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A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times NewRoman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“TimesNew Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。） idiom; comparison; English; Chinese（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times NewRoman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying tofocus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in termsof their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) . The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idiomsIn English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: 正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）In conclusion, …. 2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the followingexamples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):idioms 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”is an admirable and characteristic And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive theextreme crises of society, one is certainthat no society would be tolerable whosescitizens could not find refreshment in itsbuoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。 各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。Two or More Books by the Same AuthorBrooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: AHandbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。An Author with an EditorShake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, vii-xxxix. 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.A Multivolume WorkBrowne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。A Selection from an AnthologyAbram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. NewYork: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。Articles in Journals, Magazines, and NewspapersOtto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3)；1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in ”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28. 月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post31 July,1985:B1.引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献（略）（摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期，原文：“英语论文写作规范”作者刘新民）五：英语论文摘要英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
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英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms （题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”） （学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中） 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。） 【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） 1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms 3.1 The characteristics of English idioms （正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion, …. 3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. 3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如: Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43). 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如: Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i). 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如: Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35). Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15). 这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。 五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。 3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。 Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950. ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963. 引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。 An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959. 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如: Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, 1962.vii-xxxix. 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可): Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi. A Multivolume Work Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928. Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols. 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。 A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88. 被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。 Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48
《老人与海》中桑提亚哥主体形象分析一、内在力量桑提亚哥是位以打鱼为生的古巴老渔夫，他历经风霜饱受艰难，岁月的流失在他身上留下了深刻的痕迹。他已连续84天没钓到一条鱼了，前几十天有一小孩陪着他出海，由于他的失败和背运，那个小孩被父母逼着跟另外的渔船钓鱼。如今老头孤独无援，厄运缠身。但他老而不衰，苍老的容貌与他充满活力的内心形成了鲜明的对比。海明威在描写桑提亚哥这一人物时，通过描述他的体貌和眼神，体现出了老人外表的苍老与内在的力量：The old man was thin and gaunt,with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep – creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of the scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.Everything about him was old except his eye and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.除了老头那双充满活力的眼睛，海明威还通过小孩曼诺林的眼睛让读者看到桑提亚哥身体上其它有力的部分，从而使读者期待而不幻想，把注意力集中到桑提亚哥身上，他有力的肩膀，壮实的头颈无一不显示出他所蕴含的力量： They were strange shoulders,still powerful although very old,and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. 也正是这种老而不衰的体力构成了桑提亚哥支撑自信的基本力量之一。作为一个经常处于与大自然力量相抗争状态的渔夫，他知已至深，十分清楚自身的优势和胜算；对于他要面对的大鱼，他亦知彼至深，懂得如何运用技巧和耐力赢得一场公平的战斗。他对自己的能力不抱幻想，也不狂妄地自我吹嘘。只是等待机会证实自己的能力，所以，他对曼诺林的称赞反应并不十分强烈，只是淡淡的一句 “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” 显示出一个知已知彼的钓鱼高手在临战前的冷静和镇定，话说得虽少，却字字千钓，自有一股震人心魄的力量。 桑提亚哥的行动正如他的言语一样，简洁而精确，没有多余的动作。他的每个动作似乎经过精确计算，决不多浪费一点精力。如他脱衣睡觉的动作，轻捷而实用，读起来让人如身临其境： He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow,putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. 他简朴，贫困而不寒酸，谦卑而不低贱，动作之中自有一股尊严，令人敬仰。海明威在这一人物身上寄托了他对人性的深刻理解和信念。无论环境多么困苦艰难险恶，无论一个人的地位高低，保持人的尊严是最重要的。这种尊严不会由于财富的多寡，运气的大小而增减，它是真正美好的人性必不可少的一部分，Young指出这种认识境界也是海明威本人所能达到的高度，也是他这一作品最成功之处。 “The knowledge that a simple man is capable of the decency, dignity, and even heroism that Santiago possesses and that his battle can been seen in heroic terms is itself perhaps the greatest victory that Hemingway won.” 二、硬汉本色如果说桑提亚哥在其行动中显示了尊严，在遭到失败后还继续保持不败的精神则显示了他的硬汉本色，他与小孩曼诺林的友谊则显示了他性格中温暖的一面。他的忠诚和激情通过他的行动表达出来，如他独自一人在海上的时候多次提到小孩曼诺林，使人感觉到他对友谊和帮助的渴求。 但桑提亚哥这一人物的性格并非不存在任何缺陷，如他允许自己和曼诺林不断重复那段关于子虚乌有的米饭和鱼网的对话，暴露了他性格中非理智的一面： “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the castnet?”“Of course.”“硬汉子”桑提亚哥在与马林鱼和鲨鱼的冲突中把自己的体能发挥到了极限。但在小说的结尾处，我们听到桑提亚哥和Manolin在谈论下次出海打鱼的计划： “Now we fish together again.” “No. I am not lucky. I am not luck any more.” “The hell with luck,” the boy said “ I’ll bring the luck with me.” ...... “We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old ford. We can grind it in Guanabacoa. It should be sharp and not tempered so it will break. My knife broke.”桑提亚哥并没有被打败。此次捕鱼的失败只给他留下了疲劳和更多的经验或诀窍。同时，曼诺林的存在使他的失败又被赋予了一层新的意义。他发现他可以从自己失败的地方找到可以教导曼诺林的教训，现身说法，使这次失败在曼诺林身上产生更深远的价值，桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神会在曼诺林身上得到延续和弘扬。正如Baker所言： “The winner takes nothing but the sense of having fought the fight to the limits of his strength，of having shown what a man can do when it is necessary like many of the rest of us，he is undefeated only because he has gone on trying.” 三、海明威主角模式卓绝的特质与阔远宁静的心理素质在桑提亚哥这一主体形象身上，不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质，如压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力，还显示出了一种更加阔远宁静的心理素质。桑提亚哥对失败的反应已不再像其主角模式那样愤世嫉俗，他平静而坚定地接受了自己的命运，内心的信念并未因此而丧失。作为一个渔夫，连续数月捕不到鱼这种挫折对他来说既不是第一次，也不是最后一次。这一点从曼诺林口中说出，也说明了曼诺林对老人桑提亚哥的信心基础。在曼诺林的眼中，桑提亚哥是经受过考验的。对读者来说； The man who never encounters death,who never faces any danger at all, this man has not yet been tested; we don’t know whether he will withstand the pressures,whether he will prove to be a true Hemingway man.对桑提亚哥来说，更富有意义的是他已不止一次经受住了考验，他无论在道德上还是在勇气上都属于胜利者。 “He fights with dignity,against great odds,and though he loses the marlin,he survives and wins and moral victory for himself by daring the sea and the great fish. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested-- and are triumphant.”另外，桑提亚哥作为胜者的意义不仅仅在于他在压力下所显示的巨大勇气和凛然的尊严，还在于他强大的意志力与其衰老的肉体强烈的反差对比，他体能上的弱势由于其娴熟的技巧得到部分弥补，但他作为一个个体在与生存环境的抗争中更富有深刻的寓意。桑提亚哥所显示的勇气和意志力于全人类无疑具有深刻的意义。四、结语作为文学作品中一个虚构的人物，桑提亚哥是“浑圆”的人物，他的内心和态度经历了变化，性格得到了进一步的发展。他意识到在向自己的极限的挑战中，他所能取得的成功由于其它对抗力量的制约而不能圆满，当他发现自己一直寻找或猎取的大鱼被毫无意义地吞食时，他意识到不仅伤害了对手，也伤害了自己。而在这以前，他还一直以为自己在一场公平的竞争中赢得了胜利，遭遇鲨鱼之后他才发现自己为这一胜利付出的代价多么惨痛。在他出海前，他满怀信心，认为凭借一已之力就可以捕到大鱼，但在与大鱼正面对抗时，他才意识到人与人之间的帮助是珍贵而必需的，这种帮助的意义还不仅仅在于体力上的帮忙，更重要的是给他以精神上的支撑。
《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title：Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract：Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of personality.Key words：Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable [LunWenJia.Com]dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her way.According to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … [LunWenNet.Com]The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here？” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”？Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious situation.In the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars？” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at all.However, Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff， as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for it.On one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as well.In Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect peace.But even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her death.Bibliography：1.Bronte Emily，Wuthering Heights，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，London：Oxford University Press 19952.Freud Sigmund，Interpretation of Dreams，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 20013.Travis Trysh，Heathcliff and Cathy，the Dysfunctional Couple，The Chronicle of Higher Education，Washington，20014.Steinitz Rebecca，Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights，Studies in the Novel，Denton，2000 里面有你需要的英语论文，我载老一篇，不合适切看下嘛，呵呵！！！
写童话文学的。美人鱼的故事~有意思且通俗~写好给我们欣赏欣赏~
毛姆的《月亮与六便士》或者玛格丽特 米切尔的《飘》
首先选定期刊，然后里面会有论文的要求。根据要求修改论文格式然后一般要准备发给编辑的内容，highlight，摘要，图片摘要，正文，支撑材料，作者信息，推荐审稿人等。然后登录期刊首页，根据要求一项一项填写就可以了
投报社是做好的，但是有时候也最容易石沉大海。不过如果你对你的文章有信心，可以试试的。读者，青年文摘这些不错啊
科研出版社，这个出版社很多英文期刊都还不错，你可以试试，希望能帮到你
常见的英文论文发表的刊物有很多的，在这里提醒大家的是注意你论文的专业是什么方向，同时还需注意你职称晋升需要什么方面的期刊等级等，对于SCI还是什么类的刊物，若是你不太了解，不妨来中国月期刊咨询网来看看。
经济学人双语版、爱洋葱阅读、英语头条、每日双语播报、酷悠双语、双语新闻、BBC双语新闻、BBC有声双语新闻、有道e读、CNN双语新闻、滴答双语阅读、每日双语新闻、FT中文网双语阅读、new york times等，这些双语阅读器都是非常不错的。
好的论文app有：超级论文、论文指南、论文帮、科技论文在线，这几个比较好，没有广告，运行的快
英文小说APP
1、有道E读
在这个app中你可以阅读到原汁原味的英文内容，话题涉及生活、经济、文化、科技、娱乐等等。该App可以设置阅读难度水平，为你自动筛选适合你难度级别的内容。内置的查词功能也是深得我心，轻轻一点，释义立现，避免了查词典的麻烦。
2、英语读书
这是个专注于英语阅读的App，很多冷门的英文小说资源都可以在里面找到。比如小编之前一直想看的石黑一雄的《别让我走》，中文版已经绝版了，英文版也很难买到。没想到这款App竟然有资源！它也内置了查词功能，提供单词和整句翻译，对于不熟悉的单词还可以添加到单词本上，随时复习。
3、英语听书
与“英语读书”的资源可以并驾齐驱，唯一不同的在于它提供文字内容的同时，也提供音频资源，可以实现听书。用来锻炼听力也是不错的，对于英语渣渣来说，它更适合用来催眠，拯救失眠症！
写论文需要一个好的软件来帮助你进行组织和撰写，下面列出几款比较常用的软件：
行距为固定值20。页边距：上2.5cm，下2.5cm，左3cm，右2.5cm
可以从你本人的兴趣着手。如果你是学语言的，语言类的内容当然是首选啊，比如《试谈俄语修辞》、《俄语俚语的变迁》等，也可以将范围缩小。如果你觉得这类比较枯燥，那就看自己的爱好，比如音乐、绘画等，实在不行纯翻译一篇文献也应该可以。 不必过于给自己添堵，其实写论文没有那么可怕，现在查资料太方便了。
一般要偏向语言一点的，比如对一些新语言现象的分析；或者是俄罗斯文化的，对谚语、民间故事，电影的研究；关于文学类的题材就很多，比如对某诗人作品的研究，或者是对书中人物形象的评价；另外就是对翻译技巧的探索也不错。不知道你们是不是也要用俄语写，如果是的话，最好还是先找找资料再决定吧，不然没有俄语资料自己写会错误连篇哦。
你好，很高兴为你解答，看具体学校。有的学校需要用中文撰写论文，有的需要用俄语。还要看具体的专业方向。有的是语言学方向限定，有的是可以随便写，和俄语国家文化生活相关的都可以。翻译方向的也行。本科毕业论文格式大于内容。难度不大。一般情况下，只要按照要求走，就没有难度。希望能帮到你，如果还有不明白的地方，追问，望采纳。