发布时间：
根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识：
M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著）
C——论文集
N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章
D——学位论文
R——研究报告
S——标准
P——专利
A——专著、论文集中的析出文献
Z——其他未说明的文献类型
电子文献类型以双字母作为标识：
DB——数据库
CP——计算机程序
EB——电子公告
非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型：
DB/OL——联机网上的数据库
DB/MT——磁带数据库
M/CD——光盘图书
CP/DK——磁盘软件
J/OL——网上期刊
EB/OL——网上电子公告
常用的单字母标识英文全写如下：
M = Monograph / Book 专著J = Journal / magazine 期刊C = (Article) Collections 论文集D = Dissertation / Thesis 学位论文P = Patents 专利N = Newspapers 报纸S = Standards 标准编号R = Reports 技术报告
楼上已经给出正确答案了！GB!T 7714-2005 文后参考文献著录规则 中给出了全面的文献分类，网上有下载的。
常出现的参考文献中的字母【J】代表期刊，【M】代表普通图书，【D】代表学位论文【R】代表报告。
国家期刊出版格式要求在中图分类号的下面应标出文献标识码，规定如下：
作者可从下列A、B、C、D、E中选用一种标识码来揭示文章的性质：
A—理论与应用研究学术论文(包括综述报告);
B—实用性成果报告(科学技术)、理论学习与社会实践总结(科技);
C—业务指导与技术管理的文章(包括特约评论);
D—一般性通讯、报导、专访等;
E—文件、资料、人物、书刊、知识介绍等。
注：英文的文献标识码应与中文对应。
[参考文献类型标识码]
M——专著 Monograph ; C——-论文集Collection ; N——报纸文章 News; J——期刊文章 Journal; D——学位论文 Degree; R——报告 Report; S——标准 Standard; P——专利 Patent; A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Article; Z——其它末说明文献
①期刊[J] ②专著[M] ③论文集[C] ④学位论文[D] ⑤专利[P] ⑥标准[S] ⑦报纸[N] ⑧技术报告、报告[R]
2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如： ①磁带[MT] ②磁盘[DK] ③光盘[CD] ④联机网络[OL] 3.电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：例如：①联机网上数据库[DB/OL] ②磁带数据库[DB/MT] ③光盘图书[M/CD] ④磁盘软件[CP/DK] 、计算机程序[CP];⑤网上期刊[J/OL] ⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
M：专著；J：期刊，参考文献标准格式是指为了撰写论文而引用已经发表的文献的格式，根据参考资料类型可分为专著[M]，会议论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]，杂志[G]。
United States Department of JusticeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchDepartment of JusticeDepartment of JusticeAgency overviewFormed June 22, 1870July 1, 1870Jurisdiction Federal government of the United StatesHeadquarters Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice BuildingWashington, 112,500+ (2005)Annual Budget $ billion (2007)Agency Executives Michael Mukasey, Attorney General Mark Filip, Deputy Attorney F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, . For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD)The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans (see 28 . § 501). The DOJ is administered by the United States Attorney General (see 28 . § 503), one of the original members of the [hide] * 1 Duties * 2 History * 3 Headquarters * 4 Organization o Leadership offices o Divisions o Law enforcement agencies o Offices o Other offices and programs * 5 Controversy and Criticism * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links[edit] Duties 1. Responsible for investigating and prosecuting violations of federal laws. 2. Represents the United States in all legal matters, including cases before the Supreme Court. 3. Enforces all immigration laws, provides information, and processes applications for citizenship 4. Maintains the federal prison system, halfway houses, and community programs[edit] HistoryThe Attorney General was initially a one-person, part-time job, established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the . Congress as well as the President, but this had stopped by 1819 on account of the workload 1867, the . House Committee on the Judiciary, led by Congressman William Lawrence, conducted an inquiry into the creation of a "law department" headed by the Attorney General and composed of the various department solicitors and United States Attorneys. On February 19, 1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice. This first bill was unsuccessful, however, as Lawrence could not devote enough time to ensure its passage owing to his occupation with the impeachment of President Andrew second bill was introduced to Congress by Rhode Island Representative Thomas Jenckes on February 25, 1870, and both the Senate and House passed the bill. President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, bill, called the "Act to Establish the Department of Justice", did little to change the Attorney General's responsibilities, and his salary and tenure remained the same. The law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1870, the Federal government in the . began to take on some law enforcement responsibilities, with the Department of Justice tasked to carry out these duties.[1]In 1872, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, from the Department of Interior. New facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924.[2][edit] HeadquartersThe . Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary. Upon Medary's death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project. On a lot bordered by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets, Northwest, it holds over one million square feet of space. The sculptor C. Paul Jennewein served as overall design consultant for the entire building, contributing more than 50 separate sculptural elements inside and efforts, none entirely successful, have been made to determine the meaning of the Latin motto appearing on the Department of Justice seal, Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur. It is not even known exactly when the original version of the DOJ seal itself was adopted, or when the motto first appeared on the seal. The most authoritative opinion of the DOJ suggests that the motto refers to the Attorney General (and thus to the Department of Justice) "who prosecutes on behalf of justice (or the Lady Justice)".The building was renamed in honor of former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 2001. It is sometimes referred to as "Main Justice."[3][edit] Organization[edit] Leadership offices * Office of the Attorney General * Office of the Deputy Attorney General * Office of the Associate Attorney General * Office of the Solicitor General[edit] Divisions * Antitrust Division * Civil Division * Civil Rights Division * Criminal Division * Environment and Natural Resources Division (ENRD) * Justice Management Division (JMD) * National Security Division (NSD) * Tax Division[edit] Law enforcement agenciesSeveral federal law enforcement agencies are administered by the Department of Justice: * Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) * Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) * Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) * Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) o National Institute of Corrections * United States Marshals Service (USMS) * Office of the Inspector General (OIG)[edit] Offices * Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) * Executive Office for . Attorneys (EOUSA) * Executive Office of the United States Trustee (EOUST) * Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management * Office of the Chief Information Officer * Office of Dispute Resolution * Office of the Federal Detention Trustee (OFDT) * Office of Information and Privacy * Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (OIPR) * Office of Intergovernmental and Public Liaison * Office of Justice Programs (OJP) o Bureau of Justice Assistance o Bureau of Justice Statistics o Community Capacity Development Office o National Institute of Justice o Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention o Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking Office (SMART) o Office for Victims of Crime * Office of the Police Corps and Law Enforcement Education * Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) * Office of Legal Policy (OLP) * Office of Legislative Affairs * Office of the Ombudsperson * Office of the Pardon Attorney * Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) * Office of Public Affairs * Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children * Office of Tribal Justice * Office on Violence Against Women * Professional Responsibility Advisory Office (PRAO) * United States Attorneys Offices * United States Trustees Offices * Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) * Community Relations Service[edit] Other offices and programs * Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States * INTERPOL, . National Central Bureau * National Drug Intelligence Center * United States Parole Commission * Obscenity Prosecution Task ForceIn March 2003, the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was abolished and its functions transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Executive Office for Immigration Review and the Board of Immigration Appeals which review decisions made by government officials under Immigration and Nationality law remain under jurisdiction of the Department of Justice. Similarly the Office of Domestic Preparedness left the Justice Department for the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes. The Office of Domestic Preparedness is still centralized within the Department of Justice, since its personnel are still officially employed within the Department of in 2003, the Department of Justice created the website which supported the PATRIOT ACT.[4] currently promotes reenacting the PROTECT AMERICA ACT before it expires. This web site has received criticism from government watchdog groups.[5][edit] Controversy and CriticismSeveral current and former assistant . attorneys are known to have engaged in a wide variety of criminal conduct including association with prostitution rings[6], sexual battery[7] , sexual abuse of children[8], failures to make mandatory conflict of interest disclosures[9]. A separate Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) within the DOJ is responsible for investigating attorney employees of the DOJ who have been accused of misconduct or criminal activity with respect to their professional functions as DOJ . Attorney General John D. Ashcroft acknowledged challenges facing the Department of Justice: "In the real world of limited resources, we know that we can only detect, investigate and prosecute a small percentage of those officials who are corrupt."[10] "I remain convinced that there is no more important area in the fight against corruption than the challenge for us within the law enforcement and justice sectors to keep our own houses clean."[11]美国司法部维基百科，自由的百科全书跳转到: 导航, 搜索美国司法部Department of Justice美国司法部机构概要成立于 1870年6月22日1870年7月1日隶属于 美国联邦政府总部 华盛顿特区雇员 112,500+（2005年）年度预算 435亿美元（2007年）首长 迈克尔·穆凯西，总检察长马克·夫利普，副检察长网站美国司法部是美国政府的一个部，其部长享有阁员地位。美国司法部的任务是保障法律的施行，维护美国政府的法律利益和保障法律对美国所有公民都是平等的。其部门长官不称部长，而为美国总检察长（. Attorney General）。现任总检察长为迈克尔·穆凯西（Michael B. Mukasey），任命案于2007年11月8日获得美国参议院同意，隔日宣誓就职[编辑] 历史1789年美国设立了总检察长这个职务，一开始的时候这是一个非全日性的职务，其任务是为美国国会和总统提供法律咨询。但随着美国官僚机构的扩大，这个职务的工作量也不断增大，1819年时他已无法继续充当国会和政府的法律顾问了。1870年6月22日，美国国会决定建立一个司法部。这个部门于1870年7月1日正式开始工作。这个部门的建立对总检察官的任务、薪金和地位都没有改变，在联邦总检察长下，另外设置联邦总律师（Solicitor General），其任务是在法律纠纷中在美国最高法院代表美国政府，不过，在比较重要的法律案当中，仍旧由联邦总检察长出席审判。[编辑] 部门 * 反垄断局 * Asset Forfeiture Program * 司法统计局 （BJS） * 烟酒枪械炸药局 （ATF） * 民事局 * 民权局 * Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) * Community Relations Service * 刑事局 * 麻醉品管制局 (DEA) o Diversion Control Program * 环境和自然资源局 * 移民审查执行办公室 * 美国律师执行办公室 * 美国受托管理人执行办公室 * 联邦调查局 (FBI) * 联邦监狱管理局 o 国家刑罚协会 * 美国国外赔偿清算委员会 * 国际刑警组织 -- 美国国家中央局 * 司法管理局 * 国家毒品情报中心 * 总检察官助理办公室 * 总检察官办公室 * Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management * 副总检察官办公室 * 调解纠纷办公室 * Office of Information and Privacy * 总监察长办公室 * Office of Intelligence Policy and Review * 政府间事务办公室 * 法务计划局 o American Indian and Alaska Native Affairs Desk o Bureau of Justice Assistance o Community Dispute Resolution o Corrections Program Office o Drug Courts Program Office o Executive Office for Weed and Seed o 国家刑事司法文献处 (National Criminal Justice Reference Service) o 国家司法研究所 o Office for Domestic Preparedness o 青少年司法和防止未成年人犯罪办公室 o 犯罪被害人办公室 o 妇女受害办公室 * Office of Legal Counsel * Office of Legal Policy * 法制办公厅 * 监察员办公室 * Office of the Pardon Attorney * Office of Professional Responsibility * 公共事务办公室 * 首席检查官办公室 * Office of Tribal Justice * 税务局 * 美国联邦政府律师 . Attorneys * 美国法警 United States Marshals Service * 美国囚犯假释委员会 . Parole Commission * . Trustee Program
该词（wünschen）有1）in Bezug auf jmdn., etw. einen bestimmten Wunsch hegen; sich sehnlich etw. erhoffen=涉及某人、某物，希望.；2）von jmdm. mit einem gewissen Anspruch auf Verwirklichung des entsprechenden Wunsches haben wollen=愿望；3）jmdm. gegenüber zum Ausdruck bringen, dass man sich für ihn wünscht, es möge ihm etw. bestimmtes Gutes zuteil werden=希望得到...；及4）wünschen 1), dass jmd. an einem anderen Ort wäre=但愿（某人）在另外的地方等意思。
Jurors Get Firsthand Look at Justice System陪审员眼中的美国司法体系If you're an American citizen, one of your fundamental civic duties is to serve, when called, as a juror in a civil or criminal trial. I was oddly pleased to get a notice in my mailbox summoning me for jury duty. I actually looked forward to sitting with 11 other New Yorkers, all chosen as randomly as I was, to hear evidence about a crime and to play an active role in the justice arrived early at the New York State Court building with my photo ID and a day's worth of reading material, and took a seat on a wooden bench in a vast, dimly-lit hall with perhaps 200 other potential an impartial jury is an essential element of the criminal trial process. Before we were selected to hear a case, the prosecutor, the defense attorney and the judge all questioned each of us in the courtroom, to see if we harbored prejudices that might keep us from fairly judging the defendant. They asked us such questions as "Have your ever been a victim of a crime?" "Are you more or less likely to believe a police officer than any other citizen who testifies?" "Could we assume innocence until guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt?After a full day of this, I was selected for a burglary case. With 11 fellow jurors (and two alternates) I raised my right hand and swore an oath to be fair. We were a diverse group of people, including black, white, Latino, professional, working-class, native born and new Americans, and we ranged in age from about 25 to nearly 70 years old. After we'd taken our seats in the section of the courtroom known as the jury box, the judge instructed us not to talk about the case -- even among ourselves -- until all the evidence had been given, and not to discuss the trial with anyone outside, either. We each had to make up our own defendant, a 35-year-old man with a long ponytail, sitting before us in a suit and tie, had been charged with the burglary of a listened to evidence in his case for two days. The defendant himself didn't testify -- it was up to the State prosecutor to provide the were examined by the prosecution, then cross-examined by the defense. We were shown the store's security videotapes and the written warning the store says it gave the defendant -- after an earlier shoplifting incident -- that he was barred from shopping at any of the company's chain of drug stores. That letter meant the man's second attempted theft involved a more serious criminal the trial drew to a close, the prosecutor and the defense attorney gave us their closing arguments. Then the judge explained the law to us and how it applied to this case, and sent us to the jury room to deliberate. In order to find the defendant guilty or not guilty, we would all have to agree on a fellow jurors and I had become friendly during the first couple of days of the trial, but as we deliberated we sometimes differed sharply over details of the case. We asked that portions of the testimony -- which had been carefully transcribed by a court reporter -- be read back to us. After four hours of intense argument and discussion, we all agreed to find the defendant guilty of was impressed by how seriously the jurors took their jobs. Even though we were all anxious to finish with the trial and get back to our lives, we all seemed to have the same sense of duty to be certain - beyond a reasonable doubt - that our verdict was justified by the evidence in the was not alone in sensing the enormity of the responsibility we had been given. I made certain to look directly at the face of the defendant when the verdict was read. I wanted to see with my own eyes whatever emotion he was feeling, and to accept responsibility for the choice I had made and what it would mean for his life. Then, just one week after it started, the trial was over, the jury was thanked, then dismissed, and we were out on the Manhattan streets saying goodbye and hailing is Adam Phillips in New York.注释：oddly [5Rdli] adv. 奇怪地summon [5sQmEn] vt. 〈法〉传唤，传唤到庭randomly [5rAndEmli] adv. 随便地impartial [im5pB:FEl] adj. 公平的，无私的prosecutor [5prRsikju:tE(r)] n. 原告；起诉人defendant [di5fendEnt] n. 被告innocence [5inEsEns] n. 无罪burglary [5bE:^lEri] v. 入室行窃fellow [5felEu] adj. 同道的alternate [C:l5tE:nit] adj. 轮流的，预备的ponytail [5pEuniteil] n. 马尾辫（一种发型）drugstore [drQ^5stC:] n. <美> 药房，杂货店shoplifting [5FCp7liftiN] n. 入店行窃trespass [5trespEs] n. 过失，罪过deliberate [di5libEreit] v. 商讨verdict [5vE:dikt] n.（陪审团的）判决testimony [5testimEni] n. 证词（尤指在法庭所作的）transcribe [trAns5kraib] v. 转录
根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著)；J——期刊文章；D——学位论文。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。
按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
根据《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范（试行）》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范（修订版）》的要求，很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分，将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”，列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。
这个字母代表也太多了，也说不清楚啊，
N是报纸文章、C是论文集、A是专著、论文集中的析出文献。论文杂志期刊代码如下：C是论文集，J是期刊文章，N是报纸文章，R是研究报告，S是标准，P是专利，M是专著，D是学位论文，A是专著、论文集中的析出文献，Z是其他未说明的文献类型。
1、M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著）；
2、C——论文集；
3、N——报纸文章 ；
4、J——期刊文章；
5、D——学位论文 ；
6、R——研究报告 ；
7、S——标准 ；
8、P——专利 。
学术论文期刊具有很强的时效性，所以许多学者往往由于各方面的因素没有很好把握这一特性，就导致了使其失去价值。
在国际科学界，如何正确评价学术论文期刊越来越引起广泛的关注。大多数把SCI、SSCI收录的科技论文的多寡则被看作衡量学术论文期刊论文水平高低的重要评价指标。
参考文献著录格式 ：
1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕 ．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码 。
2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕 ．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 。
3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕 ．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 。
4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕 ．保存地点．保存单位．年份 。
5 、专利文献题名〔P〕 ．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期。
6、 标准编号．标准名称〔S〕 。
7、 报纸作者．题名〔N〕 ．报纸名．出版日期(版次) 。
8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕 ．保存地点．年份 。
参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
1、专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
2、学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
3、图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
4、乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
扩展资料
文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。
一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。
多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。
作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。
作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献
Journal 杂志 期刊 论文Master 硕士 论文Doctor 博士 论文望采纳。
参考文献中M代表：专著。
参考文献标准格式是指为了撰写论文而引用已经发表的文献的格式，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识。
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；图表Q；会议录C；中译文T；乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；其他E。
扩展资料：
参考文献按照在正文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字进行编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用时，在正文中用同一序号标示。
引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。
多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。
参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献
期刊[J] 专著[M] 论文集[C] 学位论文[D] 专利[P] 标准[S] 报纸[N] 学术报告[R] 磁带[MT] 磁盘[DK] 光盘[CD] 联机网络[OL] 网上数据库[DB/OL] 光盘图书[M/CD] 磁带数据库[DB/MT] 磁盘软件[CP/DK] 网上期刊[J/OL] 网上电子公告[EB/OL]
参考文献著录格式1 期刊作者.题名［J］.刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码2 专著作者.书名［M］.版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码3 论文集作者.题名［C］.//编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码4 学位论文作者.题名［D］.保存地点：保存单位，年份5 专利文献题名［P］.国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期6 标准标准编号，标准名称［S］7 报纸作者.题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期(版次)8 报告作者.题名［R］.保存地点：年份9 电子文献作者.题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.文献出处，日期二、文献类型及其标识1.根据GB3469 规定①期刊［J］②专著［M］③论文集［C］④学位论文［D］⑤专利［P］⑥标准［S］⑦报纸［N］⑧技术报告［R］2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如： ①磁带［MT］②磁盘［DK］③光盘［CD］④联机网络［OL］3.电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：［文献类型标识/载体类型标识］。例如：①联机网上数据库［DB/OL］②磁带数据库［DB/MT］③光盘图书［M/CD］④磁盘软件［CP/DK］⑤网上期刊［J/OL］⑥网上电子公告［EB/OL］
参考文献中的J是参考文献类型标识，代表期刊文章。
材料补充：
参考文献类型：参考文献标准格式是指为了撰写论文而引用已经发表的文献的格式，根据参考资料类型可分为专著[M]，会议论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]，杂志[G]。
顺序编码制的具体编排方式：按各篇文献在正文中出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号，并将序号置于方括号中，标注在引文或著者的右上角。同一处引用多篇文献时，应该将各篇文献的序号在方括号中全部列出，序号之间用逗号隔开。如果遇到连续的序号（包括紧挨的序号），则用半字线连接起止序号。同一文献被多次引用时，应该只编一个序号，将引文页码置于方括号后。文献作为正文句子成分出现时，其序号不应该再标以上标的形式表示，而应该与正文平排。
根据GB3469规定，以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型：
对于专著、论文集中的析出文献，其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”；对于其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”。
对于数据库（database）、计算机程序（computer program）及电子公告（electronic bulletin board）等电子文献类型的参考文献，建议以下列双字母作为标识：
电子文献的载体类型及其标识
对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时标明其载体类型。本规范建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型：磁带（magnetic tape）——MT，磁盘（disk）——DK，光盘（CD-ROM）——CD，联机网络（online）——OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识：
[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]
如：[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库（database online)
[DB/MT]——磁带数据库（database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD]——光盘图书（monograph on CD-ROM)
[CP/DK]——磁盘软件（computer program on disk)
[J/OL]——网上期刊（serial online)
[EB/OL]——网上电子公告（electronic bulletin board online)
以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。
论文参考文献中的J代表期刊，是Journal的缩写；M代表专著，是Monograph的缩写；D代表学位论文，是Degree的缩写。
文献类型标识在写论文的时候很常见，为了大家能够更流畅地写好一篇好的论文和运用参考文献，我们一起来看看文献的类型标识有哪些吧。
目录：
一、文献类型标识介绍
二、常见的文献类型标识
三、文献类型标识的格式
一、文献类型标识介绍
文献类型标识是标示各种参考文献类型的符号。参考文献的著录应执行GB 7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》及《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范》的规定，论文著者应用以下文献类型标示码，将自己引用的各种参考文献的类型及载体类型标示出来。根据GB 3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，常用文献类型以单字母标识，电子文献以双字母标识。
二、常见的文献类型标识
1.常用文献类型用单字母标识，具体如下：
（1）期刊[J]（journal）
（2）专著[M]（monograph）
（3）论文集[C]（collected papers）
（4）学位论文[D]（dissertation）
（5）专利[P]（patent）
（6）技术标准[S]（standardization）
（7）报纸[N]（newspaper article）
（8）科技报告[R]（report）
（9）会议文献[C] （conference）
2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下：
（1）磁带[MT]（magnetic tape）
（2）磁盘[DK]（disk）
（3）光盘[CD]（CD-ROM）
（4）联机网络[OL]（online）
3.专著、论文集中的析出文献[A]；
其他未说明的文献类型[Z]。
三、文献类型标识的格式
1.期刊：著者．题名[J]．刊名，出版年，卷（期）∶起止页码
2.专著：著者．书名[M]．版本（第一版不录）．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码
3.论文集：著者．题名．编者．论文集名[C]．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码
4.学位论文：著者．题名[D]．保存地点．保存单位．年份
5.专利：题名[P]．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期
6.技术标准：编号．标准名称[S]
7.报纸：著者．题名[N]．报纸名．出版日期（版次）
8.科技报告：著者．题名[R]．保存地点．年份
9.电子文献：著者．题名[电子文献类型标识/载体类型标识]．文献出处（出版者或可获得网址），发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）
10.专著、论文集中的析出文献：论文著者．论文题名[A]．论文集编者（任选）. 论文集题名[C]．出版地：出版者，出版年∶起止页码
11.其他未说明的文献类型：著者．题名[Z]．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码
外文文献引文及参考文献中的论文排序方式和中文文献基本相同；书名及刊名用斜体字，期刊文章题名用双引号；是否列出文献类型标识号及著作页码（论文必须列出首尾页码）可任选；出版年份一律列于句尾或页码之前（不用年份排序法）。外文文献一定要用外文原文表述（也可在原文题名之后的括号内附上中文译文），切忌仅用中文表达外文原义。
在写论文的时候，如果有引用，一定的正确标注文献来源，不标注就很可能会侵权，所以大家要对文献类型标识很熟悉，在写参考文献时格式也要正确，这样才能使一篇优秀的论文更加完美。
注：英文的文献标识码应与中文对应。[参考文献类型标识码]M专著Monograph；C-论文集Collection；N报纸文章News；J期刊文章Journal；D学位论文Degree；R报告Report；S标准Standard；P专利Patent；A专著、论文集中的析出文献Article；Z其它末说明文献（1）文献类型标识：专著[M]；期刊[J]；论文集[c]；学位论文[D]；标准[S]；报告[R]；专利[P]；报纸[N]；（2）电子文献类型标识：数据库[DB]；计算机程序[CP]；电子公告[EB]；（3）电子文献的载体类型及其标识：联机网上数据库[DB／OL]；国家期刊出版格式要求在中图分类号的下面应标出文献标识码，规定如下：作者可从下列A、B、C、D、E中选用一种标识码来揭示文章的性质：A理论与应用研究学术论文（包括综述报告）；B实用性成果报告（科学技术）、理论学习与社会实践总结（科技）；C业务指导与技术管理的文章（包括特约评论）；D一般性通讯、报导、专访等；E文件、资料、人物、书刊、知识介绍等。注：英文的文献标识码应与中文对应。[参考文献类型标识码]M专著Monograph；C-论文集Collection；N报纸文章News；J期刊文章Journal；D学位论文Degree；R报告Report；S标准Standard；P专利Patent；A专著、论文集中的析出文献Article；Z其它末说明文献（1）文献类型标识：专著[M]；期刊[J]；论文集[c]；学位论文[D]；标准[S]；报告[R]；专利[P]；报纸[N]；（2）电子文献类型标识：数据库[DB]；计算机程序[CP]；电子公告[EB]；（3）电子文献的载体类型及其标识：联机网上数据库[DB／OL]；