英文中有多种学术的文字规格,我比较习惯APA,但是以下的大部分通用。个人的总结,不一定百分百全面,请包涵。斜体: 1. 书名或者电影名字,英文中基本不用书名号,例如《傲慢与偏见》应被写为 Pride and Prejudice 。2. 科研周刊的名字,例如新英格兰医学杂志应当写为 The New England Journal of Medicine 。3. 论文中写关于尺度,例如 ranged from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)。4. 非英文的特殊用语(座右铭之类的),例如耶鲁大学的拉丁文座右铭应被写为 Lux et veritas。5. 有些时候作者会特殊强调一个单词,通常在文章中开头第一次出现时会打斜体,之后就不要斜体。
单引号: 单引号英文中比较少用,一般是因为要在一个双引句中再次引用。例如 John said, "Jane asked 'how are you?'" 注意,无论单双引号,句尾的标点符号要在引号内。
双引号: 英文中直接引用的内容由双引号标注。包括从书本/新闻/网站/论文中引用内容,如果直接拷贝粘贴就必须用双引号。例如 "Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe" (Wikipedia, .). 但是如果你用自己的话重新叙述,就不用双引,但是还是要标注内容来源。双引号也用于对话的直接引用,但是英文中不是用冒号,而是逗号。
首字母大写: 1. 名字,无论姓氏还是名字或者前后缀,每个开头都要大写,例如 Mr. John Adam Smith IV。2. 地名,国家名,语言,宗教名,星球名,任何特殊名或者独有名。3. “我”(英文:I)这个名词无论什么时候用都是大写。4. 法律文件中标注,例如 John Smith (the Plaintiff),这里Plaintiff是作为有代表意义的所以首字母大写。5. 所有的周和月都要首字母大写,例如Monday 和 June。6. 每句话的开头都要首字母大写。7. 作文的题目和章节题目每个单词都要首字母大写。注意,英文中有些单词除了在每句话的开头要大写外,很少被大写,包括 a, an, on, of, and, the。例如 University of Oxford 中的 of 是不用首字母大写的。再例如作文开头写简介和背景章节题目 Introduction and Background, 这里 and 也是全部小写。再例如作文名字是 Reflection on Socialized Medicine and the Public Model of Care,这里on, and, the, of 这几个单词都不要首字母大写。
论文英文摘要字体格式
论文英文摘要字体格式规范是怎么样的,大家是否有了解过呢?下面是我为大家收集的关于论文英文摘要字体格式,欢迎大家阅读!
英文摘要及关键词
英文摘要及关键词在前,中文摘要及关键词在后,单倍行距,顶格,五号字。 英文摘要及关键词:字体采用Times New Roman,标示语 “Abstract”、“Key words”及冒号加粗。
英文摘要一般为60-90英文单词,内容应包括论文研究目的、研究方法、研究结论及论文结构等。中文摘要及关键词应与英文摘要及关键词相对应。
关键词是表述论文主要内容和信息的.词语或术语,关键词数量一般为3-5个。
关键词之间须用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不用标点符号。摘要和关键词中出现英文书名用斜体,出现中文书名加书名号
(空1行)
××××××××××××××××(小4号楷体-GB2312,倍行距)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
(要求200字) (空2行)
关键词 傲慢与偏见×××,伊丽莎白×××,×××,×××(小4号楷体-GB2312)
说明:
1、“关键词” 为小4号加粗。
2、关键词的个数为3~8个。关键词的排序,通常应按研究的对象、性质(问题)和采取的手段排序,而不应任意排列。
3、“关键词”后面不加冒号,关键词与关键词之间用全角逗号(,)隔开,最后一个关键词后不加任何标点符号
—浅议简·奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》中宾利和简的婚姻 The combination based on love and similar interests results in a happy marriage —The marriage of Bingley and Jane in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Abstract This article generally analyses the marriage of Bingley and Jane. The author thinks that Bingley and Jane have many similarities in their characters, which lead them to a successful marriage although they all lack strength in their marriage. The author also points out that Bingley and Jane married for love, not for the money, status or good looks. So the combination of them is really a blessed and happy marriage. Key words Marriage Love Interests happy Content Jane Austen (1775-1817), who was born at Steventon on December 16, 1775, was one of the greatest novelists in England. She was the youngest of seven children in her family. She received most of her education at home. Her family are all fond of reading books, which influenced her very much. Her reading extended little beyond the literature of the eighteenth century, and within that period she admired Dr. Johnson particularly. And later she was delighted with both the poetry and prose of Scott. She died on July 18, 1817, and was buried in the cathedral in Winchester. She totally wrote six novels in her life. Among the six novels, Pride and Prejudice has been valued as the most successful and popular masterpiece. In this novel, Jane Austen mainly described the ordinary life of the Bennets . She told us four different marriages to show the readers that different people have different attitudes towards love. And also she expressed her own viewpoints on marriage that a combination based on love and similar interests is a happy and perfect marriage. In her opinion, the money-oriented marriage and sex-oriented marriage are not successful although the people can live together. The theme is narrow, but she showed us a beautiful tableau of the England people’s life of her own time. It seems that she had a talent to describe the ordinary life of people. “Read again, and for the third time at least, Miss Austen's very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice. That young lady has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with.”1 Because of the lack of her experiences and knowledge, the characters in Pride and Prejudice are all of her own social class: The ladies and gentlemen of the landed gentry. And also, in every conversation, there was at least one lady. “The conversations of ladies with ladies, or of ladies and gentlemen together, are given, but no instance occurs of a scene in which men only are present.”2 Most parts of the story are the intricacies of courtships and marriages between the members of her class, which are great attraction to many readers. Among all the marriages in this novel, the combination of pleasant Bingley and mild Jane is the most blessed and happy one. The couple has similar interests and they insisted on pursuing their true love, which lead them to a happy and perfect marriage. Mr. Bingley was a good looking and gentlemanlike person whose revenues were about 5,000 pounds a year. As a young man who had good breeding, he was cordial and simple with easily-led disposition. With this character, he never appeared dissatisfied. He was easy to approach and constant in love although he was very rich. However, he lacked strength and independence in his marriage, which was a grievous defect of him. In the novel, Bingley was popular with almost everybody in everywhere. He had a pleasant countenance and easy unaffected manners. It is easy to find that he was agreeable both in appearance and character. The first appearance of Bingley was the time when he “returned Mr. Benner’s visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library.”3But the exact time when the readers began to know him was some days later. At the first ball at Netherfield, he was shown to everybody and the readers began to make acquaintance of his personality through his behavior. “ Mr. Bingley had soon made himself acquainted with all the principal people in the room; he was lively and unreserved, danced every dance, was angry that the ball closed so early, and talked of giving one himself at Netherfield. Such amiable qualities must speak for themselves.”4 Of course these personal strength won Jane’s admiration. She thought that he was just what a young man ought to be. In her eyes, Mr. Bingley was a sensible, good-humored, lively young man. And she had never seen anyone who had so many advantages with perfect good breeding! He was just her Mr. Right! At that ball, “Bingley’s attentions to Jane had given rise to a general expectation of their marriage. He spoke of it as a certain event, of which the time alone could be undecided.”5 Mr. Bingley also noticed Jane at that night. He fell in love with Jane at their first ball and their romance flourished quietly and steadily. His affection towards Jane was obviously sincere andunaffected. It was obvious that when Jane suffered a trifling cold, he was worried about her. His anxiety and attention to her was evident. For example, when Elizabeth said that she couldn’t leave her sister because Jane’s illness was worse, “Bingley urged Mr. Jones’s being sent for immediately.”6 and “Bingley was quite uncomfortable.”7 The following sentences also are the evidences: “ but diffuseness and warmth remained for Bingley’s salutation. He was full of joy and attention. The first half hour was spent in piling up the fire, lest she should suffer from the change of room; and she removed at his desire to the other side of the fire-place, that she might be farther from the door. He then sat down by her, and talked scarcely to anyone else.”8 It is not difficult for the readers to find Bingley’s real concern and affection towards Jane from these details. He was cordial and constant in his love. As a pleasant and modest person, Mr. Bingley was far from the man who was strong and determined. This is his merit but also his demerit. His cordial and simple character leads to his quiet romance with Jane. But his weak and easily-led character leads to his parting with Jane. So when their romance went smoothly, he suddenly departed from Jane, which nearly ends his happy love and marriage. Generally speaking, his departure from Jane was caused by the relationship between him and Darcy. They were good friends although they were different in character. Between them there was a very steady and constant friendship. Bingley was endeared to Darcy by the easiness, openness and ductility of his temper. It is no doubt for Darcy that Bingley had the firmest reliance. For Darcy, he wanted to help his friend. In his opinion, it is impossible for Jane to love Bingley. So he persuaded Bingley not to take Jane in marriage. This point can be found from his letter to Elizabeth: “Her (Jane) look and manners were open, cheerful, and engaging as ever, but without any symptom of peculiar regard, and I remained convinced from the evening’s scrutiny, that though she received his attentions with pleasure, she did not invite them by any participation of sentiment.” 9 For Bingley, he had an easily-led temper. He was so modest and pliable that he had no opinion about his own marriage. No matter how obvious his attachment to Jane was, he believed Darcy’s representation of Jane’s indifference was true. Because Mr. Bingley’s two sisters didn’t like Jane, they thought Mr. Bingley should choose Georgiana(Darcy’s sister) as his wife. So they also disagree with Bingley about his marriage with Jane. Under the influences of his sisters and Mr. Darcy, Bingley began to doubt Jane’s affection to him. Finally, he thought Jane didn’t love him, so he left her without saying good-bye. Later, when all the misunderstandings clarified, he came back to Jane at Darcy’s assistance. Bingley’s indecisive character determines his happiness and results that his life was controlled by others. Jane was the first children in her family. She was a kind and mild girl who was the most beautiful one among her sisters. As an introverted girl, she is constant in her love but lacks strength and self-confidence. She didn’t want others to know her love to Mr. Bingley, so she pretended that she had nothing to do with him. Compared with other girls, she was the most mild, kind, modest and almost perfect girl in this novel. Sometimes she was a little innocent. In her eyes, everybody is perfect. She never saw the ugly fact of life even she was deceived. Her character is vividly showed in many parts of the novel. “Compliments always take you (Jane) by surprise, and me (Elizabeth) never”10 and “Oh, You (Jane) are a great deal too apt you know, to like people in general, you never see a fault in anybody, all the world are too good and agreeable in your eyes. I (Elizabeth) never heard you speak ill of a human being in my life.” 11 According to this, readers can find that how kind and innocent Jane was. And also it is quite natural for Jane to fall in love with the pleasant and simple Bingley. She met him at the ball, and after then, she adored Bingley very much. But with her introverted and tranquil disposition, Jane controlled her passion too much, which nearly consumed her felicity. Although she loved Mr. Bingley after the ball, she had no courage to express it. She cherished her feelings towards him, but she chose to conceal it. She didn’t display her true feelings. On the contrary, she controlled her passion to the best of her ability, lest anyone find it. She only showed genteel pleasure and politeness although her heart was fluttering with romantic passion. In a sense, her attitude towards love was passive. According to the above, Darcy thought that though Jane was pleased with Bingley, she didn’t love him. He thought Jane’s “countenance and air was such as might have given the most acute observer a conviction that, however amiable her temper, her heart was not likely to be easily touched.”12 In his eyes, Bingley was involved in an unavailable love. So after then, he made great efforts to separate Bingley from Jane. After Bingley’s departure, Jane suffered great distress. She was very depressed. But because of the defect of her character, she pretended to be all right and said nothing about her sadness. Here, readers can find that her weakness and obedience had been thoroughly exposed. In the novel, Bingley and Jane never stopped pursuing their true love although there were so many obstacles between them. Fortunately, with the help of Darcy and Elizabeth, they finally got married and had a happy life. Bingley and Jane had many similarities in their characters, which is the main reason to the success of their marriage. They possessed personal attractiveness and dignity, social graces, and a measure of good sense. They all had good breeding, but lacked insight, strength, and self-confidence. They didn’t show their insides easily to the publics because they cared the social criticism too much. For Jane, she always concealed her true feelings, which gave others a illusion that she didn’t love Bingley. For Bingley, he yielded easily to criticism of Jane’s social position and easily accepted the suggestions of his sisters and Darcy, which almost consumed the felicity between Jane and him. In manner of speaking, the outside forces facilitated their marriage. According to the relationship between Bingley and Jane, love and similar interests are the basic factors of a successful and happy marriage. With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily. Most important of all, the couple with similar interests can live together with a happy life, because there are understandings, helps and supporting between them. They don’t care the defects of their partners and even they don’t see any faults in each other. Just as the old saying going, “Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fill into the same group.”
学术堂整理了十五个好写的英语论文题目,供大家进行参考:1. 试论简奥斯汀生活对其小说的影响 (On the Impact of Jane Austen’s Life on Her Novels)2. “真实的诺言”与传统文化的碰撞——简析“真人秀”的实质和本地化过程 (When True Lies Challenge Tradition—An Analysis of the Reality and Localization of Reality TV)3. 从台湾问题看中美关系 (The Sino-US Relation—The Taiwan Issue)4.《傲慢与偏见》的生命力 (The Great Vitality of Pride and Prejudice)5. 平凡中的不平凡——《傲慢与偏见》(Significance in Commonplace—Pride and Prejudice)6. 萨皮尔沃夫理论 (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)7. 论格里高尔的悲剧 (An Analysis of Gregor’s Tragedy)8. 对大学生心理健康问题予更多关注 (More Attention to the Psychological Health of College Students)9. 文体学: 语言学习的科学 (Stylistics: A Scientific Approach)10. 佛教在西方 (Buddhism in the West)11. 非语言交际 (Nonverbal Communication)12. 国际反恐 (International Anti-Terrorism)13. 全球资金市场近期特征与走向 (The Character and Tendency of Global Capital Market in Recent Decades)14. 从《老人与海》中桑堤亚哥的性格可知——人是打不败的 (A Man Cannot Be Defeated—From the Character of Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea)15. 南方的失落 (The Loss of the South)
你是想写什么类型的呢?我遇到很多英语专业的同学,发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文,语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊,教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊,总的来说就是,想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献
imaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we
求本科英语专业 毕业论文一篇题目为 《 傲慢与偏见 》的幽默与讽刺 要求 符合英语专业论文要求 英文论文 字数 五千字左右 不可抄袭 要求原创 (有网站可检测) 大致 文献我已找好 可供参考 主要研究内容.: 本论文主要研究在《傲慢与偏见》这部作品中,叙述几位村镇中产阶级姑娘谈婚论嫁的故事时随处可见的幽默和讽刺。论文的主体部分首先介绍了幽默和讽刺手法产生的背景特点,让读者能大概的了解这两者的定义区别和联系;接着介绍幽默和讽刺在刻画人物形象及叙述事情发展经过中的应用;最后详细阐明故事中体现的幽默和讽刺与表现主题表达主旨的紧密关系。从而对整部作品进行尝试性的分析,通过这一部分的论述,论文自然得出结论:作者用精心挑选的语言,借幽默和讽刺最生动活泼的抒发,表达出了对人性最透彻的了解,使两者写作手法珠联璧合,不动声色却可以微言大义,《傲慢与偏见》无疑也是英国小说的幽默和讽刺传统中的一块重要基石。 摘要: 小说《傲慢与偏见》中幽默与讽刺的运用非常突出,特别是在潜移默化的心理视角和人物对话进行故事情节的叙述时,所反映出烘托人物之间的矛盾,突出、昭彰了人物的形象特点的作用。本文将针对《傲慢与偏见》中幽默与讽刺的具体应用,揭示出言语行为理论应用于文学作品赏析的可行性,这也使我们对这一理论应用于具体文本分析的有效性有了更充分的认识。 【1】 Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice [M ]. London: Bantam Classic edition 1981. 34. 【2】Sperber,D. &Wilson,D. Irony and the use - mention distinction[A]. In:P. Cole( ed. ) Radical Pragmatics[C]. New York:Academic Press,1981:295 - 318. 【3】Sperber,D. & Wilson,D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M]. Oxford: Bladkwell,1986 /1995. 【4】 Genette, G Narrative Discourse [ J ]. Ithaca: Cornell 1980. 69. 【5】 Percy Lubbock. The Craft of Fiction [M]. London: Jona than Cape, 1921. 117. 【6】 Lefroy, Helen. Jane Austen [J ]. Xian Global Books Publishing Company, 1998. 【7】 ]Austin , J .L. How to Do Things with Words [M].Oxford : Oxford University Press , 19621 【8】 ]Pratt , M. L. Toward a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse [M]Bloomington, IN: Indianna University Press , 1977171 【9】 Haverkate , H. A Speech Act Analysis of Irony [J] . Journal of Pragmatics , 1990 , (14) :1001 【10】 《在理性和感性之间—谈“奥斯丁的反讽”》,林文深,[J]《 外国文学评沦》,2005年第4期 【11】胡舒莉.《傲慢与偏见》:全反讽的艺术[J]. 镇江师范学院学报,2001 年第1 期. 【12 】 朱小舟. 言语行为理论与《傲慢与偏见》中的反讽[ J ]. 外语与外语教学, 2002 (8).
假定100个人各掷了一次硬币,其中48个人发现硬币正面朝上, 52人发现硬币反面朝上。但是,这群人有个奇怪的偏好:他们只喜欢报告正面朝上的结果,对于反面朝上的结果,他们就直接忽视不报。于是乎,你听到的结果是:48人各投掷了一次硬币,全部都是正面朝上!!
毫不奇怪,你会觉得这个结果是一场,因为你知道掷硬币正面朝上和反面朝上的概率大约是50%。同样的道理,如果一位科学家在一次实验中,收集了100个数据点,但只报告50个数据点,那么我们肯定认为他人品有问题。如果是多个研究者各自独立完成实验,却只有那些有显著结果的研究者以论文的形式将结果报告出来,我们似乎就难以辨别出这里的谬误了。然而,并非所有人都忽视了这个谬误,一些研究者犀利地发现了这个问题(也可能是长期非常苦逼,做不出有统计显著的结果,因此去找寻找原因 ;-)),并对其进行系统研究,这个问题就是科学论文的出版偏见(Publication bias)。
科学论文出版有偏见?
出版偏见指的是部分的研究者、审稿人和杂志编辑倾向于尝试出版或接受那些报告了统计上有显著差异结果的论文。换句话说,如果一个实验或者调查没有发现统计上的显著效应,那么该研究能够出版的可能性就大大降低。这些研究的结果就只能放在研究人员的抽屉里,见不了阳光,正是如此,这个问题还有另一个名字,叫做文件抽屉问题(file drawer problem)(Rosenthal, 1979)。
出版偏见遍地开花
出版偏见并不是某个研究领域所特有的,而是波及到科学研究的各个领域,这里仅以作者本人比较熟悉的社会科学和生物医学两个领域为例(计算机图形学研究领域的例子见这里)。早在1959年,心理学家Sterling就指出,在心理学论文的出版中,出版的标准可能会存在偏差(Sterling, 1959)。到1979年,哈佛大学的心理统计学家罗伯特*罗森塔尔(Robert Rosethal)提出了统计方法来估计那些被放在抽屉里的研究结果(Rosenthal, 1979)。到80年代,医学研究者也开始关注出版偏见的问题。例如霍普金斯大学医学院的Easterbrook等(1991)分析了牛津研究伦理中心委员会在1984年到1987年间批准的487项研究,截止1990年,有285项研究结果已经进行了分析,其中52%结果得以出版。在出版文章中,那些在统计上达到显著的结果比那些没有达到显著的结果出版的过程更容易,也更多地出版在高影响因子的杂志上。
虽然研究者们很早就意识到了这个问题,但遗憾的是,出版偏见并未因此而得到解决,位于加州的安进血液与肿瘤研究中心(Hematology and Oncology Research at Amgen)前负责人C·格伦·贝格利(C. Glenn Begley) 与德克萨斯大学安德森癌症研究中心的李·M·埃利斯(Lee M. Ellis)2012年在Nature 上联合发文指出,在一项重复53个药物实验的研究中,只有6项研究得到证实。斯坦福大学医学院的约翰·P·A·埃尼迪斯(John . Ioannidis)于2014年的分析也表明,在新兴的神经成像领域,出版偏见也是非常严重。
出版偏见,费钱耗物
可能有人会觉得,出版偏见不就是少让一些论文出版吗?也没什么大不了的。这实在是低估了出版偏见对科研领域甚至是对普通民众的影响。
2014年1月,顶尖医学杂志《柳叶刀》(Lancet)发表了一篇讨论医药研究如何减少浪费和提高价值文章,多伦多大学的研究者陈安文(An-Wen Chan)等(2014)讨论了出版偏见的严重后果之一:浪费科研资源和民众的健康!这里的科研包括科研资金、科学家时间和精力的投入。该文援引了哌苯醋胺(lorcainide)的著名案例: 1980年,有研究者测试了哌苯醋胺(lorcainide)这种抗心律不齐的药物,采用了100多人的小样本进行试验,发现使用哌苯醋胺的实验组的死亡率是19%,而使用糖丸的安慰剂组的死亡率则只有2%。但是,当时研究者担心结果未发现哌苯醋胺的积极效果而未报告其结果。于是该药物继续广泛地为心律不齐患者所使用,直到1989和1992年的临床试验才发现这类药物的危害。但在这近10年间,由于哌苯醋胺以及类似的药物广泛使用,可能引发了20 000到70 000不必要的死亡。
出版偏见的另一个危害是让出版的研究中显得过分地积极,一些效应量特别小的研究被发表出来,继而引发其他研究者继续投入该方向,误导科研走向。2011年,社会心理学领域最顶级杂志《人格与社会心理学杂志》上发表了一个神奇的研究:康奈尔大学心理学系的达里尔 ·J · 本(Daryl J. Bem)发现大学生竞然可以预知未来!这个明显不太符合事实的结果很快一石激起千层浪,因为从科学角度来讲,能够预知未来是极小概率的事件。所幸的是该研究引起了广泛关注,从而在社会心理学领域掀起了关于出版偏见、重复实验等研究方法上问题讨论的热潮。
出版偏见从何时产生?
出版偏见是如何产生的?一般认为,统计结果不显著的研究是被杂志的审稿人和编辑cut掉的。但实际上,由于结果分析和论文撰写也需要研究者投入大量的时间和精力,研究者们已经实行了自我审查:碰到阴性结果时,直接抛弃研究结果,转向新实验,而不是想办法把阴性结果出版。
最近,斯坦福大学政治科学系的研究者安妮· 佛朗科等在《科学》(Science)上发表的论文证实这一推断。他们分析了2002年美国国家自然科学基金支持的社会科学时间共享研究项目 (Time-sharing Experiments in the Social Sciences, TESS) 中包括的研究项目,因为这些研究项目都登记在案、研究者的水平相当、研究设计质量高。他们的结果表明,大约有65%的阴性研究结果直接被研究者放到抽屉,没有写成论文,从而让大多数的阴性结果胎死腹中。至于为什么研究者会选择不把这些阴性结果写成文章,大部分人的回答是:杂志不会接受这些阴性结果的文章。
路在何方?
对于出版偏见的问题,大部分研究者首推的解决方案是提前登记研究,即所有研究在开始之前都登记在案,随后按照登记的设计进行实验并将结果公布于众,从而让学术界和公众知道这些阴性结果的存在,减少后续的科研人力物力和财力的投入,以及在医药领域,减少无效药物的使用。
目前医学方面已经有一些相应的措施,例如,一个称为临床试验的网站() 就致力于让临床研究都提前登记在案。心理学领域最近也正有类似的努力:有研究者发起建立心理学文件抽屉的档案()。不过问题在于,虽然大部分研究者认为提前登记是一件好事,但真正参与这个事儿的人却不多,原因很简单:目前的科研环境并不鼓励研究者进行登记。研究者所在的机构(大学、研究所)并不会因为研究者登记并完成一个研究而对他进行奖励,而是根据其发表的论文来进行评估!
此外,研究本身的不确定性,也使得提前登记系统很难生效,因为研究者可能在实验过程中不断对实验进行细节的调整,这些调整是难以预期的。巴黎狄德罗大学医学院的Mathieu于2009年发表在《美国医学会杂志》(Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA)的一个分析表明,提前登记系统对出版偏见的减少程度有限,这可能反映了当前科研环境仍然可能促进了出版偏见的产生。
结束的话:
所幸的是,科学研究往往并非像掷硬币那些随机,即使有出版偏见的存在,科学总体而言还是在提供可靠的知识和发现。对出版偏见的纠正,是为了让科研更加完美,要记住,研究出版偏见的,也是科学家。
相关链接:
TED med: Ben Goldacre: What doctors don't know about the drugs they prescribe
参考文献:
Begley, ., and Ellis, . (2012). Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 483, 531-533. doi:
Bem, . (2011). Feeling the future: Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100, 407-425. doi:
Chan, ., Song, F., Vickers, A., Jefferson, T., Dickersin, K., G?tzsche, ., Krumholz, ., Ghersi, D., and Van Der Worp, . (2014). Increasing value and reducing waste: addressing inaccessible research. The Lancet 383, 257-266. doi: (13)62296-5
Easterbrook, ., Gopalan, R., Berlin, ., and Matthews, . (1991). Publication bias in clinical research. The Lancet 337, 867-872. doi: (91)90201-Y
Franco, A., Malhotra, N., and Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer. Science. doi:
Ioannidis, ., Munafò, ., Fusar-Poli, P., Nosek, ., and David, . (2014). Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: detection, prevalence, and prevention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, 235-241. doi:
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 86, 638-641. doi:
Sterling, . (1959). Publication Decisions and their Possible Effects on Inferences Drawn from Tests of Significance—or Vice Versa. Journal of the American Statistical Association 54, 30-34. doi:
傲慢与偏见论文简析《傲慢与偏见》两译文中的女性主义以及反讽艺术班级:经贸003班 姓名:罗艺姝 学号:0862010627[摘要]小于50字,写文章的主要内容[关键词]3-5个词组1.引言:200字研究背景2.译文分析角度.分析译文中的女性主义.分析译文中的反讽艺术3.结束语:总结全文参考文献不少于5个等的智力和理性。在《傲慢与偏见》中,她通过刻画两类迥然不同的人物类型——见识高明的伊丽莎白、达西等与见识低下的班纳特太太、柯林斯牧师等来证明头脑机智不只是男性的特点,而愚蠢拙笨也并非女性的专利,男性和女性都同样具有优点和缺点。女主人公伊丽莎白不亚于小说中任何一位男性,即使是达西:一个非常聪明高傲的人也被她的言谈举止所吸引,最终走出傲慢与偏见的误区。这样的一个睿智、独立且具有很强自尊心的女性形象有力地批判了女性被置于劣势的社会形态,证明妇女不需要凭借取悦男人来获得依附的地位,她们完全应该拥有与男性平等的权利。在当时的英国社会,无论家庭经济状况好坏,家庭教育对年轻女子十分必要。社会认可的女子教育包含淑女品德和淑女才艺两方面。淑女品德是指自我克制、逆来顺受、深居简出等品质。奥斯丁笔下的伊丽莎白却表现出对世俗的蔑视,她拥有强烈的自尊心和与众不同的反抗性格,敢于挑战世俗礼教。她的许多言行都是违背“淑女品德”的:为了探望生病的姐姐,伊丽莎白不顾体统冒雨穿越三英里泥泞的田野,仪表不整地出现在“上流人士”的面前;伊丽莎白应邀出席贵族凯瑟琳夫人的宴会,当所有的人都毕恭毕敬甚至趁机讨好凯瑟琳夫人时,唯独伊丽莎白一直保持平静,她甚至当面谴责凯瑟琳夫人“不近人情,无理取闹”。淑女才艺是指精通绘画、唱歌、演奏乐器等能够吸引男人目光、取悦于男人的本领。而伊丽莎白并不是很擅长音乐、绘画以及舞蹈,对所谓的才艺不以为然。当她在众人面前被要求展示才艺的时候,她漫不经心地弹奏了一首曲子。在她看来,这些才艺展示无非是一些世俗的游戏而已。这一切都足以表现她对世俗礼教的不屑一顾,更加彰显出她的人格魅力。在奥斯丁所生活的年代,女子择偶的首要条件就是家产和社会地位,因为只有借助婚姻才能改变现状,给自己未来人生足够的保障。因此当结婚成为一种手段时,婚姻被蒙上了功利的色彩,无需考虑结婚对象本身或是没有爱情的婚姻是否幸福长久。作者在《傲慢与偏见》中借伊丽莎白这个人物形象对婚姻的态度传达了自己对世俗婚恋观的反对。伊丽莎白蔑视好友夏洛蒂金钱至上的婚姻观,对于妹妹琳达因性而草率结婚同样嗤之以鼻。在她看来,建立在经济基础上或是建立在美貌和情欲上的婚姻都是不幸的,只有拥有爱情的婚姻才能幸福长久,这也是伊丽莎白拒绝了两桩有利可图的婚姻的最真实原因。当牧师的柯林斯表哥自视学识渊博。工作体面,且与高贵的凯瑟琳夫人攀上了关系,将来还要继承本纳特家的财产,因此自命不凡。而伊丽莎白对于他的求婚却闻之不动,因为她根本不爱表哥,她认为牺牲自己的幸福而委曲求全是极大的耻辱。英俊潇洒、地位显赫、年轻富有的达西先生几乎是每位女士心中难得的佳偶,即便是尊贵的凯瑟琳夫人也一直在撮合达西和自己的女儿成为完美的一对。而伊丽莎白因达西的傲慢与偏见而拒绝了他的求婚,可谓是她强烈自尊心的完美体现和对世俗婚姻最无畏的反抗。她坚信女性应有选择婚姻的权利,婚姻应基于平等互爱。奥斯丁强烈地抨击了这种建立在金钱基础上的婚姻,并呼吁婚姻要以爱情为基础,女性要摆脱婚姻交易的传统模式。 分析译文中的反讽艺术《傲慢与偏见》之所以能超越通俗小说的范围而跻身于世界巨著之列,其主要原因之一就在于其贯穿全书的反讽基调, 分析《傲慢与偏见》的反讽艺术有助于我们加深对作品的理解。笔者结合自己的理解, 从分析奥斯丁及《傲慢与偏见》入手, 分析《傲慢与偏见》中宏观和微观上的反讽艺术。奥斯丁继承了欧洲文学的反讽传统, 以高度的艺术自觉, 熔铸出更为成熟的反讽艺术。在她的小说中, 反讽不仅表现为反讽的语调, 挖苦的文字, 而且运用于人物塑造;不仅见于个别场面, 情节的处理, 还融会在整部作品的构思之中。1.《傲慢与偏见》宏观结构上的反讽从宏观上看《傲慢与偏见》的主题是资产阶级的婚姻——资产阶级的小姐怎样嫁给上流社会有钱的公子。全书中以班纳特家的三位小姐和一位表侄的婚姻来验证这条“ 真理”的真理性。小说就是围绕这四对公子小姐的婚姻展开的。作者从字面中传达的是言外之意, 对这种有钱无情的婚姻既有反讽又有揭露, 也是对上述真理虚伪性最有力的证明班纳特家的三个女儿的婚姻只是不像柯林斯与夏绿蒂的婚姻表现为赤裸裸的金钱交易, 而是显得隐秘些罢了, 但其实质都一样。贵族资产阶级教养的实质是建立在金钱的基础之上, 他们的婚姻说到底实实在在是金钱的婚姻。四种婚姻, 四个类型, 大团圆的结局, 皆大欢喜的收场,在笑声中道出了婚姻的本来面目。2.《傲慢与偏见》微观言语上的反讽微观言语上的反讽是小说中人物所执行的言语行为, 也就是人物之间交流中的反讽。《傲慢与偏见》中的情节由一连串的戏剧性场面所构成, 其中, 反讽无处不在, 渗透在这些场面和情节之中。场面作为情节的基本单元,主要表现为舞会、家宴、牌局、散步……而构成这些场面的不是景物, 也不是人物特征的描绘, 是人物的对话、闲谈, 情节成了对话的集合。3.结束语《傲慢与偏见》作为文学史上一部不朽的著作,值得并经得起人们一再研究。而奥斯汀本人是女性主义早期作家,她对女性问题的关注和书中独特的女性视角,使得她的作品对人们进一步研究女性主义有着重要而深远的意义。¥百度文库VIP限时优惠现在开通,立享6亿+VIP内容立即获取傲慢与偏见论文傲慢与偏见论文简析《傲慢与偏见》两译文中的女性主义以及反讽艺术班级:经贸003班 姓名:罗艺姝 学号:0862010627[摘要]小于50字,写文章的主要内容[关键词]3-5个词组1.引言:200字研究背景2.译文分析角度第 1 页.分析译文中的女性主义.分析译文中的反讽艺术3.结束语:总结全文参考文献不少于5个
这里是Jane Austen的pridepre&judice介绍站,其中有写作风格与总结。 还有:
First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen's most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of Austen's own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was: "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling; it wants [. needs] shade; it wants to be stretched out here and there with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story: an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonaparté, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style".Jump to the Pride and Prejudice table of contents. Document structure:This Pride and Prejudice e-text is fairly thoroughly hypertexted, but there are no cross references from one part of the main body of the text to another part. Instead, links go into or out of the main text, either to or from one of five indexes: The list of characters, the list of events in chronological order, the comments on random topics, the index to the motifs of "pride" and "prejudice", or the list of important places (with a map).It has been pointed out that since Chapter 1 is marked up pretty much the same way as any other chapter, those who have never read Pride and Prejudice before may find a confusing plethora of links in the first few chapters -- don't feel you have to click on to use this DocumentIf you have a graphics browser, then you will see little mini-icons preceding links in some menus in the Pride and Prejudice hypertext (and elsewhere in the Jane Austen pages):A down-arrow indicates a link to the next subdocument in a series (or to a later point, often the end, in the current subdocument). An up-arrow indicates a link to the preceding subdocument in a series (or to an earlier point, often the beginning, in the current subdocument). A curvy back-arrow indicates a jump back to a superordinate document (often a higher-level table of contents). A rightwards-pointing arrow indicates all other links (. links to a subdocument subordinate to the current one, or random "sideways" links). One practical point is that when web browsers follow a link, they tend to put the text referenced by the link at the extreme top of the screen or window, which can be a little awkward for a document which includes many links which go to the middle of a paragraph, as this one does. When you have followed a link, and the promised topic of the link doesn't seem to immediately leap into prominence, look near or at the top of the window, and then scroll back a few lines if necessary to get the immediate context of the reference. On the other hand, when there is a reference to a location near the end of an HTML file, some browsers (including the most frequently used graphic browsers!) will put the end of the file at the bottom of the window, with no indication of where in the window the target location is. (Complain to the software companies about these annoying browser peculiarities.)
宾利先生虽然是个次要人物,但是在整个小说中不可或缺。有了可爱绅士的宾利,更好的体现出达西的特点,从而使故事立体丰富。宾利是一个善良但有些缺乏主见的人,深受传统思想影响。在小说中的某些情节有催化剂和线索的作用。
《傲慢与偏见》中的宾格利是一个单身的富裕绅士,是班内特太太寄予厚望的女婿人选。宾格利性格活泼,随和,但易受人影响。
宾格利与简第一次相遇,两人就相互喜欢对方,宾格利一开始也是很主动约简,不过后来宾格利听了达西的话,与简分开了。后来因为伊丽莎白,达西重新撮合宾格利和简,宾格利受到达西鼓舞后,又重新开始追求简,这说明宾格利没有主见。但宾格利的友善又和达西僵硬的傲慢形成鲜明了的对比。
扩展资料:
《傲慢与偏见》创作背景
《傲慢与偏见》是奥斯汀最早完成的作品,她在1796年开始动笔,取名叫《最初的印象》,1797年8月完成。她父亲看后很感动,特意拿给汤玛士·卡德尔,请他出版,但对方一口回绝,这使得他们父女非常失望。于是简·奥斯汀着手修订另一本小说《理性与感性》。
1805年她父亲去世后,奥斯汀太太带着简和她姐姐卡珊德拉搬到南安普顿。直到1809年定居在乔顿城其兄爱德华的汉普夏庄园之后,简·奥斯汀才再度认真提笔。《理智与情感》修订后她自费出书,销路不错。于是她重写《最初的印象》,改名叫《傲慢与偏见》。
你可以写:教养问题我觉得这会是一个很好的题目,伊丽莎白在那些大的官僚家族眼里是没有教养的,可事实并不是这样,她不卑不亢,面对谁都是泰然自若的样子,这才是真正的素质, 具体的可以参考这偏文章还有,如果你想写婚姻方面的,不一定要写婚姻和金钱的关系,傲慢与偏见展示了好几对婚姻,分别展现了不同的主题,具体可以参考这篇文章:还有你的论文是英文版的还是中文版的?我刚刚写完了偏傲慢与偏见的英文版论文,要的话可以发给你,
彬格莱先生是极具浪漫、天真色彩的剧中人物,在整偏小说中,给人的感觉是比较轻松的形象,对待爱情并不世俗,在他的性格中看待事物都是美好的。
《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and prejudice)是简·奥斯汀最早完成的作品,她在1796年开始动笔,取名为《最初的印象》,1797年8月完成。她父亲看后很感动,特意拿给汤玛·卡士德尔,请他出版,但对方一口回绝,使得他们十分失望。后来,她重写了《最初的印象》 并改名为“傲慢与偏见”于1813年1月出版。你干吗不去百度一下该作者和这部书呢,这个是名著呢,很容易找到的
按照当时的社会背景和社会文化作者的婚姻观还真没什么好反的不过,我可以说一下,写《简爱》的作者是很反我亲爱的Jane Austen的婚姻关的,你可以去找有关她们的传记,稍稍负责的人都应该提到过她们对立的婚姻观随便说一下,楼上的答案么强,想也轮不到我
First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen's most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of Austen's own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was: "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling; it wants [. needs] shade; it wants to be stretched out here and there with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story: an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonaparté, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style".Jump to the Pride and Prejudice table of contents. Document structure:This Pride and Prejudice e-text is fairly thoroughly hypertexted, but there are no cross references from one part of the main body of the text to another part. Instead, links go into or out of the main text, either to or from one of five indexes: The list of characters, the list of events in chronological order, the comments on random topics, the index to the motifs of "pride" and "prejudice", or the list of important places (with a map).It has been pointed out that since Chapter 1 is marked up pretty much the same way as any other chapter, those who have never read Pride and Prejudice before may find a confusing plethora of links in the first few chapters -- don't feel you have to click on to use this DocumentIf you have a graphics browser, then you will see little mini-icons preceding links in some menus in the Pride and Prejudice hypertext (and elsewhere in the Jane Austen pages):A down-arrow indicates a link to the next subdocument in a series (or to a later point, often the end, in the current subdocument). An up-arrow indicates a link to the preceding subdocument in a series (or to an earlier point, often the beginning, in the current subdocument). A curvy back-arrow indicates a jump back to a superordinate document (often a higher-level table of contents). A rightwards-pointing arrow indicates all other links (. links to a subdocument subordinate to the current one, or random "sideways" links). One practical point is that when web browsers follow a link, they tend to put the text referenced by the link at the extreme top of the screen or window, which can be a little awkward for a document which includes many links which go to the middle of a paragraph, as this one does. When you have followed a link, and the promised topic of the link doesn't seem to immediately leap into prominence, look near or at the top of the window, and then scroll back a few lines if necessary to get the immediate context of the reference. On the other hand, when there is a reference to a location near the end of an HTML file, some browsers (including the most frequently used graphic browsers!) will put the end of the file at the bottom of the window, with no indication of where in the window the target location is. (Complain to the software companies about these annoying browser peculiarities.)
我的论文-----权衡:爱情与金钱----论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻三重境界。(上)一、引言简·奥斯丁(Jane Austen),1775年12月生于英国汉普郡的史蒂文顿,有兄弟姐妹八人。她并不算是一位长寿的作家,在1816年初她得了重病,身体日渐衰弱,不幸于1817年7月18日死在姐姐的怀抱里;奥斯丁也算不上是位多产的作家,尽管年仅21岁就写出了她的第一部小说《最初的印象》(19年后重新改写,即《傲慢与偏见》)。但在她的创作生涯中,具有代表性的作品只有六部。可这丝毫没有减弱奥斯丁在英国文学中的地位,反而随着时间的流逝而日益重要。即使在今天,她的读者也是有增无减。她的作品被屡次改编成电影、电视剧,深受广大观众的喜爱。批评家托.巴.麦考莱就曾赞扬到:“作家中手法最接近(莎士比亚)这位大师的,无疑就要算简·奥斯丁了,这位女性堪称是英国之骄傲。她为我们创造出了一大批的人物…”二、钟情婚姻爱情描写从18世纪末到19世纪初,庸俗无聊的“感伤小说”和“哥特小说”充斥着英国文坛,而奥斯丁创作的小说则是一反常规地展现当时尚未受到资本主义冲击的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活和田园风光。她“是第一个现实地描绘日常平凡生活中平凡人物的小说家。她的作品反映了当时英国中产阶级生活的喜剧,显示了家庭文学的可能性。她多次探索青年女主角从恋爱到结婚中的自我发现过程,这种着力分析人物性格以及女主角和社会之间紧张关系的做法,使她的小说摆脱十八世纪的传统而接近于现代的生活。正是这种现代性,加上她的机智和风趣,她的小说能长期吸引读者。”[1]尽管反映的广度和深度有限,但对改变当时小说创作中的庸俗风气起了很好的作用,因此奥斯丁的小说在英国小说发展史上有承上启下的意义。简·奥斯丁一生都是居住在乡村小镇,接触的人物以中小地主、牧师为主,观察的环境也以他们恬静、舒适的生活为主,在她的作品中,我们看不到有对重大社会矛盾的反映。有趣的是,尽管奥斯丁终身未嫁,但在她的作品中最为人津津乐道的,却是有关婚姻与爱情的描写。她以女性特有的细致入微的观察力和对细腻情感的把握,生动真实地描绘了简.奥斯丁周围世界的小天地,特别是绅士淑女之间的婚姻和爱情风波。简·奥斯丁的六部作品可以说都是以婚姻为主题的婚姻小说,虽然她的婚姻观不可避免得要打上时代的烙印,但也不是完全正统的。而比较清晰得展现作家婚姻爱情观念的作品,无疑要算《傲慢与偏见》了,这部反映婚姻问题的小说是作者最喜欢的作品,同时也是她最受欢迎的一部作品。在2007年3月1日的“世界书日”上,《傲慢与偏见》被英国读者评选为“十大不可或缺的书”之首。整部作品通过贝内特几个女儿的婚姻经历为基点,以伊丽莎白与达西的感情经历为情节主线,展示了18世纪中后期英国社会贵族阶层的婚姻状况。从某中程度上,也探讨了婚姻的内涵,因此此书也具有一定的社会意义和现实意义。文学批评家马克肖尔这样评价《傲慢与偏见》:“《傲慢与偏见》及奥斯丁后期的小说会令愚顿者震撼。如她的见解能被认同,这个由愚顿者构成的社会必将脱胎换骨。”[2]三、三段婚姻展现三重境界人们的择偶动机决定人们的择偶标准。择偶动机不同,人们的择偶标准也不会相同。自古以来,人们的择偶标准既要遵循婚姻的自然属性,又不得不受婚姻社会属性的影响。婚姻的自然属性决定了人们择偶时要考虑对方的身体、经济、宗教、道德等因素。人们在选择婚姻伴侣时不可能只有单一的动机,而是几种动机同时存在,只是侧重点不同罢了。而这种侧重点的差异表现出来便是人们择偶标准的差异。根据择偶标准的差异,历史学家劳伦斯·斯通,在其名著《1500-1800年英国家庭、性和婚姻》中将当时英国人的择偶动机分为四类:为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位;为了个人的感情、友爱和情谊;性的吸引;激情之爱。[3]在《傲慢与偏见》里,作者所塑造出的几种婚姻关系,大都可以从中找到相符合的类型。例如夏洛特和柯林斯的结合,就符合“为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位”这一类型。简·奥斯丁用一种轻松的方式对《傲慢与偏见》里的婚姻与婚姻相关的一系列活动进行了诙谐的描述。男士们如何挑选妻子,年轻的女子以及她们的母亲如何为其挑选未来的夫君,构成了这部小说许多精彩的场景。在这部探讨婚姻关系的作品中,作者着力刻画了几种不同的婚姻和爱情关系,除了上面提到的夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻,还有几对比较重要的婚姻:莉迪亚和威克姆;伊丽莎白和达西等等。尽管他们都走进了婚姻的围城,但是婚姻的幸福度却各不相同。这是因为奥斯丁笔下的婚姻,不仅涉及到感情,而且还和经济紧密相关。“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太,这已经成为了一条举世公认的真理。”[4]本书的第一句话就点出了影响婚姻的一个重要因素—金钱,然而果真是一条真理吗?我们对小说进行分析,可以将书中的婚姻划分为三种不同的境界,通过比较,我们就会有自己的判断。(一)莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻:盲目的激情追求享乐在《傲慢与偏见》中,如果要选出一桩最荒诞且最不被看好的婚姻,无疑就是莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻了。作者甚至没有正面交代二人是如何走到一起,继而出走的。只是简单的通过简和M·加德纳舅妈写给伊丽莎白的信,让读者了解情况的大概。两个人之间很难说有什么爱情,即使勉强有,也只能算是“肉欲之爱”产生的盲目激情。简·奥斯丁对他们的婚姻持一种批判的态度,莉迪亚的轻浮、卤莽和无知即使在小说的结尾也没有改变,威克姆的狡诈、野心和肤浅也使我们感到厌恶。理智、感情与道德可以说是婚姻精神层面上最重要的组成部分,而这对婚姻不具备其中的任何一项,他们婚姻的失败早已注定。婚姻的基础是婚姻最终成立的根据,决定着婚姻的特性。西方的婚姻更加注重性的因素,在他们看来男女的结合“主要报偿是性关系的满足。”长久以来,西方人有这样的观念,婚姻是为了爱情和寻求伴侣,还有的是为了性的和谐,避免孤独。莉迪亚习惯沉醉在男人的追捧中,而且一向用清不专,“只要受到人家的勾引,对谁都会上钩。”她对人的好恶,选择男人的标准,只是看对方的脸蛋漂不漂亮。当有漂亮的男人出现时,她的注意力马上就会集中过去。至于自己是不是爱上对方,她一点也不在乎,也更不会在乎对方是否真的爱她。这种以性爱为基础的带有鲜明个人性的婚姻是缺乏稳定性的。婚姻是个人的事,与别人没有直接关系,这样做出决定和采取行动就比较容易,没有什么牵制和挂碍。爱情本身是不稳定的,是人类情感中最难以捉摸的部分。[5]韦政通说:“在所有的爱中,最强烈,最令人困惑,也是最缺乏稳定性的就是性爱。”所以建立在性爱基础上的婚姻总是包含着“隐伏的危机。”[6]而人的本性中又有“喜新厌旧”的倾向,因而更加重了建立在性爱上的婚姻的不稳定性。莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻既是个人的,又是根植于性爱的,它的不稳定性就成为必然了。加之西方社会中人与人之间的情感交流比较受限。在这种环境下夫妻间的冲突所产生的情绪障碍很难获得疏导,日积月累容易造成不和,情感上就会出现创伤、裂缝。这种情感上的伤痕便无法弥合而全面崩溃,当做为婚姻基础的性爱消失,那婚姻自然也没有存在的必要。《傲慢与偏见》中莉迪亚和威克姆婚姻的前景,作者在最后一章含蓄得指出:“威克姆不久便清淡爱弛,莉迪亚对他稍许持久一些。”威克姆选择莉迪亚的原因,书中并没有详细指出,不过他之所以同意与莉迪亚结婚,金钱发挥了重要的作用。威克姆是个不折不扣的花花公子,在与莉迪亚私奔前,曾经追求过金小姐和达西小姐,不是因为性,而是为了金钱。威克姆怀有这样的心态,与当时的社会风气不无关系。在18世纪时财富仍是社会中上层择偶时的重点,正如1727年丹尼尔迪福所抱怨的那样,“金钱和处女膜仍是人们考虑的目标。”同时威克姆做为地位稍底的中等阶级(lower middle classes),并没有大量的财产传承,因而更加重了他对金钱的贪婪。最终还是达西先生出面,替威克姆偿还了债务,并在莉迪亚名下的钱之外,又给了她一千英镑,并给威克姆买了个官职,最终换来了威克姆和莉迪亚的婚姻。“美貌与相貌平常的人一样,也得有饭吃,有衣穿。”可见在这段婚姻中除了盲目的激情,金钱也扮演了“关键先生”的角色。(二)夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻:向现实妥协在《傲慢与偏见》中,金钱和爱情婚姻往往是形影不离,难分难舍的。小说里人们谈婚论嫁时总少不了金钱的影子,而阐述金钱对于婚姻的选择,一个最典型的例子就是柯林斯牧师和夏洛特·卢卡斯的结合了。柯林斯选择夏洛特做自己的妻子,显然不是因为爱上她,在柯林斯向伊丽莎白求婚时就已经详细阐述了他要结婚的理由:“第一,我认为每个生活宽裕的牧师(像我本人),理当给教区在婚姻方面树立一个榜样;第二,我相信结婚会大大增进我的幸福;第三—这一点或许应该早一点提出来,我有幸奉为恩主的那位贵妇人特别劝嘱我要结婚。”因而当柯林斯像伊丽莎白求婚遭到拒绝后,他毫不犹豫的把结婚对象转向了夏洛特小姐。柯林斯急着结婚,并不是出于个人需要,只是在完成他所崇拜的德布尔夫人(达西的姑妈)布置的一项任务,只要结婚了就算完成了任务。至于结婚对象是谁,对她是不是有感情这些并不重要。而且夏洛特小姐还算是贵族出身的小姐,也算是门当户对,这就已经足够了。柯林斯这个人并不懂得如何去爱和经营婚姻,他看上去有些笨拙可笑,缺少男子汉气概但又很自负。他的婚姻一定程度上是遵循了当时社会上流行的婚姻理念:“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太,这已经成为一条举世公认的真理。”夏洛特·卢卡斯可以说是《傲慢与偏见》里有头脑并富有理性的一位女子,是她最先看出达西对伊丽莎白有意,并且向伊丽莎白表达她对简和宾利感情发展的担忧(事实证明她是正确的)。夏洛特的聪明伶俐令人印象深刻,可更让人感叹的是她对自己婚姻选择的那份精明。她清楚得认识到了当时英国社会中上层阶级婚姻的普遍本质:物质因素是18世纪至19世纪英国社会的婚姻生活的重要因素。卢卡斯家族也算是属于贵族阶级,在16至18世纪期间,英国贵族“婚姻并不是为了满足个人心理和生理需要的私人结合,而是一种确保家庭和其财产永存的制度性策略。”[7]贵族的婚姻很大程度上要服从家庭的利益,他们非常注重婚姻所带来的经济利益。对于许多处于经济困难的贵族来说,尤其如此。因而,属于破落贵族家庭的夏洛特没有多少可观的嫁妆,也无法攀高求贵,被迫嫁给柯林斯实际也是一种无奈的选择。而且在18世纪末、19世纪初的英国,这也是一个以男性为中心的时代,男女不平等,妇女的社会地位非常低下。法律规定,女性不拥有财产继承权,家庭生活被认为是最适合妇女的天地。妇女要生存,要获得生活上的保障和“财政保证”,婚姻是捷径也是唯一的途径。这就导致了当时的婚姻不仅仅是作为爱情的归宿,还会是“谋生”的手段,也就难免出现一些看似荒唐的事。“并且,马克思(和贝尔)曾说,妇女在和男人的关系中的地位使我们可以判断出一定特定社会自由和不自由的程度。[8]夏洛特是何等聪明的女子!她早就看出了柯林斯先生既不通情达理,又不讨人喜欢,同他相处实在令人厌烦,而且他对她的爱也一定是“镜花水月”。但是她还是选择了他做丈夫,因为夏洛特选择的这种婚姻,总归是女人最适意的保险箱,能确保她不至于挨冻受饥,也不用担心丈夫变心,至于婚姻幸福与否则就要放到次要位置了。所以在伊丽莎白拜访朋友的时,发现“柯林斯先生有时说些让夏洛特实在难为情的话”“夏洛特一般总是明智地装作没听见。”而且夏洛特也并不把他放在心上,单独带妹妹和伊丽莎白参观住宅,而且她也非常高兴。似乎如果柯林斯不存在,就真有一种舒适的气氛。这就是夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻,很显然成就这段婚姻的关键就是金钱。对柯林斯来说,这样的生活让他很满足,婚姻的“目的”也已经实现。而夏洛特“用什么手段驾御丈夫,有多大的度量容忍他,不得不承认,事情处理得相当不错。”这样的一种靠金钱财富维持的婚姻虽然并不完美,但毕竟也是一种婚姻。在这桩婚姻里,夏洛特和柯林斯之间是没有温暖和幸福的感觉的,只是枯燥平淡的生活着。也许只有当他们孕育出下一代时,彼此才会产生一种爱—对下一代的爱,对孩子的关心呵护,到那时他们的婚姻也许便不这么乏味。奥斯丁并不欣赏这样的婚姻,透过文字可以感觉到她对这种婚姻的嘲讽之意。但以我们现代的视角来看,夏洛特做出这样的选择,也是迫于现实的无奈呵。岁月不留人,对她这样一位老姑娘来说,有一个归宿似乎才是最重要的。我们当然不会赞赏夏洛特的选择,但能否试着对她多一分的理解和宽容呢?参考文献在(下)啊~~~**************************************************硕士学位论文:论简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观IntroductionJaneAusten(1775一IS17)(women'seducationofhertime),allhereducationwastoreadherfather'sbooksofboththeseriousandthepopularliteratureoftheday.(Herfatherhadalibraryof500booksby1801).(Thefournovelswhichwerepublishedwhileshelived一SenseandSensibiliyt(1811)rideandPrejudice(1813);MansfieldPark(1814);andEmma(1816)一appearedwithouthernameonthetitlepage;usuallytheirauthorshipwasattributedonlyto"alady.")Austen,thegreatnarratorofcourtshipandmarriage,nevermarried,lookeduponherwritingsasher"babies",;NorthangerAbbey;MansfieldPark,';ineffect,shetransformedtheeighteenth-centurynovel,whichcouldbeaclumsyandprimitiveperformance一**************************************************《傲慢与偏见》感言其实我看的书不算太多,而且看了以后只知道说好和不好,至于为什么,大多说不出一个所以然,我忘性大,很多书看过以后只记得一个大概,所以不敢乱评论。初中的时候刚刚开始对课外阅读有兴趣的时候,要好的同学在我生日的时候送了一本《傲慢与偏见》,孙致礼翻译的,算是我读的第一本名著,从此我开始看名著,然而不论哪一本名著都抵不上《傲慢与偏见》被我翻的次数频繁(虽然现在叫我讲里面的经典句子我也多半说不出来了),闭上眼睛回忆这本书的内容的时候,总会想象在舞会上达西先生说伊丽莎白的美貌尚可的时候的样子和伊丽莎白当时的脸色,可笑的的柯林斯先生,卢卡斯先生,伊丽莎白和达西针锋相对的场景,激烈争吵的场景和伊丽莎白那封戏剧化的信,以及两人在彭伯利相见的细枝末节。这些都是戏剧化的场景,在BBC95年版的迷你电视剧里面得到了很好的演绎,至今仍是我心目当中名著改编成电视剧的最佳典范之一。青春年少之时,受某些思想的毒害之深,总想着伟大的小说必定是激发你为一些Larger than life的伟大事业奋斗的的东西,因此,总会很惋惜这部作品的“小家子气”,然而还是不由自主地为它深深吸引,为“二寸象牙上面的雕刻”之精巧而折服。奥斯丁对笔下的滑稽人物的嘲笑虽然辛辣,却也十分有道理,在她笔下,人性的势利和庸俗的一面被刻画得栩栩如生,让人先是发出会心的一笑,然后忍不住拷问自己的灵魂。小说开头那句“凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。”已经是脍炙人口的名句了。这样戏剧化的故事和作者波澜不惊的人生形成鲜明对比。前段的电影Becoming Jane把奥斯丁的生平故事编排成《傲慢与偏见》故事的反面。作为一个奥斯丁迷,我和大多数粉丝一样,对此深感不以为然。据专家考究,奥斯丁终其一生未婚并不是像电影里面所说的因为无法忘记这个La Foy先生的缘故,其原因之复杂似乎她的最后一本小说《劝导》比较沾边,女主角Anne年少的时候和男主角Frank相爱,然而因为种种世俗的原因和长辈的劝告最终放弃了这段感情,多年以后相遇发现旧情仍在,只不过在奥斯定的真实人生里面,她的Frank并没有以荣归故里的海军军官身份出现,而是不幸死于一场突然爆发疾病,最终故事以无法弥补的遗憾告终,而奥斯丁也没有痛不欲生,仍然过着她平静而安宁的居家生活。难能可贵的是,从奥斯丁的6部小说里面,看不到任何的自伤情绪,不论女主人公是一个什么样的性格,我们可以看到作家对她们的人生际遇的真正的关切,这是一种普世的关切,的确,婚姻未必是一个人人生的全部,可是选择什么样的婚姻的确能对一个人的人生产生很大的影响,追求婚姻的幸福,男女双方性情的契合总是没有错的。奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》对许多小说和电影作品也产生了深刻的影响。凯瑟琳盖斯凯尔夫人的《南方与北方》虽然背景不同,也是以这样的方式展开。男女主人公恋爱的模式和《傲慢与偏见》如出一辙,也是突破偏见和误解通过一系列冲突慢慢了解最后达到水乳交融。一部《BJ单身日记》也是身为简迷的作家对《傲》这部作品的致敬,不光给男主角取名Mark Darcy,还特意请来了BBC95版的达西先生Colin Firth出演这个角色。为什么这样的模式受到人们的特别喜爱呢?俗语说“不是冤家不聚头”,冤家们其实多半是性格互补的,据有经验人士表示,这样的关系比较长久,看来奥斯丁深谙这个道理。写到这里,我不禁浮想联翩,也许,有时候,人和人之间的心灵碰撞的确需要以一种激烈的方式进行,人生的趣味因而增加。只有经历一些风浪,才容易看清楚你身边的人吧,或者,只有在风浪当中,你才知道要抓住什么,才知道可贵的是什么。所以呢,从某种意义上来说,伊丽莎白家里不幸的丑闻,《南方与北方》里面马格丽特的父母双亡,Bridget Jones的遭遇,就像《倾城之恋》里面香港这座城市的沦陷,是为了成全这一对对冤家。让那些道学家们摇头去吧!写得不好,建议大家去读读这篇:值得一提的是,95BBC电视剧版的编剧是英国著名的编剧Andrew Davis,本人是一个作家,也是奥斯丁迷,男的哦。他成功改编过的作品有多部,,比如乔治艾略特的Middlemarch,盖斯凯尔夫人的《妻子与女儿》。在《傲慢与偏见》里面他为Colin Firth额外添加了一个书里面没有的场景,就是在池塘里面游泳然后浑身湿淋淋地从水里出来,正巧和伊丽莎白撞了一个正着,这个场景很有现代感,并不突兀,也因此为他吸引了不少女粉丝,真是厉害!