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英语论文开题报告范文参考
下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的.借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录1- 引文范例
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录2- 参考文献范例
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
开题报告大概就这样写的，其实开题报告都是通用的，开题报告的综述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。开题报告的内容大致如下：课题名称、承担单位、课题负责人、起止年限、报告提纲。报告提纲包括：(1)课题的目的、意义、国内外研究概况和有关文献资料的主要观点与结论；(2)研究对象、研究内容、各项有关指标、主要研究方法(包括是否已进行试验性研究)；(3)大致的进度安排；(4)准备工作的情况和已具备的条件(包括人员、仪器、设备等)；(5)尚需增添的主要设备和仪器(用途、名称、规格、型号、数量、价格等)；(6)经费概算；(7)预期研究结果；(8)承担单位和主要协作单位、及人员分工等。同行评议，着重是从选题的依据、意义和技术可行性上做出判断。即从科学技术本身为决策提供必要的依据。综述由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。参考开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录开题报告的写作注意事项开题报告应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。参考文献：开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录要求，开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。版面格式应符合以下规定。重要性开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容")，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。开题报告在论文指导中的主导作用毕业论文指导模式必须从传统束缚中解脱出来，构建新的论文指导模式。针对以往毕业论文指导中存在的问题，年初开始对毕业论文实施开题报告制度，正式启动论文指导模式的改革。开题报告的六个栏目依次为：选题的目的、意义和必要性；国内外研究现状；研究的重点与主要研究方法、研究计划；研究思路（写作提纲或研究思路）；参考文献；指导教师审定意见。工商管理专业按照开题报告的内容要求，开展毕业论文指导，经过两学期的摸索，取得了初步经验和成果。
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
开题报告的基本组成部分 1、毕业论文题目 论文题目用中英文撰写，汉语在前，英语在后。目的是限定毕业论文的大致范围和方向，即论题。应力求简明扼要，引人注目。一般不超过15—20字。必要时可使用副标题。 2、本选题的研究目的 以中学英语教学法方向为例，则须说明要解决英语教与学，理论与实践等方面的哪些问题，这些问题应是在教学实践中比较突出又难以解决的问题；或是前人从未解决的，并且能填补某一领域的空白的问题。 3、本选题在国内外同行业中的研究现状 国内外学者对该选题曾作过哪些方面的相关研究，本课题在国内外研究中处于何等地位？是属于未开拓的领域，还是在前人已经研究过的基础上作深层次的研究？国内外有哪些论文、论著涉及到本选题的内容？ 4、研究本选题的动机及意义 提出本选题的根据是什么？为什么提出这个选题？本选题的研究有什么意义？从理论的角度看，本选题有哪些方面的突破，其价值取向是什么？本选题与相关领域之间的关系如何？对英语教学会起什么作用？从实践的角度看，本选题是否有助于英语教师和学生把握教与学的动向，使人们在英语教与学的过程中少走弯路，是否有利于提高英语教学质量？ 5、本选题研究的主要观点、内容、重点和难点 本选题研究有哪几个重要观点，其特点是什么？研究的重点在哪几个方面？研究的难点在何处？怎样从理论与实践出发，对英语教学进行更深入的理论探讨？如何结合英语教学实际对改进英语教学作对策思考？本选题有哪几个新观点？是否填补了国内外同行业研究中的空白？ 6、本选题的撰写框架 框架可用提纲形式表述，一般构成如下： 引言：提出问题、摆明观点。 论点：分析问题与阐明自己的观点。大致包括：问题的原因及危害性；解决问题的重要性和必要性；从理论上来论证问题的解决方法，并联系教学实际阐述解决问题的策略与做法。另外，利用实际数据作为论据，证明方法的有效性。 结论：通过对问题的分析论证，其结果如何？对人们在英语教与学中有何指导意义？有哪些方面需要继续研究的？它还有什么不足之处？ 参考书目：参考书目一般是英文参考书在前，中文参考书在后，以字母拼音顺序排列。 7、研究基础 作者在选择该题之前作过哪些方面的学习、研究或写过什么文章？说明能如期完成毕业论文撰写的理由。 8、研究方法 常见的研究方法包括：观察、调查、描述、实验、实证、文献、个案研究、比较研究、经验总结、实践反思、测量、量化、行动研究、表列、图示、内容分析等方法。例如：实验的方法就是对英语教学班级进行实验对比；调查的方法就是通过调查表、询问、问答等形式寻找解决问题的方法。一个课题根据具体情况可能需要一种或多种研究方法。
1. 了解自己的研究领域。每周做到平均10-15本相关领域的阅读量，如最近的一些学术期刊的阅读或浏览摘要;或是文学原著的阅读;当然学生们可以借助一些参考书目管理软件如：ProCite，或使用搜索引擎来帮助自己查阅。2. 学会暂时放下研究的课题寻找新的思路。在阅读资料时你不防试着忘记你所研究的课题，用新的或创新的想法来去做研究，以避免和别人想法一致的境地。3. 重视研究方法，学会分析研究成果，有动机的应用。在遇到一些研究成果时可以稍微重视其使用的方法，进行分析出来你这样做的原因，这个研究调查可以应用在哪些领域，成就什么成果。4. 把文章中的引用做好。注意文章是怎么引用到你阅读的论文中的，它们可能会有不同的解释，进而考虑你的论文中可以引用哪些特定的内容。5. 了解自己论文的局限性。对于前人已做过的研究可以去作创新，一旦清楚的知道做了什么，什么没有做，就可以开始进行你的研究了。6. 参考前辈们的开题报告和论文。这样做会让你产生一种自己开题报告和论文的想法或轮廓，但如果你想有更灵活或新颖的思维，那么就得多阅读前辈们的文章了。
课题研究的步骤，主要是指需要经过哪几步程序才能达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分作者需要仔细思考整个课题需要哪几步才能完成。它的基本步骤一般包含以下几步，准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段，只要抓住这几步就可以。
英文论文开题报告写作技巧
导语：一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么，如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是我分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧，欢迎阅读!
开题报告的一般内容
课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。
文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。
主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。
拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。
主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。
写好开题报告的技巧
提出问题注意“层次”
在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。
选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。
问题发展迅速，需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。
所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。
瞄准主流文献，随时整理
文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。
整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的'思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。
研究目标具体而不死板
一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。
搜索技能篇
google学术搜索
google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大，这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~
查找图书馆试用资源
试试搜索栏里输入："intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了，但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来，说不定今后你会用到它们。
需要说明的是：百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用，因为百度中文页面更新很快，而google在中文方面就不是很在行了，但是英文网页，google则是一个星期更新一次，频率较快，优先采用检索国外数据!
站内直接搜索
谷歌对于一些流量大户，比如知乎，直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框，很是方便。
InfoSeek
提供全文检索功能，并有较细致的分类目录，还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富，以西文为主，支持简体和繁体中文检索，但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语，且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强，另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。
Wolfram Alpha
图表数据伸手可得的神器!
Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容，而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像，更直观地呈现结果。
举个例子，想要了解中国人口数量变化，Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。
英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始，只有良好的开端，才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
最新英语论文的开题报告范文
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二） 论文研究的目的、意义
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
英语方面内容肯定好
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题；自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价；反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性；选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。搜索技能篇google学术搜索google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大，这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~查找图书馆试用资源试试搜索栏里输入："intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了，但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来，说不定今后你会用到它们。需要说明的是：百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用，因为百度中文页面更新很快，而google在中文方面就不是很在行了，但是英文网页，google则是一个星期更新一次，频率较快，优先采用检索国外数据！站内直接搜索谷歌对于一些流量大户，比如知乎，直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框，很是方便。InfoSeek提供全文检索功能，并有较细致的分类目录，还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富，以西文为主，支持简体和繁体中文检索，但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语，且支持逻辑条件限制查询（AND、OR、NOT等）。高级检索功能较强，另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。Wolfram Alpha图表数据伸手可得的神器！Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容，而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像，更直观地呈现结果。举个例子，想要了解中国人口数量变化，Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图；相当的方便、直观。英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始，只有良好的开端，才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
英语专业毕业论文开题报告格式及范文外语系2007届英语专业开题报告写作规范为进一步严格学术规范，加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的盲目性，外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系，认真撰写开题报告。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定：I.英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文（填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文）。II.开题报告写作步骤为：（论文题目）（中心论点）（研究目的和意义）（研究现状）（研究难点）（详细提纲）（参考文献）。III.学生按规定时间完成开题报告后，指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。IV.指导教师同意后，学生方可进行论文写作。V.本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面，商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。VI.下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面，汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。VII.参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。VIII.页面设置纸型：A4（210X297毫米）即宽度：21厘米，高度厘米。页边距：上厘米、下厘米；左厘米、右厘米。装订线位置：左侧，装订线：0厘米，距边界：页眉，页脚。每页：32行，跨度磅。外语系2007-1-1潼城大学外语系TongchengUniversity()论文题目：(英文题目在上、汉语题目在下)专业：指导教师：学生：班级：学号：日期：开题过程：论文小组长（签名）：日期：指导教师意见：指导教师签名：日期：
撰写论文开题报告的注意事项
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。下面是我整理的撰写论文开题报告的注意事项，欢迎大家阅读。
我们在撰写论文之前首先要写开题报告，开题报告是否完美，对我们后期的写作影响很大，开题报告实质是我们整个研究过程的一个整体规划，比如采用什么研究方法、如何选取和确定研究被试、我们预期要到达一个什么目标以及本研究有什么创新等等;开题报告有助于研究者找到自己着手研究的理论基础和一些重要的现实依据(如文献)，并能对自己未来研究结果加以展望。因此，开题报告为我们以后的写作提供有益的帮助和智力的支持。在写开题报告的时候，我们应该注意些什么呢?我主要想从以下三个方面跟大家分享。
一、题目要准确
题目就是文章的眼睛，要明亮而有神，是论文研究内容的高度概括，是整篇论文的研讨中心，题目就是告诉别人你要干什么或解决什么问题。因此，论文题目要注意以下几方面：题目应当精练并完整表达文章的本意，但切忌简单的罗列现象或者陈述事实;文章题目不宜使用公文式的标题;文章题目要体现研究的侧重点，要呈现研究对象以及要解决的问题(也就是研究的对象和研究内容一定要在题目呈现);论文题目要新颖、简洁，字数最好不超过20个字，如果确因研究需要，就采用主副标题;
二、框架要完整
开题报告框架主体部分包含的内容主要有：
1.选题缘由
2.文献综述
3.研究的理论基础
4.研究的主要内容
5.研究的目的和意义
6.研究的思路和方法
7.研究的步骤
8.论文提纲
9.参考文献
三、主体要完美
(一)选题缘由
选题缘由就是要说清楚我们为什么选这项研究。首先，要阐明我们的研究人员的整体素质以及综合考察研究人员在这个领域的合作研究更切实一些;第二，选题对我们今后的工作和学习以及后续研究具有哪些代表性、典型性、新颖性;第三，该选题的时代背景和实现背景的意义如何;
(二)文献综述
在论文的写作过程中，文献是我们文章的理论基础和实践支撑，在理论和实践上都具有一定的价值。我们的文献综述很容易犯两方面的错误，一是只是高度的加以概括和总结，三言两语就结束了;二是把所有的文章和书本都一一罗列上去。文献综述的目的在于帮助我们理清思路，看前人是如何研究的，已有哪些方面的研究成果;文献综述是我们现有研究的依据。对于文献综述的梳理我们不能马虎或潦草的完成，文献资料查询一定要结合论文的关键词，对大量文献资料进行观点提炼，并在归纳总结中思考自己研究的亮点。
(三)概念界定
概念界定就是要对论文的关键词下操作性定义，借鉴前人已有的经验和经历在自己的研究领域提出自己的新观点，尤其是要解释清楚自己本研究中的相关概念的实际含义。
确定课题。选题的类型主要有三种：理论型、应用型和综合型，并且课题的来源可以是导师拟定题、教师科研题和学生自拟题三种。从论文的实用性出发，建议在选题时勾选综合型选题，将理论和实际经验相结合。从立足自己的实习经验入手，毕业生自己拟题后把自己的想法与导师沟通，与导师共同商定后之后在最终确定论文题目。
明确选题的依据。
1、选题的理论意义与实际意义。
选题的理论意义可从研究的课题中的关键词进行展开。针对不同的论文有不同的关键词的取向。比如关键词是涵盖两个方面的内容的可以从两者当中找共性或者是找到一个跳板。比如笔者在撰写《浅议生本理念下小学语文略读课文教学》这篇毕业论文时，抓住关键词生本理念和略读课文教学两个关键词进行阐述，然后通过新课标这么一个跳板找出两者之间的共性问题进行阐述其理论意义。再比如说论文《浅议小学生课外阅读指导——以xx小学为例 》这篇论文时，是基于关键词课外阅读指导前提下，就需要借助课外阅读的相关理论成果，对具体的某个典型学校课外阅读借助调查，分析并整理出课外阅读理论的价值所在。
选题的实际意义基本可以从学校、家庭、社会、个体四个方面来回答。
2、国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解。
研究动态也是基于对课题的关键词的正确选用以及对中国知网资料的搜集和整理。最简单的就是利用中国知网进行关键词索引法，可以大致了解到选定的课题在时间轴上的进展情况。具体的方法可以从以下几个方向来慨括研究动态：惯常的写法是分析课题的研究重要性，研究现状及成因分析，研究策略；也可以根据课题的历史进程状况进行慨括，比如按照国内外的进程进行分析或者是从过去到现在的研究进行对比式的`分析慨括。
无论是用哪种方法来进行研究动态的阐述，都应该是基于自己的实际操作需要，借助文献参考和实际调查形成自己的论文写作思路。
确立选题的内容与参考文献相契合。
本科生毕业论文的内容选定是基于两个方面：一是通过中国知网总结理论成果得到相应的观点支持，也就是积累论点；另一个是要根据自身的实习经验丰富论点，也就是需要论据支持。
本科生的毕业论文中要求参考文献至少有十篇。而这十篇的选定是需要我们运用到正式的论文写作中的，因此，选题的内容就可以根据参考文献当中的论点作为我们的内容的一部分，当然要稍稍注意语言的转化，不可以照搬参考文献中的原句，否则在查重时，重复率就会比较高。
研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析
研究方法中文献研究法是最常用的间接经验的来源，可以适当的采用。为凸显研究的独特而且有效可以采用个案分析法，要注意适当的根据实际例子进行说明。而观察法在实际实习中是最直接的经验来源，要注意做好观察笔记，以备后期的材料分析和整理。
技术路线和实验方案分析这两者是相互的。技术路线分析是在对写作论文的整体内容的分析的文字阐述，而实验方案是对论文写作的规划是通过图表的形式呈现，其中包括对论文写作的开题报告、初稿的完成、定稿的确定都应有着大致的时间界定。
可行性分析主要是针对论文写作中的重点以及难点的突破问题，可以从课题本身选定的价值及意义进行分析，从课题的可操作性进行分析，从自身条件进行分析比如对自身对专业知识的理解来分析，也可以从外围条件分析比如导师的作用。
网上有的，去论文网
一、问题的提出如何培养学生的学习兴趣是一个老生常谈的问题，国内外都有许多的研究成果和资料，如俄国教育家乌申斯基对此就明确阐述过，他说“没有兴趣的强制性学习，将会扼杀学生掌握知识的意愿”。著名的科学家爱因斯坦说“兴趣是最好的老师”。我国的教育者们也在不断的研究。此课题主要是针对我校现状提出来的，所以，我仅就我校的具体情况谈一下本科课题的提出背景。我校是一所寄宿制小学，共6个班级，100多个学生，12名教师。学生家长多是农民，文化程度不高，对学生的学习不够重视，学生家庭教育管理不得力。学生对学习文化科学知识的兴趣不浓，再加上传统课堂教学“教师讲，学生听”的陈旧模式，大部分学生愿意学习，对学习没有兴趣，这种现象非常普遍，如果不寻找到好的办法，势必造成我校学生素质下降，影响到普及九年义务教育的成果，党的教育方针就不能得到很好落实。同时，有了兴趣，才会有学习的动力，我们必然要从学生的兴趣着手，让学生愿意学习，把他们培养成有素质的人，对国家有用的人。综上，实施科教兴国，就得从培养学生的兴趣入手。鉴于此，我承担了此项研究课题，希望通过研究和实验，加强学生学习兴趣的培养，使学生树立学习强国意识，形成一定的的学习能力，热爱学习，为他们走向社会奠定基础。也试图探索出一条适合我校教育教学发展的有效途径。二、课题研究的目的、意义目的1.让学生快乐的学习。2.培养学生面对困难的态度，让学生获得自信。3.使学生能更加主动的自觉的学习。4.使学生找到学习方法，增长学习能力。5.培养学生做对社会对国家的有用之人意义：让学生因为有兴趣而去努力学习，这样会得到事半功倍的效果。培养学生学习的兴趣可以刺激学生更加热爱学习。在学习上要让学生采取积极主动学习。学生对学习一旦有了兴趣，就会积极主动地渴望获得知识，这样就更加容易的学到东西。学生还能较长时间保持浓厚的学习兴趣，更长时间的积极参加学习活动，从而成为对社会对国家的有用之才。三、课题研究的理论依据教育心理学也阐述了兴趣对学习的重要性，兴趣是指个体积极认识，探究某种事物，从事某种活动的心理倾向。兴趣是认识和从事活动的巨大动力，在青少年学习过程中占有主导地位，学生如果对学习产生了浓厚的兴趣，才会有意识的支配自己去学习，加强学习责任感，把自己的学习兴趣和社会生活、自己的未来前途联系起来，才会长时间的积极学习，打好将来为社会做贡献的基础。 四、课题研究内容本课题主要研究如何在学科教学中培养学生的学习兴趣，包括学习兴趣的产生、发展、巩固、升华；学习兴趣在学生全面发展中的作用与地位；学习兴趣与素质教育的关系；还要研究如何避免学习兴趣的消减，以及影响学习兴趣的负作用，等等。五、课题研究思路、方法本课题的研究思路是：首先，以教学研究室文件为指导；其次，建立课题组织机构；第三，组织课题组成员学习学生学习兴趣的国内外相关的资料；第四，结合我校实际拟出研究实施方案；第五，按此方案，一步一步进行培养学生学习兴趣的研究。具体研究方法：实验研究法、文献法、阶段分析法等。六、课题实施步骤准备期2015年9月——2015年12月，主要任务是调查、研究、制定方案；试验期2015年12月——2016年 3月，主要任务是在学科教学中研究；成果期2016年3月——2016年7月，主要任务是归纳整理资料，总结方法。七、课题研究需要的资源学校电脑，教师的课堂教学，学校为课题研究所提供的必要帮助与支持。