Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
檫,我今年也是这题目
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
呵呵 苦命的娃啊
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
提供一些英语专业毕业论文在中西文化差异方面的论文选题,供参考。中西节日文化差异中西饮食文化的差异中西方人际关系交往中的差异分析浅析中西方社会对人格塑造的影响中西方餐桌文化论中英谚语文化差异通过日常生活看西方人的思维方式与我们的不同中美酒文化的比较比较中西文化中对时间概念的不同理解西方人的文化理念与中国人的异同中西方教育体制的差异中英思维模式比较分析中西方幼儿教育的异同中西方寒暄语的不同浅析中西方性观念异同
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...
课题的目的及研究意义 课题的国内外的研究现状
就想问问你现在写好了吗 你的题目和我的一样呀
死亡对于人们来说是没有办法避免的,茫茫宇宙,大千世界,人们在这里诞生、成长,直到最后的死亡。几千年来人们形成的丧葬礼仪,是既要让死去的人满意,也要让活着的人安宁。在整个丧葬的过程中,是生者与死者的对话,两者之间存在着一个坚韧的结——念祖怀亲。这个结,表现在生者和死者之间的实体联系中,也表现在两者之间的精神联系之中。而这就揭示了中国人生死观的深层内涵。 停尸仪式 他被移到正屋明间的灵床上,在亲属们的守护下度过生命中最后的时刻,这叫做"挺丧 报丧仪式 报丧可以说是人死后的第一种仪式了,它用发信号的方式把有人逝世的消息告诉亲友和村人。 招魂、送魂仪式 客死在他乡的魂魄,找不到归途.除非他的家人替他"招魂",使他听到那企望着他的声音,他才能够循着声音归来。 做‘七’仪式 人们认为,人死后七天才知道自己已经死了,所以要举行"做七",每逢七天一祭,"七七"四十九天才结束。这主要是受佛教和道教的影响。 吊唁仪式 一般吊唁者都携带赠送死者的衣被,并在上面用别针挂上用毛笔书写的"某某致"字样的纸条。 入敛仪式 入殓有"大敛"和"小敛"之分。小敛是指为死者穿衣服,"大殓"是指收尸人棺,汉族民间俗称为"归大屋"。 丧服仪式 在丧礼中,晚辈给长辈穿孝主要是为了表示孝意和哀悼。这本来是出自周礼,是儒家的礼制,后来,又被人们引申成为亡人"免罪"。
我建议你还是写日本的罪行吧
区别还是很大的,读中国神话中的英雄人物你会发现,这些英雄人物要么射射太阳,要么就追追太阳,还有能补天的,能治大洪水的。而读希腊神话你会发现,那个英雄人物是什么神的儿子,那个英雄人物遗传了神的特异功能打败了敌人,一群英雄人物为了女人打了一场世界大战,这群英雄人物打败了那群英雄人物。总结来说,中国神话中的英雄人物都是敢于改天换日追求和创造美好生活的人,而希腊神话中的英雄人物就是在众神不好意思打架的情况下,以众神人间孩子的身份来代表众神进行打架。
关羽,败走麦城,桃园三结义,还有一楼和二楼说的希望采纳......
英雄是人类永恒的话题,每种文化都塑造了各自独特的英雄,都展现了不同文化背景下独特的英雄主义。中西文化有别,信仰有差异,这不是一句空话,而是实实在在存在的一种差异。就如西方英雄主义和中国英雄主义。中西方英雄主义不同点如下:
1、民族大义与个人至上
中国英雄主义为集体(为大众、为国家等)争荣誉,所谓“牺牲小我,服从大局”。
中国有许多的孤胆英雄,也有许多的个人英雄主义者,但是算不上主流,一旦以集体的形式走向保家卫国的战场,中国人就能把集体英雄主义得以最大化的诠释。比如淞沪会战时期的八百壮士,台儿庄会战时多支敢死队都体现了集体英雄主义。
西方英雄主义为了信念,强调个人,为了实现自我价值。个人主义类似于中国传统的“侠客”形象。
西方人也崇拜英雄,也有英雄主义,但是这种英雄主义更多的是一个个人英雄主义,西方人不缺少冒险精神,也不缺少勇气。但就是这么一群人,到了战场上,一旦遇到失败或者挫折,却往往毫不为耻的举起了双手,成为了战俘。这就是西方的价值观。
2、个人主义英雄主义与集体主义英雄主义
以希腊与沙斯里的战斗为例,双方约定各自派出最英勇的勇士——阿基琉斯和巴古力斯代表国家出战,以个人输赢来定国家成败,最终阿基琉斯得胜,沙里斯就此称臣,这便是典型的西方个人英雄主义行为。
诸如《三国演义》和《水浒传》等英雄演义的战争中,英雄虽然起着至关重要的作用,但并不能左右战争的胜败。以三国许田打猎为例,曹操在打围中抢尽了献帝风头,以此来试探大臣们的忠心,众人敢怒而不敢言。
关羽则已剑拔出鞘,欲杀曹操。却被刘备制止了,刘备这样说道:“投鼠忌器。操与帝相离只一马头,其心腹之人,周回拥侍。吾弟若逞一时之怒,轻有举动,倘事不成,有伤天子,罪反坐我等矣。”这就是典型的中国集体主义英雄观。
通过简单的对比,可以看出中国式的英雄,他们更多的是寄托了整个民族的希望,是集体主义的,是超脱于世人之上的圣人式的英雄。而的英雄,则是映西方射了个人意志的自由精神,以建立个人功绩为准,成就个人的历史地位。
扩展资料
不同的文化对于英雄的界定是不同的:美国的英雄主义以个人英雄主义为主,崇尚的是个性解放的个体价值,强调的是主人公作为一个独立人的个体一面,如钢铁侠、蜘蛛侠、美国队长等。而我们中国的英雄主义往往与爱国主义、民族大义联系在一起,“舍小我而取大义”。
英雄主义的本质和气质是相同的。他们都有不畏强权,不惧艰险,乐于助人,敢于奉献的精神。换句话说,中国人崇尚的英雄主义其实是普世的。具体的英雄个体肯定有文化偏好,但英雄所象征的精神有可能是相通的。
人类心目中的英雄主义和英雄心理,主要是由3个重要的人类积极心理所驱动:第一是勇气,第二是责任,第三是感情。人类的普世价值中普遍所追崇的三种美德是“勇气、热枕和责任”。而这三种美德,正好构成了英雄主义、英雄心理和英雄行为的个人心理学基础。
中国传统心学的创建人王阳明先生,特别提倡“有心、有情、有义、有感”是人之所以成为人最核心的原因,“心者天地万物之主”——我们有了爱人之心,爱家之心,爱国之心,爱真理之心,我们才会勇敢、担当,有所奉献,这才是真正的英雄之所以成为英雄的心理学原因。
参考资料来源:百度百科-英雄主义
参考资料来源:百度百科-个人英雄主义
参考资料来源:人民网-人民英雄永垂不朽
有很多说法,一般认为:1、中国英雄主义=为集体(为大众、为国家等)争荣誉,所谓“牺牲小我,服从大局”。比如:大禹,治水,三过家门而不入。雷锋,助人为乐,无怨无悔。所以:“谦虚使人进步”,一旦你“西方(个人)英雄主义”,反而会让别人嫉恨,骂你“装B”之类。2、西方英雄主义=为了信念(他自己认为“正义”就可以了,不管是不是“合法”),为了实现“自我价值”,等等。一句话概括,就是:个人主义,类似于,中国传统的“侠客”形象。比如:超人、蝙蝠侠、蜘蛛侠、夜魔侠······所有的“超级英雄”,都是“独立行动”、“不求别人理解”,自己想怎样就怎样,很多时候,甚至“不择手段”,不惜违法犯罪。从《黑暗骑士》开始,才大胆反思“对不对”,提出“没有制约的超级英雄”相当于“不稳定、不定时的炸弹”,本身就是一种“不正义”。从《复仇者联盟》或《X战警》开始,才开始试着,让各位“超级英雄”产生互动,估计以后会分成两大派,搞大混战。==以上说法,是以前的概念了。想想《煎饼侠》之类的,就知道,现在“中国英雄主义”其实和“西方英雄主义”一样,都是“个人英雄主义”。西方在“反思”的时候,我们反而在退步,各种英雄,更加“自我”(自私)。比如:假设你吃了“恶魔果实”,有了超能力,你最想做的事,肯定不是“实现中国梦”,而是想着满足自己的愿望。(我就是这样。)
对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析,通过对比研究,剖析其不同的自然观、世界观,寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!
中西禁忌文化对比研究
摘 要:禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象,是跨文化交际中的一大障碍,本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究,提高人们的文化意识,避免交际冲突和失败,以此提高跨文化交际能力。
关键词:禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力
禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语),是一种普遍的文化现象,指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同,各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。
禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象,只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在,按照禁忌的范畴来分,可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌,其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面,本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。
一、宗教禁忌
世界各国人民都有不同的信仰,英语国家的人主要信仰基督教,另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同,禁忌也有很大差异。
1.基督教禁忌
基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像,进入教堂要严肃,保持安静,以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物,忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时, 在西方信奉基督教的国家里,人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖,钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情,如:理发、钉马蹄,钉钉子等。
2.天主教禁忌
天主教是基督教的三大教派之一,除基督教的某些禁忌外,天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如:天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的,因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服,忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人,一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。
3.佛教禁忌
佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生,不偷盗,不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语,不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此,信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部,忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过,忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生,喝酒,吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒,在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜,以免亵渎神像。
4.伊斯兰教禁忌
伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区,在饮食方面,信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物,忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作,忌与男子相互观看,妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外,其余身体部位,不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面,禁止用右手处理污秽事物,如大小便均需用左,忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。
二、生活禁忌
生活中禁忌很多,比如在英国,避免问他人私事,不能插队,忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。
1.饮食禁忌
饮食是生活的重要组成部分,饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃,包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨,忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌,如喝汤时忌出声,进餐时忌狼吞虎咽,用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕,刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙,口中有食物时讲话。
2.饮酒禁忌
中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多,讲究不同场合,不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如,饭前喝开胃酒,饭中喝佐餐酒,饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上,他们会一道菜换一种酒,有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒,混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮,一醉方休,而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤,但忌浅、忌溢。
三、社交禁忌
在英语国家里,拜访某人需提前预约,否则会打乱别人的安排,造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯,但随着社会节奏的较快,预约访客逐渐开始实行,但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上,中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象,美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟,因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜,饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服,早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国,人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。
在西方国家,隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。
在英语国家,有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟,如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火,否则会给其中一个人带来不便。
英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿,但忌送重礼,重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国,忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼,忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家,毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙,这和中国相似。
四、其他禁忌
关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家,尽量少用黑色,比利时人忌讳蓝色,巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国,忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。
关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字,公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的,亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的,大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。
中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音),在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。
由此可见,不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌,不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂,交际失败,种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中,要想达到交际成功,避免文化冲突,必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究,提高文化意识,减少文化冲突,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
参考文献:
[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜,《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991,上海:上海文化出版社
[2] 胡文中、杜学增,《中英文化习俗比较》,1998,北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社
[3] 李建军、李贵苍,《跨文化交际》,2011,武汉:武汉大学出版社
中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比
摘 要:随着各国之间的交流日益密切,了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异,来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深我们的了解。
关键词:禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方
一、引言
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异,主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深对西方文化的了解。
二、问卷的数据分析
通过对问卷进行发放,采访被调查者,我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限,并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析,下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况,通过分析问卷,我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多,占有效百分比为;大一占,大三占,而大四的最少,占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为,非英语类占,英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般,而相当一部分人对此不了解。
具体分析问卷得出,大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深,但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源,对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限,有待加强。因此,我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析,系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。
三、正 文
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,也体现了中西方文化的差异。
餐具的摆放及使用
(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)
通常就餐之前,在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧,并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后,但是并没有连续进食,筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。
在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景,客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定,不知道夹什么好,这种现象被称为“疑筷”,在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的,在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜,这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时,不小心筷子撞在一起的情形,这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬,人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句:“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时,筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”,这是忌讳的,所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子,来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。
在吃放间隙聊天的时候,筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”,及用筷子指人。在用餐之时,最为忌讳的是“供筷”,就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中,一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜,如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似,因此,供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。
除了以上描述的之外,中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”,即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用,扎着夹;忌“别筷”,就是拿筷子当刀使用,用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”,即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时,不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放,不能一根大头,一根小头。用餐完毕,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。
(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌
相对于中餐,西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有:刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿,用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含:刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。
在餐具摆放中,各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是:“垫盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内”。具体的规则有:“盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右”,其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。
西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形,如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻,可将刀叉分话盘中,刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形,刀叉朝向自己,表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种:用餐结束后中,可将叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢,平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中,每吃一道菜用一副刀叉,对摆在面前的刀叉,是从外侧依次向内取用,因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了,上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外,还有另一项非常重要的功用:刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息,而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形,刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里,则表示这一道菜已经用好,服务员就会把盘子撤去。
参考文献:
[1]蔡德贵、田辰山.三极世界文化差异(上)――筷子、手指和刀叉的视角[J],东方论坛,2007(02)
[2]卞浩宇.论中西饮食文化的差异【J】。南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004
[3]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论【M】背景:外语教学与研究社,1999
[4]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化【J】。锦州师范学院学报,1997,
[5]多晓萍.从饮食角度浅谈中西文化【J】。兰州工业高等专科学校学报,2005
[6]林美泳,吴晓芳,吴家铭.浅谈中西方饮食文化差异[J],2009(16)
[7]林丽端.中西方饮食文化之比较[J],2009(18).
[8]杜莉, 孙俊秀. 西方餐饮文化,中国轻工业出版社
中国和西方的 文化 存在着很大的差异,这种差异是由多方面的因素所造成的。无论是 家庭 教育 还是学校教育,教育的内容、方式、目的和结果,中西方在教育体系上都存在着巨大的不同。下面是我给大家推荐的中西方教育文化差异论文,希望大家喜欢!
《论中西 传统文化 中的教育思想》
摘要:孔子与苏格拉底是中西传统教育史上两位举足轻重的人物,他们的教育思想,一直以来都被认为是中西方教育思想发展的源头。通过对二者的教育思想的比较研究有助于真正认识到当今中西教育思想差异的源头所在,有助于我们认识当今中西方各自教育思想中的优势与不足,做到取其精华,去其糟粕。
关键词:孔子;苏格拉底;教育思想;差异;影响
孔子与苏格拉底是中西思想文化史上里程碑式的人物,他们的思想对后世产生了巨大的影响,尤其是在教育思想上,两者可以看作是中西教育思想的源头,但是在不同的地域与文化差异的影响下,两者的教育思想有着本质上的差异。这种差异反映在两者的教育目的,教育过程中确立的教师地位与师生关系,以及教育 方法 上。而这种差异有对中西传统教育思想以及日后中西教育的发展走向也造成了深远的影响。
一、孔子与苏格拉底教育思想的差异
孔子与苏格拉底教育思想的差异主要有三个方面:教育目的差异,教师地位与师生关系的差异,以及采用的教育方法的差异。
(一)教育目的的差异
孔子与苏格拉底生于不同的国家,但却处于一个相似的时代。两者都生在了一个社会转型和过渡的时期,孔子生活在我国春秋末期,正值奴隶制社会向封建制社会的过渡时期,而苏格拉底生活在希腊城邦奴隶制的衰落时期。战乱之时,礼崩乐坏、道德沦丧,两者都极力想挽救这场社会危机,重塑道德在人心中的地位。所以两者不约而同的选择了教育作为重塑人的灵魂,提升人的道德观念的一种途径。两者都赋予了教育神圣而伟大的意义,都希望通过教育解决道德问题,从而达到最终的社会安定繁荣的目的。
从这点来看,两者实施教育的最初出发点是基本一致的,且两者的肯定了应该通过教育来实现人民道德的升华,但两者的具体目的却是不同的,而正是因为这种不同,才造成了后来中西传统教育思想的不同走向,也对中西文化发展产生了不同影响。
1、孔子的教育目的
孔子的教育目的是让人拥有“仁”的具体道德修养,这也是孔子教育精髓与最高理想。“仁”是孔子要求培养学生具备的最高道德品德。仁涵盖了很广的范围,如忠,孝,城,信,智,勇,温,良,恭,俭,让,廉,和,宽,敏,惠,爱人等等。而仁中最重要的两个要素就是“孝”和“爱人”,其中孝是实现“仁”的基础,爱人是“仁”的核心。
孝是处理家庭内部关系的行为准则,是实现“仁”的基础。孔子说:“孝弟者也,其为仁之本与。” [1](P3)孔子一直认为只有做到孝才能爱人,孝是爱人的本源和基础。孔子强调了孝中包含的情感意蕴,他认为孝无须其他理性的理由,它的依据就是父母子女之间的血缘关系,而父母生养子女的恩情就是子女孝敬父母的终极理由。而孔子又把“孝”与“忠”联系了起来,他认为:“事父母,能竭其力;事君者,能致其身。” [1](P3)在他看来,只有在家能尽到孝道的人在朝才能尽到忠君。把他的这种“孝”推及到了整个国家的治理之上,把这种父母子女之间的血脉亲情融入到了君臣关系之中,这种把治家之情、之理迁移到了治国、平天下的宏图伟业之中,使得整个国家治理也处于这种温情脉脉的人际关系之中。
爱人是“仁”的核心,孔子多次强调了爱人的重要性,在《论语》中,“樊迟问仁。子曰:‘爱人’” [1](P114),意思就是说有仁德的人对别人要赋予爱心,对于统治者来说更是如此。因此孔子要求为政者能够“博施于民而能济众” [1](P56),即多从人民的利益着想,做到“其养民也惠,其使民也义”。[1](P41)孔子认为一个真正有仁德的人治理国家,必须做到“节用而爱人,使民以时” [1](P2),“因民之所利而利之” [1](P192)等等,由此可见,孔子在治国的问题上还是选择了情,要求执政者做到惠民、重民及养民,保持这种君民之间的浓厚情意。
这样看来,孔子的教育目的最终是把教育引向了一个道德伦理的高度,它强调仁,强调感情,这也是与苏格拉底教育目的的根本差异。
2、苏格拉底的教育目的
与孔子不同,苏格拉底的教育目的是“美德”本质的追求。美德就是善,而善又是苏格拉底追求最高的道德理想。在苏格拉底看来,之所以有恶的存在是因为无知,而有知识的人必定也是有德行的人,只有对善无知的人,才会去作恶。所以只要人人拥有了知识,人人就拥有了美德。这就是他的著名命题“美德即知识”[2](P232)的由来。
但是,苏格拉底并没有仅仅停留在像孝道、友爱等美德的具体表现表象,而是越过这些形式化的各种表象,去寻求永恒的美德的本质。例如在《美诺篇》里,苏格拉底问美诺什么是美德,美诺立刻就分别回答了男人的美德是什么,女人的美德是什么,苏格拉底讽刺他说:“当我只问你一种美德时,你就把你所留着的一窝美德都给我端出来了” [3](P153),而这并不是他所要问的,他要问的是“美德本身”。因为美德“不论他们有多少种,而且如何不同,它们都有一种使它们成为美德的共同本性”。[3](P153)对于美德,苏格拉底需要使人知道的不仅仅是具体的美德行为,而更在于使人知道美德的本质。因为他认为,某些看似有很多知识的人之所以为恶,没有美德,就在于并没有真正地掌握普遍的永恒的美德,或者说,并没有真正地掌握知识。所以苏格拉底倾其毕生,教育学生去寻求美德的本质。
因此,苏格拉底最终把教育引向了一个哲学高度,教育的最终目的是为了对美德,对真理的探求,与孔子选择情相对,苏格拉底选择了智。
(二)教师地位与师生关系差异
在实现各自教育目的的过程中,孔子与苏格拉底也确立了教师在教育中的不同地位,同时导致了两种不同的师生关系。孔子与苏格拉底教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系存在根本差异:孔子确立了以教师为主体的教师权威地位,从而建立了一种“师为上、生为下;师为主、生为仆;师为尊、生为卑”的师生关系;与之相对,苏格拉底却是在平等民主的基础上确立了以学生为主体的学生中心观,建立了师生平等的师生关系。
1、孔子教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的确立
对于孔子而言,“仁”是他教育的目的,而“礼”就是他实现“仁”的途径,因此孔子要求每个人以“礼”来规范自己的行为,提倡“复礼”。[4](PP1-3)孔子所谓的“礼”,主要是指遵守等级社会的道德规范和生活规范。这种规范,大而言之,包括国家内部上下的尊卑的社会制度;小而言之,则包括了人们日常生活人与人之间交往的礼仪常识。这样看来,孔子的“礼”中不仅规范君臣、父子、兄弟、朋友、夫妇之间的关系,也规范了师生之间的关系。正如他所说的“君君、臣臣、父父、子子” [1](P111),这里面隐含的另一个含义就是“师师、生生”。对于孔子来说,“礼”中暗含的等级制度是绝对肯定的,正因为如此,在教师地位的问题上孔子强调教师的地位与权威的绝对性。而这种绝对权威的教师地位就要求学生的绝对服从,正如孔子说的:“君子有三畏:畏天命,畏大人,畏圣人之言。” [1](P160)对于他的学生来说,“畏圣人之言”就是对自己传授的东西的绝对服从,这就造成了学生只能无条件的被动接受教师所传授的知识,从而确立了以教师为主的教师权威地位。在师生关系上,孔子与学生虽然和睦但并不平等。正如孔子自己所说:“道不同,不相为谋” [1](P154),意旨主张不同,互不商量。同时孔子也认为“刚、毅、木、呐近仁” [1](P126),其实就是他“畏圣人之言”主张的表现。而这也正是孔子教育思想中师生关系的一种体现,孔子遵循的师生关系是一种“师为上、生为下;师为主、生为仆;师为尊、生为卑”的关系,虽然和睦但不平等。
2、苏格拉底教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的确立
相对而言,生活在古希腊的苏格拉底却深受当时的民主政治的影响,而当时“法律面前人人平等”更是让他与自己弟子、学生之间确立了一种民主、平等的关系。无论是在对学生进行道德教育,还是在对学生传授知识的过程中,苏格拉底始终把自己的学生看作是教育和教学的主体,主张师生关系的平等,强调多元主体见的对话,而对话中充满了机智的争论,在争论的过程中,双方都是对话的主体,都是平等的地位,这一点我们可以从他与尤苏戴默斯关于正义的对话中看出。在整个对话的过程中,苏格拉底采用了一种对话的形式,在对话中他提出问题,举出例子来证明对方思想中的不恰当之处,使对方认识到自己思想中的错误之处,随后再步步深入,最后使对方认识到自己的无知。[5](PP140-154)整个过程双方地位平等,苏格拉底并没有像孔子那样以权威自举,在他整个的教育过程中是对真理的探讨,真理才是最高的权威,正如他自己所说:“我们一定不能把对个人的尊敬看得高于真理”。[6]而这正是亚里士多德那句 名言 “吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理”的由来。
总而言之,孔子在教育和教学过程中,确立了以教师为主,过分迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观,而苏格拉底在民主和平等的基础上,确立了尊重学生,以学生为主体,不迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观。而这种师生关系的差异也造成了两者在实践其教育思想时所运用的教育方法的差异。
(三)教育方法的差异
因为孔子与苏格拉底在教育目的及教师地位,师生关系上的根本观念的不同,两者在实现自身教育思想的过程中,也采用了不同的方法。
1、孔子的教育方法
孔子的教育目的是的最终目标是明白为仁之道,即是致仁,因此为了达到这种圣人之道,孔子强调教育不在朝夕,而重在省悟,做到温故知新,举一反三,所以对孔子教育方法的最好论述就是《论语?述而》中提到的“不愤不启,不悱不发,举一隅不以三隅反,则不复也”。[1](P59)孔子主张在教育过程中要求学生首先必须拥有求知的欲望,即努力达到“仁”的愿望,然后再在合适的时机,对学生进行启发。在启发的过程中要求学生反复思考,做到举一反三。如果学生达不到这个目的,教育就只有被迫中断,这里孔子强调了在教育过程中学生思考大重要性。《论语》就是最好的例子,这部孔子与弟子之间的问答语录中记载了,学生们提出的各种各样的问题,而孔子及时而恰当地予以针对性很强的回答,通过这一问一答,启发学生的思维,增进学生的学识。而在“举一隅不以三隅反,则不复也”中有隐含了另一层含义,就是这个举一反三得出的最终结果必须与孔子自己坚持的“仁”的观点相符和,所以学生获得的知识永远不能跳出孔子的“仁”观念。而在教育过程中,孔子永远是处于一个教师的地位,学生只能永远向他请教知识。
2、苏格拉底的教育方法
苏格拉底教育思想的目的是寻求“美德”的本质,教人寻求真理。所以苏格拉底运用的教育方法是一种逻辑性强的辩证术――产婆术。产婆术分为四个部分:讥讽,助产术,归纳与下定义。[2](P232)具体来说,“讥讽”就是在谈话中让学生提出自己对某一问题的看法,然后揭露学生谈话中的自相矛盾点,迫使学生成人自己对这一问题的一无所知。所谓“助产术”,就是用谈话的方法帮助学生把知识回忆起来,就像助产婆助产产出婴儿一样。所谓“归纳”,就是通过问答使学生的认识能逐步排除事物的个别特殊性,揭示出事物的本质普遍的东西,从而得出事物的“定义”。苏格拉底之所以这样做,是因为他相信只有人们知道自己无知,才会去追求知识,所以若要教育他们,就必须先让他们自知其无知。虽然苏格拉底的产婆术也是一种启发性的教育方法,但是他并没有像孔子那样设下各种限制,学生可以在讨论的过程中自由的放飞自己的思想,通过不同的途径到苏格拉底最终获得真理的教育目的。
由此可见,孔子与苏格拉底的教育思想存在着根本的差异:在教育目的上追求着“仁”与“美德”的不同目标;在教师地位与师生关系上两者分别确立了强调教师权威的教师中心观与强调师生平等,以学生为主体的学生中心观;在教育方法上,两者通过举一反三与产婆术两种不同的方法启发学生,从而达到两者追求的不同的教育目标。而正是因为孔子与苏格拉底教育思想中这些本质上的差异的存在,使得两者的教育思想对后世教育思想,文化发展走向都产生了巨大的影响。
二、孔子与苏格拉底教育思想差异造成的影响
(一)两者的差异对中西传统教育思想及文化走向的影响
孔子与苏格拉底追求“仁”与“美德”的两种完全不同的教育目的导致了日后中西教育思想的不同走向,同时也给中西文化的发展造成了不同的影响。孔子的“仁”教思想经过孟子等儒家后继者的发展,最终形成了注重道德修养,注重血缘亲情道德教育传统,让中国文化中充满了的人文主义精神,也使中国的哲学形成了典型的道德型哲学。而苏格拉底对“美德”的追求以知识为基础,注重对真知的追求,充满着理性,导致了西方重知识教育的传统。这种思想经过柏拉图等人的发展,形成了西方典型的知识型哲学,处处体现了西方的科学主义精神。
(二)两者的差异对当代教育方式与教育效果造成的影响
两者在教育过程中确立的教师地位,师生关系及使用的教育方法也对现代教育造成了巨大得影响。在孔子以教师为主,过分迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观的影响下,我国学校教育过分地强调了学生的接受学习,对知识的死记硬背和顶礼膜拜。而对教师权威的迷信和崇拜,强调在师道尊严,尊师重道,因而造成了我国在教育和教学中只注重教师的作用,而忽视学生的主动性和积极性地发挥。教师总是教,学生总是被教;教师总是无所不知,学生总是知之甚少,甚至一无所知;教师总是在思考,学生总是被动地思考;教师总是讲,学生总是顺从地听讲,教师有主动作用,学生总是围绕教师转;教师是教育和教学过程的主体,学生是教育过程的客体;教师是知识的权威,学生只能听从教师。学生就犹如在水渠之中,一切早已被教师决定。在很显然,这一切都极大地阻碍了学生健康、主动、积极地发展,也不利于创新人才地培养。
与孔子不同,建立在苏格拉底民主平等,以学生为主体,不迷信教师权威、地位和作用的教师观上的西方教育更为开明与先进。教师和学生的地位是平等的。在教育和教学的过程中,教师不以自己为中心,而是以学生作为教育和教学的中心。教师在教学的过程中,更多地强调学生对知识的理解和感悟,而不是对知识的死记硬背。教师和学生通过相互沟通、交流、对话来进行学习,不是把教师看作知识的权威而加以顶礼膜拜,教师和学生在课堂中相互学习。在这种环境下学生更像是水流,在知识的道路上断的探索,而又没有绝对的结论。正如在西方教育一词education 的本意是“引导”的意思一样,教师只是一个引导者而已。这样极大地调动了学生学习的主动性和自觉性,不仅培养了学生的创新能力,而且促进了学生健康地成长和发展。
三、结语
由此看来,孔子与苏格拉底的教育思想有着根本上的不同:首先是教育目的的差异,教育目的是两者教育思想的发源,虽然两人都选择了教育作为塑造人的灵魂、提升人的德行以救治现实社会的手段,但是两者的目的是不同的,孔子旨在让人们拥有“仁”的具体道德修养,而苏格拉底的目的在于对“美德”的本质的追求。其次是两者教育思想中的教师地位与师生关系的差异。教师地位与师生关系是实现教育思想的基础,孔子在教育过程中确立了以教师的地位为主的教师权威化,而苏格拉底却以民主平等为基础,确立了以学生为主体的师生关系。最后是教育方法的差异。教育方法是推行教育思想的重要手段,两者运用了不同的启发式教育与不同的方法原则,而正是这些差异导致了日后中西文化发展走向的不同――人文主义与科学主义的差别。同时,这种差异又对现代的中西教育产生了巨大的影响,中国教育中的教师的权威地位,学生填鸭式的 学习方法 与西方教育中的师生平等,在讨论中获得知识形成了强烈的对比。
但是我们也必须得看到,虽然孔子与苏格拉底虽然有着不同教育思想,但是他们的根本目的都在于通过教育实现社会的发展和人类的进步。我们在对两者教育思想的研究中应该看到两者各自的有事与不足,应该本着古为今用、洋为中用的原则,一方面要继承和弘扬祖国宝贵的思想文化遗产,发扬中国传统道德教化的特色,认识并挖掘其现实价值,以从中吸取其精髓;同时也要批判借鉴西方文化资源中的精华,学习西方追求真理、勇于创新的思维特质,以取长补短,推陈出新。取其精华,去其糟粕,更好的促进中西方文化的一种交汇与融合。
参考文献:
[1]论语[Z]. 杨逢彬,杨伯峻注译.长沙:岳麓书社,2002.
[2]王凌皓.中外教育史[M].长春:东北大学出版社,2002.
[3]北京大学哲学系编.古希腊罗马哲学[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[4]全国教育史研究会编.孔子教育思想研究[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1985.
[5]色诺芬.回忆苏格拉底[M].吴永泉译.北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[6]柏拉图.理想国[M].郭斌和,张竹明译.北京:商务印书馆,.
点击下页还有更多>>>中西方教育文化差异论文
中西方教育文化差异论文篇二 《浅析我国英语教学中中西方文化差异教育》 摘 要:本文对中西方文化存在的差异进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了加强中西方文化差异教育的 措施 ,以期能够更好地促进英语教学的长远发展。 关键词:英语教学;中西方文化差异;教育;措施 一、中西方文化差异的分析 为了更好地进行中西方文化差异教育,就需要对中西方文化存在的差异进行必要的分析,这样才能更好地对其研究,提出相应的对策,更好地英语教学的发展。具体来说,中西方文化主要存在以下几个方面的差异: 1.宗教信仰存在的差异 我国有着悠久的历史,在历史的发展过程中关于信仰、宗教等方面也几经变迁,最后行为了儒家、道家、佛家三足鼎立的局面,所以我们经常会说“仁爱”、“阴阳”、“神明”、“菩萨”、“如来”等词汇;而在西方的历史发展过程中,____在其生活工作中占据着重要的地位,而这种文化,就使得在其语言中出现和基督____的词汇,诸如我们熟悉的angel(天使)、religion(宗教)等。 2.生活状态、环境存在的差异 在西方的文化中,很多词汇都是和英国的环境有着很大的关系的,其很多词汇中都很航行、水、鱼等涉及到大海的词汇有关,诸如我们比较熟悉的a ship in the sea(萍水相逢之人);all at sea(不知所措);to teach a fish to swim(班门弄斧)等;我国主要的还是以陆地环境为主,有关航海、大海等方面的词汇并不是非常多,但是我国生长竹子,所以有相应的势如破竹等相关的词汇,地理环境、生活方式存在的差异,也使得双方在语言表达上存在着一定的差异。 3.历史 典故 存在的差异 双方的典故的来源不一样,西方典故主要来自于《圣经》、喜剧、英美文学、罗马神话等方面,诸如Achilles' hee(l唯一致命弱点)、meet one's waterloo(一败涂地)等;我国的历史典故则包罗甚广,不但包括名著小说,还包括民间 传说 ,一些正史、野史以及传统的体育项目,其中比较经典的“曹冲称象”、“刻舟求剑”、“烽火戏诸侯”等,这些内容都反映了我国深化的历史文化内涵。 4.价值观存在的差异 西方注重自由、民主,自我意识比较强力,这种“自我”(self)的观念已经深入其文化中,具体体现在self-absorption(自我专注)、self-admiration(自我赞赏)等方面。而我国讲究的是先人后我的思想,讲究的是奉献,大局观念和全局意识非常强烈,诸如“居庙堂之高则忧其民处江湖之远则忧其君”就充分的体现了这种思想。 5.风俗习惯存在的差异 中西文化的差异还体现在风俗习惯上,诸如我们认为将人家唤作狗是十分不礼貌的用法,但是英国人却将狗作为昵称。诸如此类风俗习惯在中西的文化中体现之处比较多,在这里就不一一赘述。 6.社会礼仪存在的差异 我在我国的家庭文化中,“谢谢”这个词很少被提到,家长照顾儿女,儿女孝顺父母被当作理所应当的事情,这主要是受到我国深厚的伦理积淀的影响。如果偶然在家庭成员中说出了“谢谢”,反而疏远了彼此之间的关系。而在西方的社会礼仪中,“thank you”被使用的频次非常高,几乎在所有人之间都会遇到。在这里就体现了双方社会礼仪方面存在的差异。 二、加强中西方文化差异教育的措施 在了解了中西方文化存在的差异之后,就需要为改善这种状况而努力,这样才能更好地促进英语教学的长远发展,使学生能够在文化背景的支撑下更好地 学习英语 ,激发其学习英语的积极性和主动性。具体来说,应该从以下几个方面着手: 1.加强对应于文化内涵的渗透 中西方文化存在着一定的差异,这些差异使得学生在学习的时候有可能产生疑惑,这样就限制了学生的纵向深入和横向发展,对于学生英语的终身发展存在着很大的制约。为此,教师在进行教学的时候,不但应该注重对学生能力的教育,还应该在教学中渗透相关的文化内涵,这样才能更好地促进学生的长远发展。语言和社会是分不开的,其是社会发展到一定阶段的产物,并且随着社会的发展而发展,在不同时代其呈现出不同的特色。在语言中不但传承着民族的文化、风俗、历史等,还影响到人们的 思维方式 、价值理念,对于人们的生活、工作、学习等方面都有着重要的影响。只有在进行教学的时候,加强对文化内涵的渗透,加强对社会文化的了解,才能更好地加深学生的语言理解能力,才能激发学生的学习兴趣与潜能,更好地促进其英语水平的提高。 2.完善相关西方文化方面的素材 “巧妇难为无米之炊”,要想更好地进行中西方文化的差异教育,就需要拥有足够的素材,只有加强对英语国家相关文化的了解,开展相关的情境对话、实践活动,才能更直观地向学生展示 英语文化 中的人文风俗、地理文化、神话典故等方面的内容,这样就能激发学生的学习积极性,使其更加自觉地加强对西方文化素材的挖掘,加深对西方文化的了解,这样就能使其更好地明白中西方文化之间的差异,从而使其更加分明地利用英语进行交流。 3.挖掘和扩展教材中的相关的文化知识 教材是学生进行学习的基础,如果离开了教材,那么在当前的社会环境下,学生的英语成绩将很难保证。进行中西方文化差异教育要为学生的能力素质的提升服务,因此,教师在进行相关的安排的时候,应该充分考虑到教材的要求,联系教材输入相关的文化,只有津贴教材,才能使这些西方文化知识能够更好地提高学会僧的英语能力和水平。此外,教师还可以安排相关的活动,来对教材进行相关的扩展,诸如英语角、兴趣小组等,只有尽量创造真实的情境,才能激发学生交流、沟通的兴趣,才能增加其沟通、交流的能力。 参考文献 [1]韩琴.文化差异与英语教学[J].安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2009,(03). [2]党俊英.英语教学与文化导入[J].科技资讯,2007,(24).中西方教育文化差异论文相关 文章 : 1. 中西方教育差异论文1000字 2. 中西教育比较论文 3. 中西教育差异论文 4. 浅析中西方教育的差别论文