=半上+非上声1、 上声+轻声（非上声）=半上+轻声2、 上声+轻声（上声）=阳平/半上+轻声（二）“一”的变调1、在阴平、阳平、上声前读去声。2、在去声前读阳平。3、在重叠的单音动词中间读轻声。（三）“不”的变调1、在去声前读阳平。2、在正反并列提问式中和可能补语否定式中读轻声。注：留意（一）（二）（三）中的例子。第六节 语调和朗读一、 语调语调：指的就是有表达语义和感情作用，贯穿全句的语音的高低升降、轻重顿挫的变化形式。包括停顿、重音、升降三个方面。（一） 停顿停顿可分为语法停顿、逻辑停顿、节奏停顿三种。1、 语法停顿：是由句子的语法关系所决定的停顿。标点是语法关系的书面标志。2、 逻辑停顿：为了表达感情和强调某一语义的需要而采用的停顿。3、 节奏停顿：为了显示韵文的节奏而采用的停顿。（二）重音重音分为语法重音和逻辑重音两种。1、 语法重音：指的是根据语法结构的特点而采取的重读。2、 逻辑重音：指的是根据语义或感情表达的需要而采取的重读。注：语法与逻辑的对比（书中例句）。（三）升降语调升降指的是整个句子的音高变化，它是语调的主干，最能表达出全句的思想感情。了解语调升降的四种类型：升调、降调、平调、曲折调。