民事上诉状-司法制度论文-司法制度论文民事上诉状上诉人xx县xx农村信用合作社。住所地:xx县xx镇xx村。法定代表人田xx,主任。被上诉人丁xx,女,汉族,196x年7月15日出生,住xx县xx镇xxx村。上诉请求:1、撤销(200x)x经初字第1025号民事判决书并依法改判;2、判令被上诉人立即偿还拖欠上诉人的借款本金4500元、利息1552元(利息按日万分之三顺延至实际还款之日);3、本案一二审诉讼费用由被上诉人承担。上诉人不服xx县人民法院(200x)x经初字第1025号民事判决,特提出上诉,具体事实与理由如下:一、原判决认定事实错误一审判决确认“1992年1月13日,被告丁xx在原告处借款4500元,办理了农业贷款明细帐和贷款合同为一体的贷款手续,在贷款手续上加盖了丁巧玲印章”,但其判决理由却认定“原告未按照规定,办理合法的借款手续”,其事实认定与判决理由互相矛盾。贷款合同虽然条款简单,但其已经构成合法有效的合同,而不能仅仅依据条款简单就认为未办理合法借款手续,正如保证合同可以是独立的一个合同,也可以是主合同中的一个保证条款,我们不能说保证条款内容简单而否认保证合同的合法性,同样不能以贷款合同条款简单而否认贷款手续的合法性。 本文由毕业论文范文编辑整理,版权所有,转载请注明出处。 二、被上诉人提供的证据不应当被采纳根据最高人民法院关于民事证据若干规定,人民法院在送达应诉通知书时必须向被告送达举证通知书,并指定举证期限,本案中不存在双方协商确定举证期限的情形,只有法院指定的举证期限,根据宝丰县人民法院的制式举证通知书,法院指定的举证期限统一为30日,被上诉人在庭审中提供的证据明显超过了举证期限,根据证据规则,超过举证期限提供的证据除对方当事人同意之证外,不能作为定案依据。本案中,要么被上诉人超过举证期限,要么一审法院未送达举证通知书,违反了法定程序。本案所涉贷款合同的签订日期为1992年1月13日,而被上诉人提供的为1993年度信用社使用的贷款手续,上诉人在1992年发放贷款时不可能使用1993年的合同格式,因此该证据与案件事实没有关联性,不能作为定案依据。三、该笔借款事实清楚,被上诉人应当承担还本付息义务上诉人一审提供的证据明确记载,被上诉人于2000年9月15日清偿元的利息,该记载在证据上能够免除被上诉人这部分利息的履行义务,属于对上诉人不利的证据,上诉人提供不利于自身的证据,该证据的效力无庸置疑。如果上诉人未向被上诉人发放贷款,那么被上诉人是不会履行清偿利息义务的,被上诉人清偿利息的行为充分证明了上诉人已经按照贷款合同约定全面履行了付款义务,因此被上诉人应当承担还本付息义务。 毕业论文范文,免费毕业论文大全。综上所述,一审法院认定事实不清,从而导致错判,请求贵院依法撤销原判,改判被上诉人承担还本付息义务,维护上诉人的合法权益!此致xxx市中级人民法院上诉人xx县xx农村信用合作社二○○x年十二月十八日
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就目前人工智能的发展水平来看,机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思,并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错,你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
Along with our country socialist market economy development, the specially industrialization and the urbanization launch massively, will destroy the environment right infringement question and the relief by the environmental pollution and the ecology which will create becomes a next our country's big social question. In the past limited regarding the spirit damage compensate fundamental research to the pure civil law domain. However the environment right infringement possibly brought the victim property, the bodily harm already does not need to question. Because but the environment right infringement took one kind of special abuse of authority, it has own characteristic, is turning over to aspects and the tradition abuse of authority and so on responsibility principle, causal relation to recognize, to present evidence responsibility, limitation of action has the obvious difference. Then the environment right infringement can request the spirit damage compensate, how requests the compensation, how compensates, compensation scope as well as compensation focal point questions and so on standard, until now method educational world still unable to agree, not yet forms the unified viewpoint. The various countries' has the stipulation early regarding environment right infringement in non-property right harm and the spiritual harm compensation. How profits from success of experience the Western developed country, the establishment has our country characteristic environment right infringement spirit damage compensate system, becomes question which the law educational world urgently awaits to be solved. The taking this into consideration, this article draws up angle of from the environment right infringement, the union below, "about Determination Civil Right infringement Spirit Damage compensate Responsibility Certain Question Explanation", the factor which in the environment right infringement the spirit damage compensate characteristic, the principle and the determination spirit damage compensate amount should consider does elaborates.
近年来,司法体制改革日渐引起党和国家的重视,也成为律师、法官、检察官、警察、媒体乃至普通社会公众共同关心的话题。这引发了许多法律学者的理论探讨。学者们对于现行司法体制存在问题及其原因的分析让我深受教育。但囿于视野,我还未见到有学者系统地提出我国应构建怎样的目标体制才能与依法独立审判原则相适应。因此,本文将按照我对“依法独立审判”的理解界定其含义,在此基础上简要分析“依法独立审判”的必要性、必要条件,阐述 “依法独立审判”在我国的现行体制障碍,最后从党的领导方式转变、国家机构职权配置和体制改革等宏观角度,对我国如何构建与“依法独立审判”相适应的目标体制提出框架性设想。正确翻译:In recent years, the judicial system increasingly attracted the attention of the party and the country has also become lawyers, judges, prosecutors, police, the media and even the general public a topic of common concern. This raises many legal scholars also discussed. Scholars to the existing problems in the judicial system and its analysis of the causes I deeply educational. However, due to vision, I have yet to see a scholar systematically to present what our goals should be established and the system can be adapted according to the principle of independence of the trial. Therefore, this article will be according to my right, "according to an independent trial" to define their understanding of the meaning of a brief analysis on this basis, "according to an independent trial" the necessity of the necessary conditions to explain, "according to an independent trial" in China's existing institutional barriers, the final From the party's leadership change in terms of configuration and reform of national institutions and other macro-perspective on China's how to build and the "law of independent trials" adapt to the goal of the institutional framework of ideas put forward.
通常英语专业毕业从事法律工作的,一般都是做法律文件的翻译,如果同时有法律背景的,一般就是做法律文件英文版本的起草。所以,如果你没有法律教育背景,建议还是从“如何做好法律文件的翻译”的某一个题目去写。比如,法律文件翻译和一般文件翻译的不同之处什么的。。希望对你有帮助。
The second part of the article on China's elderly population is currently special legislation to protect the rights and interests of in-depth analysis of the status quo. China's elderly population on the special protection of the rights and interests of the legal structure of the incomplete system, legal system and the effectiveness of the non-balance laws and regulations as well as the distribution of scattered in three areas of legislation exists. At the same time, the elderly population from the level of legal awareness and legislative level, the two aspects of China's elderly population in the legislative obstacles. The third part through the introduction and study of other countries to enact legislation to protect the rights and interests of the elderly population policies and advanced experience, mainly Japan, Germany, Russia, the United States, Brazil and other countries to protect the rights and interests of the elderly population in the special legislative experience, learn from each other and for our rights and interests of the elderly The protection of the law to provide a strong draw for the fourth chapter of the study to lay a theoretical foundation. The fourth chapter in the first three chapters on the basis of theoretical study to explore the rights and interests of the elderly population in special legislation to strengthen and improve the proposed perfecting China's elderly population in special legislation to protect the rights and interests. Legislation to amend the "Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of the elderly," highlighting its central position. Strengthen legislation to strictly control early retirement, the use of legal recognition and protection of employment rights of the elderly population. To strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly population in particular the popularity of the Legislative and Research; strengthen grass-roots and community-old rights legislation; the elderly to improve legal aid legislation; improve old-age insurance legislation. The use of legislation to protect the elderly population, "do not go hand in marriage" and housing "mortgage down" old-age problem. The law is to protect the rights and interests of the most powerful, to use the law to protect elderly people's legitimate rights and interests groups, the aging of the population is another important issue to deal with legal mechanisms. Special rights and interests of the elderly population and the protection of the basic contents of the scope of the legislation by the need to identify the specific, special rights and interests of the elderly population to achieve the required legal access, the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly population in particular need to strengthen legislation and improve. Contemporary China's elderly population is the nation's material and spiritual creator, inheritance and disseminators, they are the country's construction and development, social stability and unity of the family and for the political, economic, science, technology, culture Spread, plays an irreplaceable role. Effectively protect their special rights and interests of not only the responsibility of the state and society, it is our bounden duty of every citizen. Therefore, we must improve our existing legislation as soon as possible in order to better protect the special rights and interests of the elderly population. Key words: the aging of the population, the rights and interests of the elderly population, the special rights and interests protected by law
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
刑法具有保护价值与保障价值,而刑法保障价值作为刑法保障功能之价值彰显,具体表现为刑法保障国民利益价值和刑法保障被告人特定利益价值。下面是我为大家整理的刑法论文,供大家参考。
摘要:在我国经济的不断进步和发展及城市化进程不断加快的时代背景下,各种工业和城市污染问题也越来越突出。当前,超标排水、排气、排污、重金属污染等破坏生态环境的现象,给人们的正常生产生活带来了严重的影响。为了及时采取有效 措施 ,打击环境犯罪,用法律途径惩治环境犯罪行为,促进我国社会生态环境质量水平的不断提高,进一步完善我国环境犯罪的刑罚迫在眉睫。因此,本文将在分析当前我国环境犯罪相关刑法存在问题的基础上,对完善环境犯罪刑法做进一步的研究,以为打击、惩治环境犯罪提供充足的法律依据。
关键词:环境犯罪;刑法;问题完善
生态环境是人类社会赖以生存和发展的必要保障,然而当前人类对生态环境的不断破坏已经给社会的正常生产生活带来了严重的威胁。进一步完善环境犯罪相关刑法,既能充分发挥刑法在惩治违法犯罪行为方面的 教育 、震慑、惩治作用,又有利于帮助人们树立环保意识、规范环境保护行为。然而当前我国相关的环境刑法还不完善,其作用发挥的还不够彻底。因此,研究如何进一步完善我国环境犯罪的相关刑具有重要意义。
一、完善我国环境犯罪刑法的重要性
随着人类社会的不断进步和发展,生态环境问题越来越成为人们不可回避的重要课题。由于人类前期的对生态环境的不断索取和破坏,导致当前雾霾、全球变暖等环境问题严重威胁着人类赖以生存的家园,使得很多国家纷纷走上了通过立法来打击环境犯罪的路子。因此,完善我国环境犯罪刑法是保护我国当前生态环境的必然选择。我国改革开放以来,工业化程度的不断提高也带来了日益突出的环境问题。为了促进我国社会经济的长期稳定可持续发展,我们必须采取及时有效的措施来改善当前生态环境。近年来,国家提出了一些环保策略,对改善生态环境有所帮助但效果有限,导致我国的生态环境仍然在不断恶化,环境污染问题正逐步由城市向农村扩展,污染程度也在不断加大。研究表明,生态环境破坏给我国的经济带来了严重的损失,水土流失、酸雨等环境问题的不断加剧给人们的正常生产生活也带来了越来越严重的影响。在这样的时代背景下,要想有效的保护生态环境,控制环境犯罪行为,离不开环境犯罪刑法的不断完善。特别是针对当前我国现行环境保护环境相关法律中存在的系列问题,进一步促进我国相关刑法的完善已经迫在眉睫。
二、当前我国环境犯罪刑法中存在的问题
(一)保护客体、保护范围不明确
在对我国当前环境犯罪相关法律调查和研究的基础上,发现当前我国法律中对环境犯罪的客体的界定十分不明确,有时甚至存在无法确定环境犯罪客体的现象。造成这一现象的原因离不开传统的立法模式,由于当前我国相关环境犯罪的刑法立法仍然采取传统的立法模式,而环境犯罪又具有一定的独特性,最终导致环境犯罪客体界定模糊的问题。此外,我国环境犯罪的保护范围也不明确,我国当前的环境犯罪刑法虽然对常规的环境违法行为做了相应的规定,然而却对水土流失、噪音污染、非建筑引发污染等新的环境问题没有做出明确的规定,导致在处理一些环境犯罪行为过中出现无法可依、无章可循的问题。
(二)归责不科学
当前我国的环境犯罪刑法对环境犯罪的归责方面存在不科学、不合理的现象,并缺乏有效的追责机制。虽然我国社会各界对环境犯罪行为都普遍持有一种批判的态度,然而对环境犯罪的惩治方面仍然存在低限度处罚的问题,甚至对于一些环境破坏行为就采取警告、行政处罚、经济制裁等措施一了了之,而没有严格的明确责任。这些现都,不利于保护我国当前的生态环境,反而为一些个人和企业进一步破坏生态环境带来了可乘之机,必然会导致我国的环境问题和环境犯罪行为的不断加剧。
(三)对环境危险犯规定不足
一般而言,对环境造成的实际危害结果是当前我国现行环境犯罪法律来界定环境犯罪行为的必要条件,然而由于环境犯罪具有持续时间长、行为持久性等特点,必然导致以此来惩治环境破坏行为不但根本无法起到预防和惩治环境犯罪的刑法立法目的,而且还会对人类的生产生活及赖以生存的环境造成不可扭转的影响。当前,我国这种事后处理的环境犯罪刑法模式使得刑法预防和惩治环境犯罪方面的作用无法充分发挥。因此,进一步完善环境犯罪刑法对环境犯罪危险犯方面的规定,明确环境犯罪的范围具有十分重要的意义。
(四)立法不完善、可操作性差
在充分调查和研究当前我国现行环境犯罪刑法的基础上,发现当前我国现行的环境犯罪刑法将环境犯罪行为和妨害社会管理秩序行为同等对待处理,这根本无法满足打击和惩治环境犯罪的实际需求。从本质上而言,环境犯罪行为和妨害社会管理秩序行为之间存在着较大的差异,环境犯罪对社会带来的影响在某种意义上而言要比妨害社会管理秩序对社会带来的影响更大、更深远。因此,当前我国现行环境犯罪刑法中这一规定根本无法体现对环境犯罪的惩治决心和重要威慑力,导致对环境犯罪的处理可操作性差。此外,当前我国环境犯罪刑法对一些环境犯罪行为的相关罪状存在描述迷糊、界定不明确等一些纰漏和问题。
三、完善我国环境犯罪刑法的相关思路
(一)进一步明确界定保护客体及保护范围
为了进一步改善我国当前环境犯罪刑法中存在保护客体、保护范围界定模糊的现象,完善我国环境犯罪刑法首先要明确界定犯罪客体和保护对象,才能充分发挥我国环境犯罪刑法在保护当前生态环境方面的重要职能和有效作用。其次,完善我国环境犯罪刑法还要进一步扩大对环境保护的范围,特别是针对随着社会发展而不断出现的新的破坏环境的问题。环境犯罪刑法只有,不断的从保护生态环境的层面寻找新的突破口,才能够真正的发挥保护生态环境的目的和有效性。
(二)明确环境犯罪的相关责任
当前我国社会存在环境问题不断突出,一些个人和企业环境破坏行为和环境犯罪屡教不改,部分社会个人和群体对生态环境保护意识淡薄。这些现象的存在与环境犯罪刑法打击力度不够、归责不明确之间存在直接的关系,导致我国环境犯罪刑法根本无法充分的起到预防和惩治环境犯罪的作用。因此,我国环境犯罪刑法必须进一步明确对环境犯罪的相关责任,加大对环境犯罪的打击和处罚力度,只有这样才能够真正的起到预防和惩治环境犯罪行为的效果。
(三)增设危险犯的规定
危险犯,即“以行为实施的危害行为造成法律规定的发生某种危险结果的危险状态作为既遂标志的犯罪。”当前,我国现行环境犯罪刑法中没有对危险犯的相关规定,而增设对危险犯的规定可以有效地预防以破坏结果来规定犯罪而带来得对环境破坏不可扭转的损失。在我国环境犯罪刑法中增设危险犯的规定,能充分发挥刑法对环境犯罪的预防作用,可以在环境破坏最终结果发生前采取有效的措施对环境破坏行为进行遏制,以达到达到惩治环境犯罪的目的。
(四)设置独立立法体例
通过对当前我国环境犯罪刑法中存在问题的分析,发现当前我国并没有对环境犯罪设置独立的犯罪类型,而将环境犯罪与妨害社会管理秩序罪混为一体,这必将会影响环境犯罪刑法对环境犯罪的打击和惩治力度。因此,我国必须采取对环境犯罪独立立法的相关措施,基于环境犯罪的本质及特点出发,通过独立立法来加大环境犯罪刑法的威慑力和法律效力,以充分发挥其在保护生态环境方面的重要作用。总而言之,环境犯罪刑法是保护生态环境的有效途径,针对当前我国现行环境犯罪刑法中存在的系列问题,我们必须不断的完善环境犯罪刑法才能够应对随着社会不断发展而出现的环境问题,才能真正的起到提高人们环保意识,打击、惩治环境犯罪行为的重要目的。
[参考文献]
[1]李立明.目前我国环境犯罪刑法的现状及其研究对策[J].上海 财经 学院,2013,13(09):116-126.
[2]张文丽.分析我国环境犯罪立法完善的重要性[J].江苏经济管理学院,2011,13(05):118-125.
[3]王关媛.我国环境犯罪的几个基本问题[J].吉林财经学院,2012(07):120-126.
[4]徐梅玉.我国环境犯罪刑法的着力点论析[J].湖北工商学院,2012,13(11):119-124.
[5]李立旺.我国环境犯罪刑法完善的有效途径探讨[J].浙江经济学院,2011,11(15):132-136.
一、将食品安全犯罪纳入危害公共安全犯罪
食品安全犯罪既具有危害公共安全的性质,也破坏了社会主义市场经济秩序。食品安全犯罪则主要侵害的是不特定多数人的生命健康,无论从质上还是量上考察,对不特定多数人的带来极其严重的后果,对公共安全的破坏显然重于市场经济秩序的破坏。因此,将食品安全犯罪归属于危害公共安全罪更符合其罪质,符合刑法对于食品安全保护的目的,实践中能更有效的对食品安全犯罪进行打击。
二、扩大食品安全犯罪规制的行为
《食品安全法》在食品的包装、加工、运输、销售等一系列环节设立了食品生产经营者的义务,对有可能会对食品安全产生影响的各个方面进行了规定。而目前刑法中食品生产经营者的刑事责任只体现在生产、销售环节,其他方面在刑法中并没有体现。实际上在食品流通的其他环节同样可能发生严重的危害食品安全犯罪。应扩大食品安全犯罪的客观行为,从单一的生产、销售行为扩大到包括包装、运输、贮藏等一系列行为上,从而更好的全方位对食品安全进行刑法保护。扩大刑法关于食品安全犯罪本罪的打击范围。
三、食品安全犯罪的主观形态包括过失
在西方发达国家的刑法立法中,都不同程度地对社会公共安全犯罪规定了过失危险犯。美国食品安全犯罪普遍遵循这个原则。这种责任原则不要求原告明确证明缺陷的存在,并且原告不需要证明产品缺陷是造成损害的原因。在我国,故意犯罪占较大比例,因为绝大多数食品安全事件是由不法生产经营者为谋取暴利而人为造成的。但是因过失行为引起的食品安全事故高发的事实应引起我们的关注。食品安全犯罪不能只惩罚故意犯罪。目前我国食品安全法中,除了食品监管渎职罪外,因重大过失引起的严重食品安全事件,只能间接适用过失危害公共安全罪。如果食品犯罪的主观罪过包括过失,那么,我们对食品安全犯罪的惩治将更加全面有力。
四、细化罚金适用标准
《食品安全法》中罚款标准是根据违法生产经营的食品货值的不同而确定不同幅度的罚款。采取特定数额制和倍比制两种立法模式,刑法对食品安全犯罪的罚金也可考虑采取同样的立法模式加以规定。
(1)设置食品安全犯罪罚金的最低数额。原则上罚金的数额应高于食品违法行为所要承担的罚款数额。(2)对罚金刑量刑幅度细化,对食品安全犯罪的主观、客观行为、危害后果以及犯罪人是否为累犯等因素进行综合考虑,防止出现量刑的畸轻畸重,实现食品安全罪责刑一致。(3)针对自然人犯罪与法人犯罪设置不同的罚金刑体系。法人食品安全犯罪的罚金数额要高于自然人犯罪的罚金数额,以区别对待,实现不同的惩治效果。
五、增设资格刑
为了从源头上杜绝犯罪分子从事食品安全犯罪的可能性,必须增设相应的资格刑。《食品安全法》中虽规定了资格处罚措施,如吊销卫生许可证、停止生产经营等。这种打击和威慑效果明显不足:行政处罚措施力度小,且没有具体禁止从事生产经营期限的限制。
鉴于食品安全犯罪往往是滥用自身的某些资格和优势实施,因此,对食品安全犯罪资格刑进行设置时,从业禁止等资格刑可适用于生产经营者;强制破产可适用于单位。根据犯罪的情节不同和危害后果严重程度,对食品安全犯罪人处以禁止从事食品生产和经营的不同期限的刑罚。在具体设置资格刑时,要针对不同种类的犯罪,选择相适应的资格刑种类。
刑法论文开题 报告 相关 文章 :
1. 法律毕业论文开题报告范例
2. 法律本科毕业论文开题报告
3. 有关法律毕业论文范文
4. 法律本科毕业设计论文
5. 汉语言文学论文开题报告
研究你感兴趣的 日语语法,词法,教学方法,或者日本文化就可以了啊。。。我看我朋友有写 关于日本人切腹这个文化现象的研究。。。还有国内可行的日本语词汇教学法的探讨 这一类~你对什么感兴趣,并且有资料,就可以写别人现成的东西,你不一定有资源的
你们让写多少字的?有选择真好。。。我当初是被强迫分的题目。 其实你说得这几类都不难写,语言、文学、翻译类基本就是举例子,比如通过中日语言的对比来说明某个语法,或是多查询一下历史方面的书籍,通过特定时代的发展对同期的文学作品进行说明,还可以谈谈文学作品对社会的影响等等。图书馆会有很多书可以参考,应该不难。但是个人感觉很难写出新意,所以如果写得不是尽善尽美的话,很难拿到高分。商务类就比较麻烦了,比如关税壁垒,你就需要找很多的事例,从事例中来论述关税壁垒对两国经济造成的影响。所以我感觉如果你对语法等知识不是特别熟悉了解的话,还是选择商务类型的比较好,可以通过生动的实例来论述文章,也比较好凑字。 我毕业时候写的是教育(被强迫分到的一个很恶心的题目),最后我写的是日语教育与互联网的联系,那些日本老教授老专家什么的哪懂英特网啊,所以就把他们忽悠住了,最后得了个不错的成绩。所以论文就是把老题目写出新东西来比较容易拿分。
我 ,们,给写的,好的。
1. 写关于翻译技巧心得等。2.关于日本文化的研究,以及这些研究给翻译工作带来的便利和准确度上升等等。我觉得这个比较好写,资料有很多,然后用一些例文去证明你的观点就可以。3.写一些翻译误区的研究。最好去问问你的学长他们是怎么过的毕社,找一些做参考。或者直接和你导师讨论。
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
CS方向sci三区的一个小刊,之前也是major revision,大四毕业了才中了。。所以在我心目中MV几乎约等于AC,虽然这辈子只投过一篇文章。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 统一查下。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求:
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)
别的领域我不懂,但是在我们材料圈,大修基本就是中了,editor给大修无非两个原因,1.关键数据需要补充;觉得文章不错,但是有reviewer执意要reject,editor不好驳该reviewer的面子,给个大修意思一下。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下可以加速去知道下。