OUTLINECreating an outline begins with a reading of your prewriting notes. First, group related ideastogether, looking for major topics (which can be headings) and minor ones (which can besubheadings, examples, or details). Define your major points, and rearrange them until theymake sense and follow a logical will be able to see the relationships betweenyour ideas as you outline them, and determine their importance (major point, minor point,example, detail). If you need more supporting details or facts—subcategories—you can addthem now. As you outline your information, use one-word topics, short phrases, or writeout full sentences for each point on your your prewriting notes are somewhat organized, you can use the outlining feature includedin most word-processing programs to create an outline. Otherwise, arrange them yourself ina standard outline form using Roman and Arabic numerals and upper and lower case letters:I. A. B. 1. 2. a. you have completed an outline, revise and refine it by following these steps:1. Write down your overall goal for your are you trying to say to yourreaders?2. Go over your outline and circle, underline, or highlight your major points orimages. Do they all support your goal?3. Brainstorm words and phrases that will accurately and concisely express thosepoints (jot them down in the margin of your outline, or use a separate sheet ofpaper).4. Use this list and your outline to guide your writing. Do not allow yourself tostray from your goal or your major points.
英语论文提纲outline格式:
1.论文题目:准确、简洁、醒目、新颖。
2.目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简短列表。(短文不需要列出)
3、小结:是文章的主要内容摘录,简短、精练、完整。字数可以少于几十个字,300字以上为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的标题、摘要和正文中挑选出来的,是表达论文中心内容具有实质性意义的词汇。关键词是用来标记文章内容特点的词语。一般每篇论文选择3-8个单词作为关键词,在“feed”的左下方再安排一行。
主语词是一个已经标准化的词。在确定主题词时,应根据索引和分组规则,对论文进行主题化,并在主题词表中转换为标准词。
5.主要内容:
引言:引言,又称前言、前言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言部分应概述作者的意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文的范围。引言应该简短扼要,紧扣主题。
论文主体:论文主体是论文的主体。主体包括:陈述-论证;分析问题-论点和论点;解决问题-演示和步骤;结论。
6.论文的参考文献是在论文和写作中可以被引用或引用的主要参考资料,列在论文的最后。参考文献应该是另一页,按照“gb7714-2005后的参考文献描述规则”进行标记。标题—作者—出版信息(版本地点、出版商、出版日期):作者—标题—出版信息
所列参考文献的要求是:所列参考文献必须是正式出版物,供读者核实。所列参考文献应注明序号、著作或文章名称、作者、出版资料。论文的提纲也可以采用最简单的格式和分类,简单明了地陈述论文的目的、依据和意义,甚至两句话。
这样的大纲经常用于科学论文中,其中的概念是相关的,而不是单独讨论。如果一,二,三…点代写,往往会变成“八股文”模式,这样的论文往往是临摹论文,其真正的科学价值会大大降低。
扩展资料:
其他文件格式
参考格式是指为撰写论文而引用已发表文献的格式。按参考文献类型可分为专著[M]、会议论文集[C]、报刊文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学术论文[D]、报告[R]、标准[S]、专利[P]、论文[A]、期刊[G]。
许多文件格式都有开放的、标准化的或建议的格式。这些规范或建议描述了如何对数据进行编码和安排。
有时还指定是否需要特定的计算机程序来读取或处理它。有两种情况不公开文件格式。首先,开发人员将文件格式视为商业机密。其次,开发人员不愿意或者很少花时间在规范文档上。
需要注意的是,使用非公共文件格式可能会产生额外的成本。要理解这种类型的文件格式,您需要对结果文件进行反向工程,或者付钱给开发人员以获得文件格式。第二种方法通常涉及与开发人员签订的防扩散协议。无论哪种方式都既耗时又费钱。
提纲的类型和结构-主题词式提纲或句段式提纲:标题式式提纲用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来。好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,适用于对多个事件的研究论文中,不同事件有不同的处理方式。句子式提纲适用于对单一复杂事件的研究论文中。就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂。因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用。提纲的层次:提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。Outline架构层次采用字母、数字:这种结构用连续的字母和数字来安排各部分的层次关系。第一层用罗马数字(I、II、II、IV等等)来标记,第二层用大写字母(A、B、C、D等等)来标记,第三层用阿拉伯数字(1、2、3、4等等),第四层用小写字母(a、b、c、d等等)。在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况,试着合并论点。大写问题:在句段式的提纲中,标题和分论点一般都要求遵循正确的句子大写规则。但主题词式提纲一般不必这样。一派学术意见认为第一级标题应该全部用大写字母书写,而剩余标题遵循句子大写的一般规则即可。而另一派认为第一级标题应该只大写每个单词的首字母,而不用都大写。剩余的标题一样,也遵循句子大写的一般规则即可。提纲长度的把控:你的提纲不应超过研究论文预计整个篇幅的1/4到1/5。4-5页的论文,Outline大约需要一页就可以了。15-20页的论文,一般不要超过4页。Outline写好后,从以下几个方面检查:题目是否合适?题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍。结构是否合理?合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控。层次是否完善:提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。如果同学们需要论文辅导的话,可以完全来找班长的~~
V. Thesis Outline:I. Introduction II. On Developing English Reading Skills in Junior High School . Current Situation and Problems of Junior High School Students in English Reading . Reasons of Currents Problems in English Reading Ⅲ. Ways to develop Students’ English Reading Skills . Developing Students’ Reading Habits . Specific Measures in developing Reading Broadening Students’ Improving Students’ Reading .Training Students’ Reading Speed While Reading . Choose Proper Reading Materials and Strategies Ⅳ. Extending Students’ Eye Shot in Extracurricular ReadingⅤ. Conclusion
在文章中,引经据典是每位老师都推荐的方式。它作为论据可以增加论点的说服力、增加文采,也可以显得文章作者知识渊博,让读者叹服(有种在气势上压倒对方的感觉)。 我会用这种方法,只是脑子里素材太少,常常在临用时去搜集,感到吃力,很被动。 最近看到群友的文章,议论文里,有80%甚至更多篇幅是引用。三段式的议论文,每一个分论点都是名言警句、名人轶事,偶尔有“一个朋友”的例子。我跟佩服,但是这种文章对我来说没有吸引力,我甚至觉得这类完全靠引用的文章没有说服力。或许对一般的学生来说是有影响力的,但对已有多年工作经验的人来说,不贴近生活的论据都是没有什么吸引力的。这类文章,与其说是认知革新,不如说是特定主题下的素材搜集。 今天看《学习高手》这本书,里面有段话让我共鸣。作者读前辈大家的著作,是为了学习他们的智慧思想,摘抄经典文字也是为了欣赏和模仿。过度引用,会喧宾夺主,且读者也不会感到这是作者自己的思想。作者才是文章的主人。在此也提醒自己: 1.好文字要摘抄,带着欣赏和模仿的心态。 2.引用要注意度。不可滥用。 3.要表达自己的思想,而不是做信息的搬运工。
1.标题:一般不超过20个汉字(副标题除外)。 2.作者姓名、单位:按“作者姓名(单位全称,所在省城市邮政编码)”格式。 3.摘要:用第三人称写法(尽量避免“本文”、“作者”等用语),一般不超过200字。 4.关键词:3-8个,中间用分号相隔。 5.基金项目:获得基金赞助的论文应注明基金项目名称,并在圆括号内注明项目编号。 6.作者简介:作者姓名(出生年月—)、性别、民族(汉族可省略),籍贯(省、市或县)、现供职单位全称及职称、学位、研究方向。[本项自选,建议选择] 7.正文:2000~8000字为宜,结构要严谨,表达要简明,语义要确切,论点要鲜明,论据要充分,引用要规范,数据要准确。 8.文内标题:要简洁、明确,层次不宜过多,层次序号为:一、(一)、1、(1)、1)。 9.数字用法: 凡是公历世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻、各种记数、计量均用阿拉伯数字;夏历和清代以前的历史纪年用汉字,并以圆括号加注公元纪年;邻近的两个数字并列连用以表示的概数,采用汉字。 10.表格:采用三线表,表内序号一律为阿拉伯数字,表序与表题居中置于表格上方。 11.参考文献:对引文作者、出处、版本等详细情况的注明。格式与示例: (1)专著格式:主要责任者.题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年. 示例:[1]陈朝阳,王克忠.组织行为学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2001. (2)论文集格式:作者.题名[文献类型标识].编者.文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年. 示例:〔2〕刘守胜.中国历史分期之研究[A].关鸿,魏凭.人生问题发端——斯年学术散论[C].北京:中国发展出版社,2001. (3)期刊文章格式:主要责任者.题名[文献类型标识].刊名,年,卷(期). 示例:[3]吕文良.产业结构变动与产业政策选择[J].社科纵横,2003,(5). (4)报纸文章格式:主要责任者.题名[文献类型标识].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 示例:[4]丁士修.建筑工程管理[N].建设日报,2005-12-24(11). ◆同一专著、论文集、期刊、报纸文章,都一律只用一个序号,而且要把页码统一标注在文章中相应序号之后。 ◆参考文献的不同类型用不同的大写字母标注,如专著:[M];论文集:[C];报纸文章:[N];期刊文章:[J];学位论文:[D];报告:[R];标准:[S];专刊:[P]。 12.注释:用于对文内某一特定内容的解释或说明,其序号为:①②③……,注释置于页脚。 13.联系方式:包括作者的通信地址、邮编、电话、电子邮箱等,便于联系与沟通
论文答辩ppt范例模板如下:
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八、论文答辩ppt范例制作要点:
1、首先,PPT封面应该有:毕设题目、答辩人、指导教师以及答辩日期。
2、其次,需要有一个目录页来清楚的阐述本次答辩的主要内容有哪些。
3、接下来,就到了答辩的主要内容了,第一块应该介绍课题的研究背景与意义。之后,是对于研究内容的理论基础做一个介绍,这一部分简略清晰即可。
4、最后,是对工作的一个总结和展望。
5、结束要感谢一下各位老师的指导与支持。
10块钱,可以?
可以给你做一份
【5】50套毕业论文答辩PPT模板.rar免费下载
链接:
幻灯片模板即已定义的幻灯片格式。PowerPoint和Word、Excel等应用软件一样,都是Microsoft公司推出的Office系列产品之一,主要用于设计制作广告宣传、产品演示的电子版幻灯片,制作的演示文稿可以通过计算机屏幕或者投影机播放;利用PowerPoint,不但可以创建演示文稿,还可以在互联网上召开面对面会议、远程会议或在Web上给观众展示演示文稿。随着办公自动化的普及,PowerPoint的应用越来越广。
Zhao ZY,Liu Z, Gong P. Automatic extraction of floating ice at Antarctic continental margin from remotely sensed imagery using Object-based segmentation. SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences 2011 .(通讯作者)刘臻,鲁学亮. 基于空间分布特征的行为模式自动分类方法. 计算机应用,2011增刊1期112-115.刘臻,陈瑾. 中国高等教育质量评估信息化建设构想. 中国教育信息化,2011年第6期 4-7.刘臻,鲁学亮. 基于校园网的可信任视频会议系统的研究. 中国电化教育,2011年第294期 Wu, Chengsheng Jiang, Zhen Liu, Douglas Houston, Guillermo Jaimes , Rob McConnell. Performances of Different Global Positioning System Devices for Time-Location Tracking in Air Pollution Epidemiological Studies. Environmental Health Insights, 2010(4): 93-108Zhen Liu, Yanhui Xie, Jin Chen, Jun Wu. An Automatic Approach for Building Top Silhouette Extraction Using a PGVF Snake Model. Proceedings of The 3rd International Multi-Conference on Engineering and Technological Innovation: IMETI 2010, Orlando, Florida, USA.刘 臻 , 从美国大学看高等教育信息化中的深化应用和改革创新,中国教育信息化,2010(6): Liu, Zhen Liu, Lin Liu, Yun Ren. Resource Organization and Management of the Platform for Supporting Teacher Education Innovation Based on IPv6. Edutainment 2010, LNCS 6249, pp. 352–-359, LIU, Peng Gong, PEIJUN SHI,Howu,Chen Lin Zhu,T Sasagawa. Automated Building Change Detection Using Ultracamd Images and Existing CAD Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010,vol 31(06), pp. Xiaoping, Liu Zhen, Chen Ping. Research and Implementation of Flex Based WEBGIS in Video Surveillance System. ICCASM 2010 - 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling, Proceedings, vol 11: . Wu, R. Edwards, X. He, Z. Liu, and M. Kleinman, “Spatial analysis of bioavailable soil lead concentrations in Los Angeles, California,” Environmental Research, 2010(3).樊秀萍,刘臻,刘林,刘冬雪,赵国庆等,“基于 IPv6 的教师教育创新支持平台的设计与实现”,天津大学学报(自然科学) ,2009( 增 )CHEN Ping, LIU Zhen, QIAO Xiuquan, TIAN Parallel Algorithm of Clique and It’s Application on Data Mining Grid System[P],2009 International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content,2009:P340-343.刘臻、陈平、魏红、钟秉林, “融合信息技术,完善评估方法,改善评估效能—— 新一轮本科教学评估基本问题探析(六)” . 中国高等教育 , 2009.(18):42-44.陈平、刘臻、钟秉林, “研制数据系统,揭示教学规律,完善保障机制— 新一轮本科教学评估基本问题探析(七)”,中国高等教育, 2009.(20): 42-45刘臻,陈平 . 安全评估主动防御 [J]. 中国教育网络 , 2009,(10): 57-59钟秉林,周海涛,刘臻,魏红.总结经验教训,研究背景趋势,创新评估思路——新一轮本科教学评估基本问题探析(一)[J]. 中国高等教育,2009(1):31-34CHEN Ping, LIU Zhen, QIAO Xiuquan, TIAN Xiaoping. Data Ming Grid: a New Paradigm for Distributed Data Mining System[P],The 3rd International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering,2009:P238-242.陈平,乔秀全,刘臻,田小萍 . 数据挖掘网格中决策树并行算法设计及分析 [J] ,北京邮电大学学报, ( 增 ) : 49-52Zhen liu, Ziying Zhao. Object-based Building Change Detection Using Images and CAD Data. IPCV, 2008 Volumes. CSREA Press 2008, Page:264-270卢月娥,刘臻,刘林. 可视化中国高等教育统计信息服务平台的设计与实现. 中国教育信息化,2008(6)刘林,刘臻. 基于知识的网上监控系统的研究, 微电子学与计算机. 2007年10期Zhen liu, Peng Gong, Peijun Shi, Houwu Chen, T Sasagawa. An Automatic method for Matching 2D ADS40 Images onto a 3D Surface Model. Geographic Information Sciences(Annals of GIS), , No 2, December 2006: 92-97Zhen Liu , Peng Gong , Peijun Shi , Houwu Chen, T. Sasagawa, Lin Zhu. Automated Urban Building Change Detection Using Ultracamd Images and Existing CAD Data. MAPPS/ASPRS 2006 Fall Conference November 6 – 10, 2006 * San Antonio, Texas.刘臻,樊秀萍,高校信息化建设的集中管理模式探索[J]. 教育信息化, 2006,10(增): 75-78.陈厚武,常歌,刘臻,平行四边形的逐级抽象感知提取算法[J]. 计算机工程,2006 Zhen , Gong Peng , Shi Peijun , Sasagawa T. Study on 3D Textured Building Model Based on Ads40 Image and 3D model. ISSTM 2005, August, 27-29, 2005, Beijing, China, ISPRS, XXXVI-2/W25: 189-193刘臻,宫鹏,史培军,Sasagava,何春阳. 基于相似度验证的自动变化探测研究[J]. 遥感学报,(5):537-542.刘臻,宫鹏,史培军,基于分层多模板匹配的影像自动配准方法研究[J]. 计算机应用,(2):322-325陈厚武,常歌,刘臻,一种多级过滤提取直线的新算法[J]. 计算机应用研究,(增): 155-156Liu Zhen; Sasagawa, T; Gong,Peng ; Shi Peijun Study on automation change detection based on object similarity for high resolution imagery[C]. Map Asia 2004, Beijing, China,August 26-29,2004.刘臻,史培军, 宫鹏 . 血吸虫病流行要素的遥感监测方法研究[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2004, 25(8):75-78刘臻,衷克定,白双宝. 基于JSP与Notes架构B/S的电信管理信息系统[J]. 计算机与现代化,2004,8:88-90刘臻,史培军,王平. 基于空间信息技术的财产保险业防灾减损决策支持系统[J]. 计算机工程与科学,2004, 26(3):p79-81曹彤,刘臻. 用于建立三维GIS的八叉树编码压缩算法[J]. 中国图象图形学报,2002,7(1):p50-54刘臻,戚培德. 中学考试题库管理系统设计方案[J]. 中国电化教育,2000,9:60-62.刘臻,彭望录. GIS辅助教学软件的设计与开发[J]. 地球信息科学,1998,1(1):39-45.刘臻,彭望录. 多媒体地理信息系统辅助教学软件的设计与开发[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然),1998,3(增)刘臻. 多媒体GIS词典的设计与开发[J]. 计算机时代,1998,3:9-11.刘臻,彭望录. IDRISI for Windows的文件结构与存取方法[J]. 地理信息世界,1997,3
Primary colors are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors. For human applications, three primary colors are usually used, since human color vision is additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in CRT displays, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. For subtractive combination of colors, as in mixing of pigments or dyes, such as in printing, the primaries normally used are cyan, magenta, and yellow,[1] though the set of red, yellow, blue is popular among artists.[2] See RGB color model, CMYK color model, and RYB color model for more on these popular sets of primary choice of primary colors is essentially arbitrary; for example, an early color photographic process, autochrome, typically used orange, green, and violet primaries.[3]The most commonly used additive color primaries are the secondary colors of the most commonly used subtractive color primaries, and vice colors are not a fundamental property of light but are often related to the physiological response of the eye to light. Fundamentally, light is a continuous spectrum of the wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye, an infinite-dimensional stimulus space.[4] However, the human eye normally contains only three types of color receptors, called cone cells. Each color receptor responds to different ranges of the color spectrum. Humans and other species with three such types of color receptors are known as trichromats. These species respond to the light stimulus via a three-dimensional sensation, which generally can be modeled as a mixture of three primary colors.[4]Before the nature of colorimetry and visual physiology were well understood, scientists such as Thomas Young, James Clark Maxwell, and Hermann von Helmholtz expressed various opinions about what should be the three primary colors to describe the three primary color sensations of the eye.[5] Young originally proposed red, green, and violet, and Maxwell changed violet to blue; Helmholtz proposed "a slightly purplish red, a vegetation-green, slightly yellowish (wave-length about 5600 tenth-metres), and an ultramarine-blue (about 4820)".[6] In modern understanding, the human cone cells do not correspond to any real primary with different numbers of receptor cell types would have color vision requiring a different number of primaries. For example, for species known as tetrachromats, with four different color receptors, one would use four primary colors. Since humans can only see to 400 nanometers (violet), but tetrachromats can see into the ultraviolet to about 300 nanometers, this fourth primary color might be located in the shorter-wavelength birds and marsupials are tetrachromats, and it has been suggested that some human females are tetrachromats as well[7][8], having an extra variant version of the long-wave (L) cone type.[9] The peak response of human color receptors varies, even among individuals with "normal" color vision[10]; in non-human species this polymorphic variation is even greater, and it may well be adaptive[11]. Most mammals other than primates have only two types of color receptors and are therefore dichromats; to them, there are only two primary would be incorrect to assume that the world "looks tinted" to an animal (or human) with anything other than the human standard of three color receptors. To an animal (or human) born that way, the world would look normal to it, but the animal's ability to detect and discriminate colors would be different from that of a human with normal color vision. If a human and an animal both look at a natural color, they see it as natural; however, if both look at a color reproduced via primary colors, such as on a color television screen, the human may see it as matching the natural color, while the animal does not; in this sense, reproduction of color via primaries must be "tuned" to the color vision system of the that combine emitted lights to create the sensation of a range of colors are using the additive color system. Typically, the primary colors used are red, green, and blue.[12]Television and other computer and video displays are a common example of the use of additive primaries and the RGB color model. The exact colors chosen for the primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors (including considerations such as cost and power usage) and the need for large color triangle to allow a large gamut of colors. The ITU-R primaries are 1931 RGB color triangle with monochromatic primariesAdditive mixing of red and green light produces shades of yellow, orange, or brown.[13] Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple, including magenta. Mixing nominally equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey or white; the color space that is generated is called an RGB color CIE 1931 color space defines monochromatic primary colors with wavelengths of nm (violet), nm (green) and 700 nm (red). The corners of the color triangle are therefore on the spectral locus, and the triangle is about as big as it can be. No real display device uses such primaries, as the extreme wavelengths used for violet and red result in a very low luminous article: RYB color modelRYB (red, yellow, and blue) is a historical set of subtractive primary colors. It is primarily used in art and art education, particularly painting.[14] It predates modern scientific color RYB Color WheelRYB make up the primary color triad in a standard color wheel; the secondary colors VOG (violet, orange, and green) make up another triad. Triads are formed by 3 equidistant colors on a particular color wheel; neither RYB nor VOG is equidistant on a perceptually uniform color wheel, but rather have been defined to be equidistant in the RYB wheel.[15]Painters have long used more than three "primary" colors in their palettes—and at one point considered red, yellow, blue, and green to be the four primaries[16]. Red, yellow, blue, and green are still widely considered the four psychological primary colors,[17] though red, yellow, and blue are sometimes listed as the three psychological primaries [18], with black and white occasionally added as a fourth and fifth [19].During the 18th century, as theorists became aware of Isaac Newton’s scientific experiments with light and prisms, red, yellow, and blue became the canonical primary colors—supposedly the fundamental sensory qualities that are blended in the perception of all physical colors and equally in the physical mixture of pigments or dyes. This theory became dogma, despite abundant evidence that red, yellow, and blue primaries cannot mix all other colors, and has survived in color theory to the present day.[20]Using red, yellow, and blue as primaries yields a relatively small gamut, in which, among other problems, colorful greens, cyans, and magentas are impossible to mix, because red, yellow, and blue are not well-spaced around a perceptually uniform color wheel. For this reason, modern three- or four-color printing processes, as well as color photography, use cyan, yellow, and magenta as primaries instead.[21] Most painters include colors in their palettes which cannot be mixed from yellow, red, and blue paints, and thus do not fit within the RYB color model. Some who do use a three-color palette opt for the more evenly spaced cyan, yellow, and magenta used by printers, and others paint with 6 or more colors to widen their gamuts.[22] The cyan, magenta, and yellow used in printing are sometimes known as "process blue," "process red," "process yellow."[23][edit] CMYK color model, or four-color printingMain article: CMYK color modelIn the printing industry, to produce the varying colors the subtractive primaries cyan, magenta, and yellow are applied together in varying amounts. Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use, these primaries were often known as blue-green and purple, or in some circles as blue and red, respectively, and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies.[24]Subtractive color mixing – the magenta and cyan primaries are sometimes called purple and blue-green, or red and blueMixing yellow and cyan produces green colors; mixing yellow with magenta produces reds, and mixing magenta with cyan produces blues. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should produce grey, resulting in black when all three are applied in sufficient density, but in practice they tend to produce muddy brown colors. For this reason, and to save ink and decrease drying times, a fourth pigment, black, is often used in addition to cyan, magenta, and resulting model is the so-called CMYK color model. The abbreviation stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, and key—black is referred to as the key color, a shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image, usually in black ink.[25]In practice, colorant mixtures in actual materials such as paint tend to be more complex. Brighter or more saturated colors can be created using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic creates a dark cyan—something which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly the subtractive model, adding white to a color, whether by using less colorant or by mixing in a reflective white pigment such as zinc oxide, does not change the color’s hue but does reduce its saturation. Subtractive color printing works best when the surface or paper is white, or close to system of subtractive color does not have a simple chromaticity gamut analogous to the RGB color triangle, but a gamut that must be described in three dimensions. There are many ways to visualize such models, using various 2D chromaticity spaces or in 3D color spacesNotes and references^ Matthew Luckiesh (1915). Color and Its Applications. D. Van Nostrand company. pp. 58, 221. . ^ Chris Grimley and Mimi Love (2007). Color, space, and style: all the details interior designers need to know but can never find. Rockport Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 9781592532278. . ^ Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page (1908). The World's Work: Volume XV: A History of Our Time. Doubleday, Page & Company. . ^ a b Michael I. Sobel (1989). Light. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–62. ISBN 0226767515. . ^ Edward Albert Sharpey-Schäfer (1900). Text-book of physiology. 2. Y. J. Pentland. p. 1107. . ^ Alfred Daniell (1904). A text book of the principles of physics. Macmillan and Co. p. 575. . ^ Backhaus, Kliegl & Werner "Color vision, perspectives from different disciplines" (De Gruyter, 1998), , section . ^ Pr. Mollon (Cambridge university), Pr. Jordan (Newcastle university) "Study of women heterozygote for colour difficiency" (Vision Research, 1993) ^ M. Neitz, T. W. Kraft, and J. Neitz (1998). "Expression of L cone pigment gene subtypes in females". Vision Research 38: 3221–3225. doi:(98)00076-5. ^ Neitz, Jay & Jacobs, Gerald H. (1986). "Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision." Nature. 323, 623-625. ^ Jacobs, Gerald H. (1996). "Primate photopigments and primate color vision." PNAS. 93 (2), 577–581. ^ Thomas D. Rossing and Christopher J. Chiaverina (1999). Light science: physics and the visual arts. Birkhäuser. p. 178. ISBN 9780387988276. . ^ "Some Experiments on Color", Nature 111, 1871, in John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). Scientific Papers. University Press. . ^ Tom Fraser and Adam Banks (2004). Designer’s Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Color Theory and Application. Chronicle Books. ISBN 081184210X. . ^ Stephen Quiller (2002). Color Choices. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0823006972. . ^ For instance Leonardo da Vinci wrote of these four simple colors in his notebook circa 1500. See Rolf Kuenhi. “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007. ^ Resultby Leslie D. Stroebel, Ira B. Current (2000). Basic Photographic Materials and Processes. Focal Press. ISBN 0240803450. . ^ MS Sharon Ross , Elise Kinkead (2004). Decorative Painting & Faux Finishes. Creative Homeowner. ISBN 1580111793. . ^ Swirnoff, Lois (2003). Dimensional Color. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393731022. . ^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Do ‘Primary’ Colors Exist?” (Material Trichromacy section). Handprint. Accessed 10 August 2007. ^ “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007. ^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Secondary Palette.” Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007. For general discussion see Bruce MacEvoy. “Mixing With a Color Wheel” (Saturation Costs section). Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007. ^ Cheap Brochure Printing - Process Blue / Process Red / Process Yellow / Process Black ^ Ervin Sidney Ferry (1921). General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. . ^ Frank S. Henry (1917). Printing for School and Shop: A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation Classes, and for General use in Schools. John Wiley & Sons. . ^ See the google image results for “cmyk gamut” for examples. 不知这个可不可以当做论文
毕业论文提纲的模板3篇
导语:毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?在撰写论文之前,拟定论文提纲有助于资源的有效运用,以及节约时间。下面是我分享的毕业论文提纲的模板,欢迎阅读!
题目:主标题 数据结构课程建设
副标题 ---网络教学平台的设计与实现
关键词:网络教学 asp 网络课程
摘要:本文简要介绍了关于网络教学的意义,以及我国网络教学的模式现状,网络教学平台的设计与实现
目录:
摘要-------------------------------------(300字)
引言-------------------------------------(500字)
一、网络教学(xx字)
.网络教学现状-----------------------------
.网络教学与传统教学的比较分析-------------
.网络教学的优势---------------------------
二、网络课程(xx字)
.教育建设资源规范-------------------------
.我国网络课程模式现状与问题的思考---------
三、网络教学平台设计的理论基础(xx字)---------
四、网络教学平台功能描述(1000字)---------------
公告板--课堂学习--答疑教室--概念检索-------
作业部分--试题部分--算法演示--技术文章-----
--课件推荐--课件下载--资源站点--管理部分
五、网络教学平台的设计与实现(xx字)
.课堂学习-------------------------------
.公告板---------------------------------
.概念检索-------------------------------
.技术文章-------------------------------
六、数据库部分的设计与实现(1000字)-------------
七、用户管理权限部分的设计与实现(1000字)-------
八、结论(500字)--------------------------------
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4-5
1. 文献综述与问题的提出 8-26
引言 8-9
文献综述 9-20
自信心研究概述 9-17
父母教养方式研究概述 17-20
问题的'提出 20-26
关于农民工问题的研究综述 20-23
本校农民工子女概述 23-25
问题的提出 25-26
2. 实证研究 26-29
研究目的 26
研究假设 26
研究方法 26-29
被试 26-27
测验工具 27-28
施测程序 28-29
3. 调查结果 29-32
农民工子女自信心现状 29-30
父母教养方式的特征 30-31
农民工子女自信心现状与父母教养方式的关系 31-32
4. 讨论与分析 32-34
农民工子女自信心现状的分析 32
父母教养方式的特征分析 32-33
农民工子女自信心现状与父母教养方式的关系 33-34
5 农民工子女自信心相对较差的成因分析 34-38
儿童自信心心理发展的理论依据 34-35
农民工的家庭教养方式 35-36
农民工的特殊角色 36-37
学校教育 37
社会环境 37-38
6. 对策 38-42
家庭方面 38
学校方面 38-40
社会方面 40-42
7. 结论与今后研究方向 42-43
结论 42
不足与今后的研究方向 42-43
参考文献 43-46
附录 46-51
致谢 51
摘要 4-5
Abstract 5-6
1 前言 7-13
选题依据 7
研究目的与意义 7-8
研究目的 7-8
研究意义 8
研究任务 8
文献综述 8-13
有关休闲的研究 8-10
有关休闲体育的研究 10-12
中学生休闲体育的研究 12-13
2 研究对象和方法 13-15
研究对象 13
研究方法 13-15
文献资料法 13-14
问卷调查法 14
访谈法 14-15
数据统计法 15
3 研究结果与分析 15-40
北京市八中学生参与休闲体育活动情况分析 15-31
学生的认知情况 15-17
学生空闲时间分布及其从事活动的情况 17-20
学生节假日休闲体育活动情况 20-26
学生平日休闲体育活动情况 26-31
影响北京市八中学生休闲体育开展的因素 31-34
内部个体因素 31-32
外部环境因素 32-34
国外休闲体育发展情况对我国中学生休闲体育开展的启示 34-37
日本对我国的启示 35
美国对我国的启示 35-36
英国对我国的启示 36
澳大利亚对我国的启示 36-37
休闲体育教育对策 37-40
学校休闲体育教育 37-38
社区休闲体育教育 38-39
家庭休闲体育教育 39-40
4 结论与建议 40-42
结论 40
建议 40-42
参考文献 42-45
致谢 45-46
附件 46-50
以下是我为大家精心搜集和整理的毕业论文提纲范文,希望大家喜欢!更多资讯尽在论文提纲栏目!
【编写提纲的步骤】
1、确定论文提要,再加进材料论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。
2、原稿纸页数的分配写好毕业论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3—4页,第二项用4—5页,第三项3—4页,第四项6—7页。有这样的分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基础、实践经验所决定的。
3、编写提纲论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单,但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的,写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备,边想边写很难顺利地写下去。以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,简单提纲可以写成下面这样:
一、序论
1.提出中心论题;
2.说明写作意图。
二、本论
(一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件
1.市场经济体制的确立,为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境;
2.建筑产品市场的形成,对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求;
3.城乡体制改革的深化,为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证;
4.建筑劳动力市场的建立,是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。
(二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状
1.供大于求的买方市场;
2.有市无场的隐形市场;
3.易进难出的畸形市场;
4.交易无序的自发市场。
(三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策
1.统一思想认识,变自发交易为自觉调控;
2.加快建章立制,变无序交易为规范交易;
3.健全市场网络,变隐形交易为有形交易;
4.调整经营结构,变个别流动为队伍流动;
5.深化用工改革,变单向流动为双向流动。
三、结论1.概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务;
2.呼应开头的序言。
上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点,选择哪一种,要根据作者的需要。如果考虑周到,调查详细,用简单提纲问题不是很大;但如果考虑粗疏,调查不周,则必须用详细提纲,否则,很难写出合格的毕业论文。总之,在动手撰写毕业’论文之前拟好提纲,写起来就会方便得多。
【毕业论文提纲范文(一)】
题目:主标题 数据结构课程建设
副标题 ---网络教学平台的设计与实现
关键词:网络教学 asp 网络课程
摘要:本文简要介绍了关于网络教学的意义,以及我国网络教学的模式现状,网络教学平台的设计与实现
目录:
摘要-------------------------------------(300字)
引言-------------------------------------(500字)
一、网络教学(xx字)
.网络教学现状-----------------------------
.网络教学与传统教学的比较分析-------------
.网络教学的优势---------------------------
二、网络课程(xx字)
.教育建设资源规范-------------------------
.我国网络课程模式现状与问题的思考---------
三、网络教学平台设计的理论基础(xx字)---------
四、网络教学平台功能描述(1000字)---------------
公告板--课堂学习--答疑教室--概念检索-------
作业部分--试题部分--算法演示--技术文章-----
--课件推荐--课件下载--资源站点--管理部分
五、网络教学平台的设计与实现(xx字)
.课堂学习-------------------------------
.公告板---------------------------------
.概念检索-------------------------------
.技术文章-------------------------------
六、数据库部分的设计与实现(1000字)-------------
七、用户管理权限部分的设计与实现(1000字)-------
八、结论(500字)
【毕业论文提纲范文(二)】
1.课题名称:
钢筋混凝土多层、多跨框架软件开发
2.项目研究背景:
所要编写的结构程序是混凝土的框架结构的设计,建筑指各种房屋及其附属的构筑物。建筑结构是在建筑中,由若干构件,即组成结构的单元如梁、板、柱等,连接而构成的能承受作用(或称荷载)的平面或空间体系。
编写算例使用建设部最新出台的《混凝土结构设计规范》gb50010-xx,该规范与原混凝土结构设计规范gbj10-89相比,新增内容约占15%,有重大修订的内容约占35%,保持和基本保持原规范内容的部分约占50%,规范全面总结了原规范发布实施以来的实践经验,借鉴了国外先进标准技术。
3.项目研究意义:
建筑中,结构是为建筑物提供安全可靠、经久耐用、节能节材、满足建筑功能的一个重要组成部分,它与建筑材料、制品、施工的工业化水平密切相关,对发展新技术。新材料,提高机械化、自动化水平有着重要的促进作用。
由于结构计算牵扯的数学公式较多,并且所涉及的规范和标准很零碎。并且计算量非常之大,近年来,随着经济进一步发展,城市人口集中、用地紧张以及商业竞争的激烈化,更加剧了房屋设计的复杂性,许多多高层建筑不断的被建造。这些建筑无论从时间上还是从劳动量上,都客观的需要计算机程序的辅助设计。这样,结构软件开发就显得尤为重要。
4.文献研究概况
在不同类型的结构设计中有些内容是一样的,做框架结构设计时关键是要减少漏项、减少差错,计算机也是如此的。
建筑结构设计统一标准(gbj68-84) 该标准是为了合理地统一各类材料的建筑结构设计的基本原则,是制定工业与民用建筑结构荷载规范、钢结构、薄壁型钢结构、混凝土结构、砌体结构、木结构等设计规范以及地基基础和建筑抗震等设计规范应遵守的准则。
结构,以及组成结构的构件和基础;适用于结构的使用阶段,以及结构构件的制作、运输与安装等施工阶段。本标准引进了现代结构可靠性设计理论,采用以概率理论为基础的极限状态设计方法分析确定,即将各种影响结构可靠性的因素都视为随机变量,使设计的概念和方法都建立在统计数学的基础上,并以主要根据统计分析确定的失效概率来度量结构的可靠性,属于“概率设计法”,这是设计思想上的重要演进。这也是当代国际上工程结构设计方法发展的总趋势,而我国在设计规范(或标准)中采用概率极限状态设计法是迄今为止采用最广泛的国家。
【毕业论文提纲范文(三)】
目 录
引言 1
一、我国外贸依存度的现状 2
二、我国名义外贸依存度提升的原因 3
三、我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算和与国际间贸易的比较 5
(一)我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算 5
1、加工贸易在对外贸易结构中的比重较大 5
2、我国GDP总值被低估 5
3、汇率的影响 5
4、外资企业的影响 6
5、产业结构的影响 6
(二)我国外贸依存度的实际水平的国际比较 6
四、外贸依存度增高对我国经济的影响 7
(一)外贸依存度增高对我国经济的不利影响 7
1、对外贸易摩擦加剧 8
2、影响国家经济安全 8
3、影响国内产业发展 8
4、恶化贸易条件 8
(二)外贸依存度增高对我国经济有利影响 9
1、促进了有序竞争 9
2、中国在世界贸易中的分额上升 9
3、通过加工贸易熟悉了国外的技术、管理、市场 9
4、中国贸易的发展创造了大量的就业机会 9
五、合理调控外贸依存度的措施 9
1、继续扩大对外开放 9
2、扩大内需 10
3、促进加工贸易的升级转型 10
4、大力发展服务贸易 10
5、重视我国进出口依存度的结构性指标,推进市场多元化和出口产品结构优化战略 10
6、完善国内经济核算制度 10
7、完善人民币汇率形成机制,保持人民币汇率基本稳定 11
结论与启示 11
参考文献 11