保险 论文的题目是论文的要件之首,它不同于一般 文章 的题目,有特定的构成要素、结构模式。你是不是在因为保险论文的题目头疼?为此我给大家收集了一些关于保险专业的题目材料,欢迎大家阅读。 保险论文题目(一) 1. 基于物流经济的快递商品保险现状与对策分析 2. 大病保险能否终结因病致贫 3. 浅析职工工伤保险存在的问题与对策 4. 构建我国海外投资保险制度的思考 5. 农户育肥猪保险支付意愿研究 6. 中银保险车险理赔系统设计与实现 7. 死亡率下降对商业保险和社会保险的影响 8. 信诚“安诊无忧”住院费用补偿医疗险介绍 9. 保险保障基金的道德风险分析 10. 基因测试在重大疾病保险中应用的可行性分析 11. 我国科技保险发展问题探讨 12. 投保人失踪后谁可退保取决于该合同的继承权归属 13. 保险市场行为变异及原因探析 14. 美国失业保险:特点绩效与问题 15. “.”保险宣传咨询活动 16. 中国平安回归A股成功上市 17. 论海上旅客人身伤亡责任保障机制的构建 18. 论金融化趋势下再保险发展新模式的构建 19. 对寿险公司直接开办责任保险的质疑 20. 对我国“全民医保”制度建设的初步构想 保险论文题目(二) 1. 中外国家保险业效率比较研究 2. 我国保险网络营销 渠道 策略研究 3. 中国平安人寿理赔服务满意度提升方案 4. 保险人代位求偿权问题分析 5. 我国银行保险发展问题探析 6. 关于团险渠道业务发展困境的思考 7. 从政府机构的视角构建我国海洋与渔业灾害风险防范体系 8. 中国财产保险公司经营效率实证研究 9. 互联网保险的前景分析及模式预测 10. 我国淡水养殖保险发展制约因素及对策分析 11. 中国保险业成熟度的测量与实证 12. 人寿保险信托及其在我国推行的意义 13. 我国西部民族地区巨灾保险立法探析 14. 基层农机保险现状及对策建议 15. 大学生纳入城镇居民医疗保险存在的问题与对策 16. 《社会保险法》实施中的问题及对策研究 17. 我国老年护理保险的法律探析 18. 我国保险监管模式的现实思考 19. 浅析我国电子商务保险发展 20. 我国保险业中若干问题的统计分析 保险论文题目(三) 1. 农村养老保险政策的完善问题 2. 事业单位参加养老保险的政策建议 3. 养老保险政策的问题研究 4. 单位不愿意缴纳养老保险的原因分析 5. 养老保险缴纳过程中的规避行为(探讨故意不足额缴纳的行为) 6. 养老保险待遇给付的合理性 7. 养老保险金的缺口问题(基金紧张) 8. 参保人的养老保险观念问题研究 9. 养老保险与离退休人员的社会化管理 10. 养老保险对单位用人制度的影响 11. .做实个人帐户的必要性与合理性 12. 做实个人帐户对个人养老保险待遇的影响 13. 被单位做出自动 离职 处理人员参加养老保险的对策研究 14. 关于我国养老保险问题的探讨 15. 论养老保险的进一步改革 保险论文题目(四) 1. 车险创新销售模式 2. 我国保险营销现状及对策 3. 我国财险保险发展现状及影响因素分析 4. 农业互助保险制度的优势与创设构想 5. 保险市场消费行为心理因素分析 6. 基于 市场营销 P理论的保险营销策略 7. 大数据时代保险业的发展 8. 我国城市大学生医疗保险制度比较 9. 对我国养老保险制度公平性的思考 10. 电子商务环境下流通商品保险研究 12. 政府保险采购招投标存在的问题与难点分析 13. 谈谈紧急救援保险 14. 中外遏制保险犯罪立法之比较 15. 就农业保险谈点体会与看法 16. 我国区域保险发展研究 17. 普及保险知识的“草根”智慧 18. 如何选择最省钱的汇款方式 19. 生活中的最佳保健时间 20. 涉外追偿大有可为 猜你喜欢: 1. 保险风险管理论文题目 2. 金融保险论文题目 3. 关于保险论文范文 4. 保险毕业论文参考 5. 对目前保险市场的分析论文
行政管理毕业论文一、前言保险投资在保险公司的经营中占有举足轻重的地位。但是目前我国保险公司资金运作现状并不尽如人意,保险公司作为一个商业企业,其根本目的在于追求利润的最大化,随着市场竞争的加剧,保险公司利润已不能单纯依靠收取的保险费与一定概率下的保险赔付差额,而是越来越倚重于保险投资的有效运营。因为保险与给付之差,其利润率是一定的,而且还有减少的趋势,而保险投资的运营,其预期的利润率却是无限大的,所以只有安全有效地进行各种投资运营才能使保险资金获得长期稳定的增长,使保险公司获得较高的利润。可见有效的资本运营是现代保险业的支柱,是保险经营发展的生命线。二、我国保险投资的历史和现状(一)我国保险投资的历史沿革建国初期,我国保险企业的资金按规定只能存入银行,所得利息全部上缴国家财政,无任何保险投资可言。经过20年的停办以后,我国保险业随着改革开放而获得新生。中国人民保险公司1980年开始恢复办理国内保险业务,并积极发展国外保险业务。1984年11月,国务院批转的中国人民保险公司《关于加快发展我国保险事业的报告》中指出:“总、分公司收入的保险费扣除赔款、赔偿准备金、费用开支和纳税金后,余下的可以自己运用”。1985年3月国务院颁布的《保险企业管理暂行条例》又从法规的角度明确了保险企业可以自主运用保险资金。这不仅是我国保险体制改革的一次重大突破,也是增强我国保险业活力的一项战略性措施,对加快我国保险业发展产生了深远的影响。我国保险企业投资大体可以分为以下几个阶段。1、初步发展阶段:1984年至1988年底中国人民保险公司在取得投资权后,从1984年下半年开始,总公司在北京、江苏等地尝试性地开展投资(包括贷款)业务,部分省、自治区、直辖市以及计划单列城市分公司也相继开展保险投资业务。在这一阶段,中国人民银行对保险企业的投资活动实行严格管理,一是对资金运用规模实行计划控制,例如1986年人行对人保下达2亿元投资额度。二是对资金运用的方式与方向作了严格规定。1986年人保的资金运用被限定为投资地方自筹的固定资产项目。1987年批准试办流动资金贷款业务和购买金融债券。这一阶段的经营效益不大理想,资产运用率和投资收益水平都比较低。以1986年为例,中国人民保险公司国内业务汇总的资产运用率只有,投资收益率仅为。2、调整整顿阶段:1988年底至1990年底由于面临治理整顿的经济环境和紧缩信贷规模的局面,加之保险业本身经营效益不佳,我国保险投资业务于1988年底进入调整整顿阶段。其内容和措施有:总结前几年资金运用工作的经验和教训,严格执行信贷计划,严肃利率政策,把资金转投到流动资金贷款方面,坚持“十不贷”和注意“重点倾斜”并采取了担保和银行承兑汇票抵押等手段,努力提高资金运用的安全性与收益性。在这一阶段,中国人民保险公司的资金运用工作除办理流动资金贷款业务外,大部分工作放在对原有投资贷款项目的清理的催收上。资金运用的范围被限定为流动资金贷款、企业技术改造贷款、购买金融债券和银行同业拆借。3、进一步发展阶段:1991年至1995年经过两年多的调整整顿,加之宏观经济形势的好转,保险投资业务于1991年开始进行新的发展阶段。在这一阶段,保险投资在保险界得到了普遍认同和重视。两家新成立的全国性保险公司——中国平安保险公司、中国太平洋保险公司先后加入了保险资金运用的行列。保险投资规模不断扩大,1992年底。人保、平保、太保三家保险公司的资金运用余额达亿元。保险投资的范围有所拓宽,证券投资得到较大发展,保险投资收益得到提高。4、规范发展阶段:1995年至今随着1995年《保险法》的出台和实施,各保险公司遵照《保险法》调整业务,以符合《保险法》的要求。《保险法》的实施,为我国保险投资业务的规范与健康发展奠定的基础。(二)我国保险公司保险投资现状1、决策机制薄弱目前许多保险公司尚未建立一套规范有效的决策机制,人保财险公司直到2003年下半年才成立了专门的保险投资公司。决策的盲目性、被动性、随意性十分突出,在仅能投资债券的时期,这类决策机制不会体现任何危机,对于资产规模迅速壮大的保险公司来说,更是掩盖了其决策的弊端:决策机制落后,决策反馈机制尚未建立,在保险公司进入基金市场后会充分暴露出来。2、保险投资渠道狭窄1998年以前,保险公司的资金运用渠道限于:银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券和国务院规定的其他资金运用形式。2000年3月1日起实行的《保险公司管理规定》,保险公司的资金运用,限于银行存款、买卖政府债券、金融债券、买卖中国保监会指定的中央企业债券和国务院规定的其他资金运用形式。而西方国家保险公司资金运用的法定渠道则较广泛。如美国、日本就规定保险公司可进行政府债券、公司债券、股票、抵押贷款、不动产、保单放贷等业务。3、保险资金利用率低保险资金的利用率,在国外基本上达到90%,而在我国还不到50%。有限的保险资金主要用于银行存款。据统计,1998年人保、平保和太保三大保险公司保险资金的40%—60%局限于现金和银行存款,保险资金基本上无“运用”可言。截止到1999年底,中国人民保险公司的资金运用率还不到20%。为了保证保险资金的安全,保险公司将大量资金存于银行,由银行进行专业的资金运用,而保险公司只能获得固定的较低的存款利息,银行存款的利息已经远远不能使保险资金保值、增值了,保险公司必须开拓出投资新领域来保证其资金的收益性、安全性。4、保险投资缺乏相应人才保险投资涉及到存款、国债、证券等多个领域,因此保险投资人才必须对国家经济发展有远见,对各行业发展有底数,才能有胆略,有灵活性,善于捕获商机,在资本市场上获得丰厚的回报。而我国保险公司由于历史原因,现有员工基本上由军转干部、金融机构及政府部门调入和正规大学毕业生三部分组成,且前两部分约占公司员工的70%,年龄大都在40周岁以上。这样的人力资源结构,呈现出明显的弊端,即知识结构老化,缺乏创造力。保险公司要想从保险投资中获益,就必须引进相应人才,同时注重公司内部年轻人才的培养。免费公文网版权所有5、保险公司管理水平落后,影响保险投资收益由于我国长期实行计划经济体制,管理体制落后,投资缺乏科学决策,许多公司在科学决策、内部约束机制方面比较薄弱。由此出现了许多领导项目贷款、人情贷款等。这些项目贷款很多无法收回投资本息,甚至成为呆账、坏账。管理水平的落后,影响了投资收益。中国的保险公司要生存,保险事业要发展,客观上要求保险资金实现有效运用,但是这并不是说中国马上就完全放开对保险资金运用的限制,还有一些地方需要去完善,还有一些制度需要制定,这是一个渐进的过程。三、建立我国保险投资体制的构想(一)保险投资客观上需要建立有效投资体制所谓保险投资体制是指保险投资活动运行机制和管理制度的总称。保险投资机制建立的目的在于提高保险投资的收益,降低投资风险。保险公司的承保业务与投资业务是现代保险业的两个重要特征,其中保险投资业务已经成为现代保险公司生存和发展的重要手段。一方面,保险投资业务的发展,将扩大保险公司的盈利,增加保险公司偿付能力和经营和稳定性。同时,保险公司收入的增加,将使保险公司有能力降低保险费率,减轻被保险人的负担,提高保险公司的竞争能力。我国保险业如果没有投资收益作为基础,加入WTO后,在承保业务上很难与国外保险公司进行价格(费率)竞争。另一方面,保险投资业务的发展和获利可以弥补业务上亏损,维持保险公司的生存和发展。如1987年英国两大保险公司保险业务亏损分别为亿英镑和亿英镑,而投资利润为亿英镑和英镑,盈亏相抵后,还有不小的综合盈利。从近期国际保险业的发展特点来看,保险公司的主要收益已经从传统的承保收益逐步转移为投资收益,如美国产险业务自1978年以来连续21年出现承保亏损,主要收益来自于投资收益。由于保险经营是一种负债经营,因而保险资金的运用除了考虑投资的收益外,还必须保证投资的安全性。因此,市场的开放,投资工具的增加和投资规模的不断扩大,客观上需要保险公司进一步加强投资机制的建设,提高化解风险的能力,保证保险资金实现安全性和投资收益的协调。(二)保险业应尽快建立、健全保险企业的制度和规范建立和完善中国保险投资体制是一个系统工程。只有保险公司建立了现代企业制度,加强经营管理,才可能为高水平、高效益的保险投资提供根本制度保证。如何加强经营管理,我个人认为可以包括以下内容:第一、加大公司运作的透明度和社会舆论的监督作用,运用法律武器,严惩那些损害股东权益的行为,有效地维护股东的权益。第二、建立和完善对经理层的约束和激励机制,彻底改变旧的用人机制,让市场和竞争来决定经理的选拔,使经理的报酬与公司的业绩直接挂钩。第三、加强管理创新,按照现代企业制度的要求,摒弃旧的、传统的管理模式及其相应的管理方工和方法,创建新的管理模式及其相应的方式和方法。(三)进一步拓宽资金运用渠道保险资金运用是保险公司稳健经营的基础,是关系到保险公司经营状况的重要因素。由于我国保险业起步较晚,加之其它种种原因,目前我国保险资金运用存在的问题是证券投资基金规模太小;保险公司无法控制入市资金的风险;在目前封闭式基金占据主流的情况下,保险公司只能被动的分红,其变现很难实现;保险资金的运用渠道过窄;保险资金中短期性行为严重。针对这些问题,必须进一步拓宽保险资金的运用渠道,加快资金入市步伐,使我国保险业能够持续快速发展。1、保险资金入市(1)保险资金入市可以增强保险公司的盈利能力,如果运用得当,还可有效解决保险公司所面临的“利差损”问题。在《保险法》规定的范围内进行投资,仅每年的利差损就有3至6个百分点,这为保险公司的长期发展埋下了巨大隐患。在银行存款的利率为,国债的买卖收益最多不过6%-7%,在同业拆借市场上,因资金量有限,所以收益率微乎其微。而在2000年保险公司投资证券基金的平均收益达12%。因此,保险资金入市,从长远来看,对保险公司增加盈利能力、解决“利差损”具有重要的意义。(2)保险资金入市可以有效改善保险公司资产结构。如果允许保险资金按严格的比例进入证券市场,可以在一定程度上缓解资金闲置的压力。因为保险资金进入证券市场是进行股权的交易,在证券市场机制作用下,根据保险资金运用原则,保险公司必然将资金投入到效益好、有成长性的企业中去,这样客观上就使保险资产得到了相应的改善。(3)从长期来看,保险资金入市对于启动保险消费将起到一定的促进作用。保险资金入市无疑使国家找到一种对资金更有效的配置方法,从而使部分社会资金与证券市场之间形成纽带。在这个纽带的连接过程中,不但可以改变整个社资金的结构,还可以使经济发展得到更大的保障,以便使国家、企业、个人以及保险公司更好的发展。(4)保险资金入市,可以增强我国保险公司的国际竞争力。随着我国加入WTO,保险业面临着更大的冲击,承受着更大的压力。保险公司除了用提高服务质量来争取保单,扩大客户群外,其所得到的保费收入如何获取最大的安全收益是关键问题。在发达国家,保险资金的投资渠道较我国畅通的多,除了存入银行和购买国债外,还可涉足证券市场甚至房地产业。所以,保险资金入市,可以增强我国保险公司与国外保险公司的竞争实力,更好地奠定加入WTO后的经济基础。(5)保险资金入市可有效缓解证券市场中资金供给与需求之间的矛盾,有助于稳定证券市场。随着保险业的不断发展,可入市的保险资金的规模将越来越大,必将会改善证券市场的资金结构,它对证券市场的长期发展所起的作用也会越来越明显。2、保险资金进入短期拆借市场。尽管保险公司都有较高的信誉,但上前还不能以信用方式进入短期拆借市场,而须有抵押。如果能直接以信用方式进入短期拆借市场,可以为保险公司提高资金运用效率提供方便。3、扩大可投资的企业债券范围。目前保险资金只可购买铁路债券、电力债券和三峡债券,应扩大到其他的企业债券。尽管企业债券质地有好有坏,或者说存在风险,但应相信保险公司有一定的鉴别能力。4、进行资产委托管理。免费公文网版权所有资产委托就是保险公司以合同的形式把资金委托给专业的资产管理公司进行运作。它的最大好处是保险公司省心省力,不必事事躬亲,同时由专业公司进行操作,也可确保较高回报。(四)培育专门资金运用人才我国加入WTO将使保险业面临更加严峻的考验,保险公司如何作好准备,采取措施,搞好投资收益,上面已经从体制和机制创新、拓宽资金运用渠道等多方面进行了探讨,但要确保这些对策措施具有现实的针对性、决策的参考性和实施的可操作性,关键在人,关键取决于目前保险公司干部职工队伍的素质。因此,首先要改变干部队伍年龄老化问题,采取买断工龄、提前内退等方式,分流一批年龄老化的人员,以保证队伍的生机与活力;其次,要从管理入手,通过秘诀革,建设与国际接轨的一流现代化商业保险公司的高效精简的机关管理体制,尽快与国际经济接轨;再次,要注重人才的引进和使用,以及后备干部和后备人才的储备。目前,当务之急是要围绕加快效率的长远目标,建立结构合理高素质的干部队伍;以及培养选拔一批优秀的中青年干部,建立数量充足、结构合理的后备干部队伍,构建既有长期培养对象,又有近期可以上岗的人才储备库《保险行政管理毕业论文:论保险公司保险投资(1)》来源于免费范文网
扩展阅读:【保险】怎么买,哪个好,手把手教你避开保险的这些"坑"
网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance , in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the . Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; . a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $ billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this , claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the ., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is many countries, such as the . and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early ., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。
险罪是随着保险业的发展而产生的1个罪种,它严重阻碍了保险市场的正常运行和发展,破坏了金融秩序,社会危害性极大,因此,对保险罪的研究显得尤为重要。本文通过对保险罪主体重新界定的完善,从而明确了将保险罪由特殊主体扩大至1般主体应注意的问题;通过对保险罪客体的探讨,论证了单1客体的不合理性。对于保险的共同犯罪,根据实施犯罪主体的身份不同得出分别定罪与共同定罪的结论。同时,为保持刑法理论的协调,贯彻罪刑相当原则,删除刑法第198条第2款规定的数罪并罚,并适当提高本罪法定刑。本文通过对保险罪的主体、客体、共同犯罪、数罪并罚4个方面的看法希望能给保险罪问题的进1步探讨带来不1样的视角。
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.
网络营销策略论文:《论我国网络营销的策略》〔摘要〕目前我国有8万余家企业已加入互联网,并涉及网络营销,其中以计算机行业、通讯行业、金融行业较为普遍,计算机行业占34%,通讯行业为23%,金融行业为11%,其他为32%。那么本文通过对网络营销特点、优势的详尽分析,提出了企业实行网络营销的六大策略。〔关键词〕网络营销 策略分析 实施网络营销是以现代营销理论为基础,利用Internet对产品的售前、售中、售后各环节进行跟踪服务,自始至终贯穿在企业经营全过程,寻找新客户、服务老客户,最大限度地满足客户需求,以达到开拓市场、增加盈利为目标的经营过程。一、网络营销的概述网络营销 (On—line marketing或cyber marketing)。全称是网络直复营销,是企业营销实践与现代信息通讯技术、计算机网络技术相结合,以电子信息技术为基础,以计算机网络为媒介和手段而进行的各种营销活动的总称,它是直接市场营销的最新形式。随着Internet的普及,为企业进行现代营销开辟了新途径,它不受时间和空间限制,在很大程度上改变了传统营销形态和业态。网络营销主要包括宣传产品品牌、网站推广、信息发布、顾客关系、顾客服务、网上销售及网上市场调研等诸多方面。其职能表现在:网络品牌、网站推广、信息发布、销售促进、销售渠道、顾客服务、顾客关系、网上调研八个方面。二、网络营销的实施策略认识和利用网络营销策略,使企业网络营销水平得到进一步的提高。企业必须积极利用新技术变革企业经营理念、经营组织、经营方式和经营方法,搭上技术发展的快速便车,促使企业飞速发展。那么传统企业是否能利用互联网创造商业机会,降低成本,提高竞争力,是未来能否在全球经济一体化的状况下致胜的关键因素。因而,进行企业网络营销策略的研究也有一定的经济意义。(一)网站策略。网络营销站点作为企业在网上市场进行营销活动的阵地,站点能否吸引大量流量是企业开展网络营销成败的关键,也是网络营销的基础。站点推广就是通过对企业网络营销站点的宣传吸引用户访问,同时树立企业网上品牌形象,为企业的营销目标实现打下坚实的基础。1.抢占优良的网址并加强网址宣传:在网络空间上,网址是企业最重要的标志,已成为一种企业资源。网络营销站点推广就是利用网络营销策略扩大站点的知名度,吸引网上流量访问网站,起到宣传和推广企业以及企业产品的效果。2.精心策划网站结构:网络结构设计应做到结构简单,通过建立较为便捷的路径索引,以方便访问。结构模式应做到内容全面,尽量涵盖用户普通需求的信息量。3.加大力气维护网站:企业建立网站是一项长期的工作。它不仅包括网站创意和网站的开通,更包括网站的维护,如网上及时更新产品目录,价格等试销性较强的信息,以便更好的把握市场行情。而且,较之传统印刷资料,其更为方便、快捷、成本低廉。网站的维护也能集中反映企业的营销个性和策略,最终都表现为顾客提供更满意的服务。4.搜索引擎注册:根据调查显示网民在找新网站主要是通过搜索引擎来实现的,因此在著名的搜索引擎进行注册是非常必要的,而且在搜索引擎进行注册一般都是免费的。5.建立链接:与不同站点建立链接,可以缩短网页间距离,提高站点的被访问概率。(1)在行业站点上申请链接。(2)申请交互链接。(3)在商务链接站点申请链接。6.发送电子邮件:电子邮件的发送费用非常低,许多网站都利用电子邮件来宣传站点。(二)产品策略。对于书刊、音像器材及制品、电脑软件及相关产品等无形电子产品,消费者可以通过在网络上阅读文字、体会视听效果、自己操作等方式了解产品的特征、质量,较容易做出最终购买决策,并可实现网上付款、直接下载所购产品。交易在一瞬间完成,商流与物流合一,消费者会大大减少购买成本,较适于通过网络销售。在网络营销中,域名是消费者识别产品和企业的唯一标志,企业必须做好域名的开发与保护工作。域名要具有简洁性、国际性,并且要与企业或产品的名称相统一,使消费者能顺利准确地识别。此外企业还应采取多域名注册的办法来保护自己,以免造成不必要的损失。应对企业域名进行多方位宣传,树立域名品牌形象,增强竞争力。(三)价格策略。1.低位定价策略。借助互联网进行销售,比传统销售渠道的费用低廉,因此网上销售价格一般来说比流行的市场价格要低。采用低位定价策略就是在公开价格时一定要比同类产品的价格低。采取这种策略一方面是由于通过互联网,企业可以节省大量的成本费用;另一方面,采用这一策略也是为了扩大宣传、提高市场占有率并占领网络市场这一新型的市场。2.个性化定制生产定价策略 。个性化定制生产定价策略,是在企业能实行定制生产的基础上,利用网络技术和辅助设计软件,帮助消费者选择配置或者自行设计能满足自己需求的个性化产品,同时承担自己愿意付出的价格成本。这种策略是利用网络互动性的特征,根据消费者的具体要求,来确定商品价格的一种策略。网络的互动性使个性化行销成为可能,也将使个性化定价策略有可能成为网络营销的一个重要策略。3.使用定价策略。 所谓使用定价,就是顾客通过互联网注册后可以直接使用某公司产品,顾客只需要根据使用次数进行付费,而不需要将产品完全购买。这一方面减少了企业为完全出售产品进行大量不必要的生产和包装的浪费,同时还可以吸引过去那些有顾虑的顾客使用产品,扩大市场份额。4.折扣定价策略。为鼓励消费者多购买本企业商品,可采用数量折扣策略;为鼓励消费者按期或提前付款,可采用现金折扣策略;为鼓励中间商淡季进货或消费者淡季购买,也可采用季节折扣策略等。5.拍卖定价策略。 网上拍卖是目前发展较快的领域,是一种最市场化、最合理的方式。随着互联网市场的拓展,将有越来越多的产品通过互联网拍卖竞价。(四)促销策略。(1)网上折价促销。折价亦称打折、折扣,是目前网上最常用的一种促销方式。因为目前网民在网上购物的热情远低于商场超市等传统购物场所,因此网上商品的价格一般都要比传统方式销售时要低,以吸引人们购买。由于网上销售商品不能给人全面、直观的印象、也不可试用、触摸等原因,再加上配送成本和付款方式的复杂性,造成网上购物和订货的积极性下降。而幅度比较大的折扣可以促使消费者进行网上购物的尝试并做出购买决定。(2)网上变相折价促销。变相折价促销是指在不提高或稍微增加价格的前提下,提高产品或服务的品质数量,较大幅度地增加产品或服务的附加值,让消费者感到物有所值。由于网上直接价格折扣容易造成降低了品质的怀疑,利用增加商品附加值的促销方法会更容易获得消费者的信任。(3)网上赠品促销。赠品促销目前在网上的应用不算太多,一般情况下,在新产品推出试用、产品更新、对抗竞争品牌、开辟新市场情况下利用赠品促销可以达到比较好的促销效果。(4)网上抽奖促销。抽奖促销是网上应用较广泛的促销形式之一,是大部分网站乐意采用的促销方式。抽奖促销是以一个人或数人获得超出参加活动成本的奖品为手段进行商品或服务的促销,网上抽奖活动主要附加于调查、产品销售、扩大用户群、庆典、推广某项活动等。消费者或访问者通过填写问卷、注册、购买产品或参加网上活动等方式获得抽奖机会。(5)积分促销。积分促销在网络上的应用比起传统营销方式要简单和易操作。网上积分活动很容易通过编程和数据库等来实现,并且结果可信度很高,操作起来相对较为简便。积分促销一般设置价值较高的奖品,消费者通过多次购买或多次参加某项活动来增加积分以获得奖品。积分促销可以增加上网者访问网站和参加某项活动的次数;可以增加上网者对网站的忠诚度;可以提高活动的知名度等。(五)渠道策略。网络营销渠道分为直接分销渠道、间接分销渠道和双渠道3种类型。1.网络直销没有中间商,买卖双方直接见面,实现网上订货、付款。对于大多数无形产品和服务可采取此种方式。2.较之传统的分销渠道需经过3、4层中间商,网络间接分销渠道只有1层中间商,目前主要的网络中间商包括网上商店、网络银行、虚拟市场等。网络中间商的存在,简化了交易过程,消除了厂商和消费者之间信息不对称造成的无效交换和破坏性交换,最大限度地降低了交易成本,提高了效率。3.双渠道是指将网络直接分销和间接分销结合起来使用,以达到最大销售量。企业要根据产品的特性、自身实力和目标市场等因素综合考虑选择不同的渠道策略。(六)顾客服务策略。市场营销从原来的交易营销演变为关系营销,市场营销目标转变为在达成交易的同时还要维系与顾客的关系,更好地为顾客提供全方面的服务。根据顾客与企业发生关系的阶段,可以分为销售前、销售中和销售后三个阶段。网络营销产品服务相应也划分为网上售前服务、网上售中服务和网上售后服务,同时也支持多种个性化服务。1.网上售前服务:从交易双方的需求可以看出,企业网络营销售前服务主要是提供信息服务。企业提供售前服务的方式主要有两种,一种是通过自己网站宣传和介绍产品信息,这种方式要求企业的网站必须有一定的知名度,否则很难吸引顾客注意;另一种方式通过网上虚拟市场提供商品信息。企业可以免费在上面发布产品信息广告,提供产品样品。2.网上售中服务:网上售中服务主要是指销售过程中的服务。这类服务是指产品的买卖关系已经确定,等待产品送到指定地点的过程中的服务,如了解订单执行情况、产品运输情况等等。3.网上售后服务:网上售后服务就是借助互联网的直接沟通的优势,以便捷方式满足客户对产品帮助、技术支持和使用维护的需求的企业为客户服务的方式。网上售后服务有两类,一类是基本的网上产品支持和技术服务;另一类是企业为满足顾客的附加需求提供的增值服务。由于分工的日益专业化,使得一个产品的生产需要多个企业配合,因此产品的支持和技术也相对比较复杂。提供网上产品支持和技术服务,可以方便客户通过网站直接找到相应的企业或者专家寻求帮助,减少不必要的中间环节。参考文献:①韩冀东.《电子商务概论》.中国人民大学出版社.2002年08月第2版.第25页.②蒋旭平.《网络营销》.清华大学出版社.2003年8月1日.第2版.第16页.③杨坚争.《网络广告学》.电子工业出版社.2002年05月1日.第1版.第20页.④冯英健.《网络营销基础与实践》.清华大学出版社.2004年10月.第2版.第42页.网络营销策略参考资料:
互联网保险业务的市场集中度远高于传统业务,网络车险业务市场集中度高表现更为明显。保险的网络营销和传统营销各自具有不可替代的相对优势和缺陷,它们是保险企业整体营销战略的两个有机组成部分。网络营销代表的是保险企业一种全新的经营理念、一种新颖的营销手段、一种理解客户的交流渠道;它的有效运作是以企业能够引导消费者进入企业的网站为前提,而这一工作不可避免地要由传统营销来完成。因此,网络营销还不能取代传统营销,而只能与传统营销实现整合,才能使企业的整体营销策略获得最大的成功。网络保险业务与传统保险业务的联系和区别1、联系:网络保险业务和传统保险业务都是保险业务,核心是一样的,只是保险业务的不同渠道。2、区别:网络保险的业务的范围还不能包括所有的方面,一般多见于意外险,旅游险,车险,保险责任简单的重疾险。容易看明白,理性选择。而传统保险业务,上门面对面讲解的保险业务,主要针对于寿险,健康险,高端医疗,养老,教育等方方面面。网络保险有时需要借助第三方非保险经营企业的互联网公司进行推广和销售,成本低,没有售后服务环节,需要客户自行完成一系列的售后,保全,理赔,领取工作。传统保险业条,因为有人的因素存在,人者见仁,智者见智,规划起来需要更强的专业性。
扩展阅读:【保险】怎么买,哪个好,手把手教你避开保险的这些"坑"
你如果想做保险代理营销人员,首先是要对你代理保险全部清楚。其次是要知道怎么样理陪程序和客户需要准备的资料。
保险代理人考试时发的培训书里或保险代理人员继续教育书本里面有你所要的全部资料,可以咨询一下任何一家保险公司,最好是人保财险购买,也可以找有书的朋友借,也可以到书店去买。有了这本书你绝对会满意。
我的天啊居然有跟我一样的问题,呵呵,真是应该握个手,你目前有找到好的参考资料没?我是在网上搜这方面论文的时候,无意间找了个一方网,就联系了一下,觉得还不错,还算靠谱,我直接让他们帮忙的。现在也不急这个事了。
可以尝试去看看促销策划方面的书,以及那个市场营销关于保险方面的书,因为我学的是保险,专业又是营销与策划,所以对这方面的有一点了解,助理营销师有两本书,都或多或少和保险挂钩了。
1、基于P2P网贷的互联网金融行业研究2、当前我国P2P网贷内部风险管理问题研究3、个人住房抵押贷款抵押物风险探究4、中信银行对公信贷贷后风险管理研究5、建立存款保险制度对我国银行业的影响及应对措施6、××省农业保险发展问题研究7、小微企业融资困难问题及其对策研究8、在中国推行以房养老的障碍及对策分析9、个人住房抵押贷款违约风险管理分析10、××省农村信用社操作风险研究11、中小银行支持小微企业发展策略研究12、P2P平台与小微企业融资合作可持续性的探讨13、互联网消费金融发展研究14、我国商业银行汽车金融业务的发展路径分析15、中小企业私募债信用风险及对策分析(以上选题由学术堂整理提供)
其实你最好根据你大学期间学过些什么,做过什么研究,根据自己熟悉的方向来定题目,最好是如果参加了课题,写起来就容易的多。如果实在不知道怎么写,建议你百度下:普刊学术中心,有关于毕业论文写作方法技巧类教程,自己多学习下吧,对你毕业论文绝对会有很大帮助的
改革开放三十年来,我国的金融发展和经济增长都取得了举世瞩目的成就。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于金融学毕业论文范文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!金融学毕业论文范文篇1 浅议农村金融监管法律制度 中国农村金融体系在改进货币资源的配置、服务农业和农村建设,繁荣中国特色社会主义市场经济中具有十分重要的作用。为确保金融的核心作用能够得到更为有效的发挥与更加高效的运行,切实防范与控制金融领域的风险,健全完善农村金融法律监管制度显得极为迫切。因为当前我国的农村金融法律制度设计依然具有相当带有强烈的计划经济以及行政干预色彩,因为也就导致了金融抑制。目前的改革也仅仅是在机制上进行了一些局部上的调整,但是并没有对制度体系以及核心内容实施全面而深入的变革,导致形式上的制度在具体运行过程中产生诸多问题。实施正确而合理的农村金融监管法律制度,不但能够有效地防范金融组织的风险,而且还能提升金融服务的效率,更是确保我国农村经济快速而稳定发展的重要保障。 1我国农村金融监管法律制度存在的问题 (一)没有形成完善的农村金融监管法律制度体系 (1)目前的金融监管法律制度体系不够齐全,显得系统性不够强。当前我国的金融监管立法主要包括了《人民银行法》、《商业银行法》、《保险法》、《证券法》以及《银行业监督管理法》等,其中都对金融监管进行了规定。但是以上立法中往往具有大量原则性的规定,但是却缺乏具体可操作性的条款,同时,监管的内容过于简单,大大落后于我国金融业的实际发展状况,并且随着我国农村金融市场的发展随之而得到持续发展,对于一部分新型金融业务与金融产品尚缺少一定的法律规定,尤其是对农村地区的民间融资没有采用法制化的方式加以引导,对于高利贷仅仅按照传统社会上的公德意识来加以制约,而且就如今的金融监管法制总体结构来观察,规章的比例太大,实施就缺少足够的权威性。同时,在构成目前的金融监管法制体系之中的各项规范性法规之中部门规章所占比例太大一旦实施起来就缺少权威性。 (2)法律规范所具有的操作性不够强。在目前我国的金融监管体系之中,对于市场准入、市场督查、市场退出等均有所覆盖,但是更多的则是原则性规定,缺乏相应的实施细则,因而可操作性不大。 (二)缺乏公平竞争的农村金融监管工作理念 制度不但要富有效率地合理安排权利资源,而且还应当更加公平地安排权利资源,从而实现各类金融市场主体权利实施平等性保护。缺少公平正义目标的金融市场并非是现代金融市场,而脱离开正义理念的金融监管法制并非是现代法制所倡导的制度性安排。如今的农村监管法律制度体系体现出对于民间资本以及非公行的漠视与不公。笔者觉得,民间资本与国有资本均为社会资本中不一样的形式,而是应当分别享有相同的国民待遇。农村民间借贷监管机制应当积极促进而且体现出民间借贷监管机制之形成与发展,而不是为保护少数市场主体所具有的特殊利益。 (三)忽略甚至漠视农村地区群众的金融权利 在相当长的时间中,我国的金融法律制度体系把金融问题看作是经济发展层面上的问题,也就是看作是资源配置方面的问题,在具体制度的设计上对于民生保障这类问题的考虑不够周到,甚至会为了金融之稳定而选择牺牲公民自由融资之权利。尽管我国政府己有充分认识并且采用小额贷款的方式,允许设置村镇银行与借贷公司等形势尽可能多地增加农村资金之供给,但是这些基本上均为具体手段层面上之改革,整个农村金融监管机制在基本的理念上尚未产生根本性转变。因为农村金融市场在监管法律体系上具有局限性所以也就产生了农村地区金融资源在总量上的不足,当前,我国金融资源在分布上具有显着的地域上的不平衡性,诸多农村资本外流,从而极大地削弱了我国农村金融在供给上的能力,同时也造成了弱势农村群众在金融资源上获得之不足,尤其是对农村小微企业以及农户的金融供给上有所不足。我国农村金融市场监管体系在相当大的程度上限制了农村金融市场取得新的发展,造成了我国农村地区尚未真正形成能有针对性地面对不同客户和不同需求层次,能够提供显着差异性金融服务的现代农村金融监管体系,以至于造成了我国农村金融产品以及金融服务的种类相待单调,难以满足我国新农村建设中对于金融服务具有多样化与多层次之需求,进而造成农民群众无法分享到金融改革之成果。 2进一步健全我国农村金融监管法律制度的策略 (一)形成完善的农村金融监管法律制度体系 现代金融属于法治金融,而政府的权力对于金融市场所进行的监管主要是运用金融监管法制调整与规范加以实现的。健全而完善的法律体系是监管机构实施依法监管的重要前提,集中了监管绩效和金融监管立法之健全完善与否、质量优劣等具有非常直接的关系。为更好地促进我国农村金融市场实现更为健康的发展。随着我国农村金融服务质量的不断提高,应当积极顺应农村金融市场所出现的新变化,及时而有效建立健全符合我国实际的农村金融监管法律制度体系。具体来说,在今后的一段时间,我国应当积极强化农村地区的基础性金融监管法建这一基础,积极顺应中国农村金融市场发展进程之中的趋势性要求,从而健全完善我国农村金融监管法律制度体系。 (l)要及时健全完善农村金融监管的主体性法制体系,制定出与之相适应的具体实施细则,从而强化可操作性,并且对有关法律制度加以清理,尤其是对不适应条款加以废除或者进行修订。 (2)要依据中国农村金融市场的具体发展状况、监管情况和我国农村金融市场改革之趋势,形成合理的法律法规制度,进而弥补我国在农村金融监管立法领域之中的空白。 (3)要积极顺应我国农村金融改革发展之趋势,以保障我国农村金融市场的安全以及促进农村资本市场的发展为基础,制定出能够兼顾实效性、操作性与相应前瞻性的现代农村金融监管法律制度体系,进而实现对农村金融市场所进行的监管,维护农村经济的可持续发展以及社会的稳定。 (二)着力凸显公平保护的法律工作理念 金融监管是依据经济发展之所需而诞生的,其主要目标是推动经济的发展,而且金融业安全并非是金融监管之重要目标,也不是金融业目前存在与发展之最终目标。从这一视角来看,农村金融监管的最终目标应以全面满足农村金融业的繁荣发展为目标,从而促进我国社会经济更为稳定的发展,提升社会福利。因为我国农村经济社会结构相对来说较为特殊,而农村金融并不完全属于商业金融之范畴,农村现代金融机制应以促进我国农村居民更加公平地获得发展良机与结果为其主要目的。 (三)保障公民金融权利的实现 生存权与发展权是人权中的重要内容,切实维护与保障我国公民的存在权与发展权,这是所有法律一定要加以坚持的基本价值取向。金融之本质在于为民众的生产与生活提供资金领域的融通,切实保障民生。在中国特色社会主义市场经济之中,主体和利益变得愈来愈多元化,大量公民进入到市场中开始从事生产经营类活动,因为资金也就成为人们开展生产经营的重要条件,特别是在农村地区,融资实质上己成为公民生存和发展的重要条件,融资权成为公民生存权与发展权的基本构成部分之一。在当前我国的金融资源配置显着不均衡与不合理的条件,各中小企业以及农户得到融资显得相当困难,农户与农村工商业者在资金的需求上从未得到满足,而民间借贷也就具备了更加突出的能够解决民生问题之功能。就这一意义而言,监管制度能够严格地限制甚至几各类非正规金融机构之存在,全面惩罚私自放贷人员。所以,我国农村金融监管法律制度建设之本质是为各位公民的融资提供相应的安全保障,而不是简单地排斥或者压制资金上的流动。 (四)强化监管制度施行金融创新 我国农村金融监管对于金融创新作用主要表现为: (1)金融监管机制之制定应当具备前瞻性。金融监管方面的政策措施应当适应于我国金融业今后的发展与变化的趋势。为有效防控金融风险与金融危机,我国金融监管机构应当在制定金融机构稳定性指标过程中充分考虑到今后金融市场的创新问题与金融机构资产变化问题等。同时,要通过健全完善农村金融监管预警体系,强化对金融体系所施行的社会性监测,从而确保农村金融体系得到稳健地运行。 (2)大力鼓励农村金融创新。金融监管所造成的影响是多种多样的,应当尽可能地发挥出其所具有积极性,也就是鼓励实施金融创新,与此同时还应当尽可能地抑制其不利的一面,也就是要控制消极的金融创新。唯有如此,才能运用金融监管让金融创新成为促进金融改革的生力军。 (3)改进农村金融监管的模式。因为金融监管部门对于金融创新弊端所作出的反应通常比较慢,而金融行业协会的反应则相当灵敏,所以,对于金融创新所实行的监管需要更加多地依赖于实施内部监管,从而适时地调整金融监管,进而适应金融创新取得新的发展。 3结束语 综上所述,农村金融监管法律制度作为中国金融监管体系中一个十分重要的组成部分,对于维护我国农村金融市场的健康稳定可持续发展具有特别重要的意义。因为受到城乡二元金融结构造成的影响,我国农村的金融监管法律制度如今正面临着愈加复杂的形势。如今,我国农村金融监管法律制度不但承担着维护我国整体金融形势稳定的重要任务,而且还将履行切实解决我国农村金融资源赓乏这一重大挑战,这就需要高度重视农村金融监管法制建设工作,切实保障我国农村金融不断取得新的发展。 金融学毕业论文范文篇2 浅析第三方支付引发的洗钱问题及对策 互联网金融服务相比传统金融服务模式而言,有低成木、便捷、省时等优点,第三方支付作为以实际电子商务交易为依托,利用网络支付的金融服务形式,在我国获得了较人成功,第三方支付金融服务的额度、规模在逐年递增,而且服务的层次也在不断得以拓展,如企业的市场资金管理均已成为第三方支付涉及的服务领域。木文将剖析第三方支付的运作模式,基于反洗钱风险的防控目标来探析第三方支付引发的洗钱问题,并提出相应对策,建立一套完善的第三方支付洗钱风险防控体系,促进第三方支付服务的健康发展。 一、第三方支付相关理论概述 (一)第三方支付定义 第三方支付依附于交易商业行为的交易而存在,开展第三方支付金融服务的独立机构通过网络平台,参与两方之间信任度较低的商业机构或者个人之间的交易服务,在实际运营上,购方付款后相关款项首先“寄存”于第三方支付平台,供货方发货,而后在购方收到货物且无任何纠纷异议的情况下以通知方式将货款支付到供货方账户。第三方支付多依附于电子商务活动,以合作银行信用为依托,在一定程度上不存在信用问题。 (二)我国第三方支付服务发展现状 在我国,第三方支付包括包含网上支付、电子货币发行与清算、银行卡和票据跨行清算及几种代收代付服务方式,另外,第三方支付还存在于一些产品销量较人、信誉较好的企业,主要以预付卡业务的形式存在,通过系统终端处理第三方支付服务交易。在盈利模式上,我国第三方支付平台的利润源主要来白手续费和客户备付金,第三方支付平台将手续费与传统商业银行之间制定分利标准。而随着第三方支付市场竞争的激烈,一些第三方支付企业为提高市场份额,甚至处在亏损经营状态,而我国又进一步限制第三方支付企业动用客户备付金开展其他商业活动,在这样的状态下,第三方支付企业积极探索扩展利润源的经营模式,但就当下而言,第三方支付企业之间的竞争还处在价格竞争、服务质量、增值服务费等方面的竞争,第三方支付企业在业务运作过程中还未形成明确且稳定的新利润源。 二、第三方支付模式的洗钱风险分析 (一)网络支付的隐秘性造成的监管难度 诚然,互联网的兴起为支付服务带来了巨人的便利,且使交易双方的信任度得以上升,但是通过网络系统进行资金转移与直接汇款的支付方式相比,在交易的过程中,第三方支付机构还未建立完善的客户身份审核机制,通过电子商务平台直接进行匿名交易是较为容易的,这就很容易越过银行系统的身份审核监管体系,难以追溯交易资金的来源,给洗钱行为敞开了缝隙,在洗钱案件的查证过程中,一些虚拟物品的交易很难实现准确求证,交易过程较为隐秘,一些犯罪分子可以将赌博、贩毒等非法资金通过第三方交易平台实现“洗自”。 (二)交易记录的不完整导致查证困难 在第三方支付交易运作的过程中,出于客户信息安全的考虑,一般通过网络密钥对交易双方的身份信息进行保护。但是在对洗钱案例的监控和查证过程中,多采用跟踪交易记录的方式来进行,但以网络信息技术为支撑的用户资料及交易记录保护机制增加了案件查证难度。其次,通过网络交易,交易平台难以完全掌控交易的地点、时间等信息,使得交易记录信息有限,增加了在第三方支付领域开展反洗钱案件查处的难度。 (三)相关法律法规有待完善 近年来,第三方支付市场呈现迅猛发展态势,但是基于反洗钱为目的针对第三方支付的相关法律法规还不够完善,针对性立法的缺失,使得在第三方支付平台上出现的洗钱犯罪行为在法律责任追究上难度较人,法律法规的滞后是第三方支付市场反洗钱监控与查处难度人的重要因素,《中华人民共和国反洗钱法》是我国第一部关于反洗钱的专门性法律,但是此法与我国刑法中均未涵盖第三方支付洗钱犯罪的相关监管内容。 三、建议 (一)基于反洗钱为目的加强对第三方支付企业监管 首先是源头管理,抬高第三方支付企业市场准入门槛,金融监管机构要在牌照发放环节加强对第三方支付企业的审查,包括对信息系统建设、客户信息审核软硬件等方面的审查要严格开展,严格按照《非金融机构支付服务管理办法》的要求进行审查,从而在鼓励金融创新的同时,减小反洗钱案例查处的难度。第三方支付机构应完善信息系统建设,提高白身对客户身份信息、资信状况、业务范围等方面的审核和信息收集能力,从而有效配合相关机构对反洗钱行为的监管和查处,各交易主体也应在业务开展过程中做好客户信息的收集工作,各方要合作建立一个有反洗钱监管机构参与审阅的信息系统,保障反洗钱监管工作的常态化开展,从而在案件发生时能够收集完善的证据。第三方支付企业应不断完善反洗钱检测系统,加强技术能力,提高平台对交易信息的完整性。 (二)加强反洗钱技术队伍建设 不仅要在反洗钱监管部门建立一支具有专业信息管理知识的人才队伍,还需要第三方企业能够通过教育培训,提高业务人员、技术人员对反洗钱犯罪行为的敏感性,并拥有健全的支付业务知识和反洗钱技术知识,能够有能力及甲-发觉可疑交易信息,形成对洗钱行为的有效监督管理。 (三)商业银行要加强对备付金监管力度 第三方支付行为主要依托银行进行资金转移来完成支付行为,商业银行是备付金的实际管理者,故此,商业银行应该完善第三方支付备付金管理制度,对备付金进行实时监测,利用白身的信息优势,对备付金账户各种交易信息进行综合分析,及时将违规操作反馈至金融监管机构,形成对交易风险的及时预警。 猜你喜欢: 1. 本科金融毕业论文范文精选 2. 金融毕业论文范文大全 3. 金融研究毕业论文范文 4. 金融本科毕业论文范文 5. 金融毕业论文免费范文
我是13年毕业的金融学专业学生,如果你没有思路,只想写一篇随便过了的话,我建议你不要写实证分析,写一些现状问题描述,做一些数据的统计和简单分析,最后得出结论和改进办法就可以了。题目给你一些参考:一、中国金融改革与金融深化1.我国中小企业融资难问题2.中国金融体制改革现状、困境、对策3.上市公司的独立董事制与中国的现行企业制度改革4.利率市场化问题探讨5.我国金融机构的组织结构再造6.中国金融体系的改革方向7.我国商业银行改革与发展问题8.中国信用制度的缺失与建设9.个人理财业务发展的问题和对策10.中国政策性金融的理论与实践11.论建立我国金融机构市场退出机制问题12.中国金融电子化的发展趋势与问题13.中国农村信用社发展的方向与模式探讨14.非银行金融机构问题研究二、国际金融与汇率问题1.人民币自由兑换问题研究2.当前人民币汇率问题研究3.中国资本市场开放问题研究4.中国资本外逃问题研究5.银行股外资并购问题研究;6.中国国际收支的调节政策与调节机制7.中国国际储备的规模管理与营运管理8.全球化经济发展趋势与香港联系汇率制问题9.人民币汇率机制与香港的联系汇率制10.中国金融业的发展趋势11.论内部经济均衡和外部经济均衡的政策搭配12.人民币有效汇率与贸易收支数量关系研究13. 中国利用外资发展战略与策略三、金融风险与监管问题1.次贷危机下中国金融安全所面临的挑战及对策2.论银行不良资产的化解问题3.金融创新与金融监管问题研究4.电子银行的监管问题研究5.论金融机构自律或金融机构的内部控制6.实施信贷风险分类方法的若干思考7.商业银行信贷风险管理与防范8.实施资产负债管理中的问题与对策9. 我国银行信用卡信用风险管理现状及存在问题分析10.开放背景下我国金融监管体制改革研究11.我国商业银行信用风险内部评级体系的构建12.商业银行操作风险的防范13.我国网络银行的风险管理研究14.银行信用风险评估中的非财务分析15.住房抵押贷款的风险分析及管理方法的研究.16,金融监管的成本与效益分析四、投资制度与资本市场1.中国证券市场问题研究2.开发金融创新产品与完善金融市场3.中国资本市场的发展4.QFII与QDII制度研究5.中国票据市场发展与完善6.各类金融衍生品在我国的发展研究7.我国资本市场的有效性实证分析8.CAPM的实用性分析9.认股权证( 或可转债)定价理论的实证研究10.投资银行在资本市场中的功能11.投资银行组织模式比较与选择12.中国衍生证券市场建立与发展13.银行上市后股权结构与绩效的相关关系研究五、信托、资产证券化与投资基金1.我国信托投资业的改革与发展2.我国信贷资产证券化的动因分析3.我国信托公司业务模式的探讨4.风险投资基金的发展问题研究5.我国理财市场的现状、问题及对策6.证券投资基金的绩效评价研究7.中国投资基金运行中的问题及解决措施;8.投资基金发展趋势研究;9.主权基金运作的国际经验及对我国的启示10.开放式基金融资研究11.社会保障基金的投资问题探讨六、货币理论与货币政策1.当前货币当局金融宏观调控的目标和政策选择2.虚拟货币对货币流通秩序的影响分析3.通货膨胀对当前投资领域的影响4.利率调整与央行的宏观金融政策5.当前我国货币流通状况研究6.公开市场业务与我国国债市场的完善7.论利率在宏观调控政策的作用8.我国货币政策工具的调整与选择9.通货膨胀的表现与对策10.我国货币政策最终目标与财政政策目标的协调11.我国货币政策中间目标的选取12.利率结构的调整与经济结构的调整13.我国的利率弹性问题研究14.我国利率传导机制的优化15.提高商业银行在利率传导中的效果16.久期模型在利率风险管理中的运用17.通缩问题的原因及对策研究18.利率工具和汇率工具在当前我国宏观经济调控中的应用七、国际货币与汇率制度1.欧元在今后国际储备中的地位分析世纪国际货币体系改革探讨3.欧元;美元;日元的汇率走势及对世界经济和中国经济的影响4.加强IMF在国际金融危机中的作用5.全球货币体系与亚洲货币合作前景6.日本金融自由化及启示7.发展中国家金融自由化评析八、国际金融市场1.国际金融市场的发展与监管问题研究2.跨国并购的发展及经济全球化的影响3.美元汇率波动对全球金融市场的影响4.国际商业银行发展的新思路5.国际金融危机的预警与防范机制6. 当前世界金融发展的形势与动态研究这些都是我当初学校给的题目参考和范围,希望采纳。