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中俄饮食文化差异论文
随着历史的发展,人类的进步,每一个民族都形成了自己独特的语言与文化。不同的民族之间在很多方面都存在着差异，下面为大家来探讨一下中俄饮食文化差异，欢迎阅读！
摘要 中国人常说：“民以食为天”，可见饮食在人们心中占据多么重要的位置。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分，随着中俄两国在政治、经济、文化等领域交流的不断加强，饮食自然而然成为交流的重要环节。了解、尊重彼此的饮食文化能够减少交际过程中的摩擦与障碍使交流更加顺利的进行。
关键词饮食中俄文化
中国的饮食文化历史悠久、博大精深。中国人注重菜品的精致和丰富，注重菜的色、香、形、味，追求感观享受和审美价值。在中国一道菜便可诠释出一种文化理念和内涵。中国的鲁、川、粤、淮四大菜系正是凭借着高超的烹任艺术和地域特色而闻名于世。俄罗斯在饮食理念上，则较注重理性的观念，同中国相比他们不注重菜肴的色、香、形、味，而是注重健康与搭配的合理性。看似粗犷的俄罗斯饮食背后极好的诠释了俄罗斯人朴实的生活方式与豪爽的民族性格。
一、中俄两国“饮文化”对比
1、中俄酒文化对比
我国的酒文化源远流长，在中国人看来很多无法通过语言表达的东西比如亲情、友情、爱情等等都可以用酒来代替。白酒在我国的酒文化中占据重要的地位，在世界上也是独树一帜的。我们中国人在喝酒的时候很喜欢劝酒，比如“感情深，一口闷”、“感情浅，舔一舔”。适度的劝酒被看做是一种对待客人的礼貌行为也是显示我们热情好客的一种方式。俄罗斯的伏特加一词起源于水，因此人们赋予伏特加“生命之水”一说。俄罗斯大部分地区处于高纬度，气候寒冷，环境恶劣。俄罗斯人用酒来取暖，抵抗严寒。伏特加在俄罗斯已不单单是一种酒类而是俄罗斯民族品格象征，俄罗斯人喝酒豪迈、大方，他们喝酒时尊重对方的想法从不劝酒。伏特加就如同俄罗斯人一般具有水一样的外形，火一样的内心。
2、中俄茶文化对比
中国是茶文化的故乡，中国人自古以来便有饮茶的习惯。在中国人看来茶既有健身、治疾之疗效又富欣赏情趣，可陶冶情操。品茶、待客是中国人高雅的娱乐和社交活动，中国茶艺在世界享有盛誉。中国茶文化的历史及其发展，不仅仅是一种简单的饮食文化更是映射出一个具有上下五千年历史的民族的精神特质。俄罗斯的茶文化历史并不长，直到十八世纪茶叶才在普通百姓中传播开来，在此之前只有皇宫贵族才有幸饮用这种饮品。俄罗斯人喜爱喝茶并逐步创造出属于自己的独特茶文化。俄罗斯人喝茶喜欢味道相对较重的红茶，再配以砂糖、方糖、巧克力、牛奶等用茶炊引用，糖和茶在俄罗斯人看来是密不可分的，用以饮茶的茶炊也是匠心独具，精美绝伦的。
二、中俄两国“食文化”对比
1、食具的异同
在饮食的`餐具方面，俄语论文，中俄两国异同很多，众所周知，中国人用筷子夹菜，用汤匙喝汤、用碗盛饭。筷子的下方为圆形，上方为方形这其中蕴含着中国人天圆地方的理念显示出来中国人极高的智慧，而俄罗斯人用盘子装菜，用刀叉吃牛排、喝汤则用专门的汤匙。他们使用的是刀叉，其正确的摆放位置为叉子放在盘碟的左边，刀和羹匙放在右边酒杯要放在盘碟的前边。在进餐的时候应该是左叉右刀。除了刀叉之外，也有碟、盘、杯等等，但是较之我们的要单一得多。筷子和刀叉作为中俄两国最具特点的两种餐具反映出中俄两国不同的价值观，审美情趣，民族心理。
2、菜肴的异同
有人将俄罗斯的菜肴概括为"五大领袖、四大金刚、三剑客"。五大领袖为：面包、牛奶、奶酪、土豆、香肠。四大金刚为：圆白菜、胡萝卜、甜菜、圆葱。三剑客为：鱼子酱、伏特加、黑面包。这些几乎囊括了俄罗斯烹饪文化中所有主要食材，虽然单一，但贵在俄罗斯人民将这些仅有的平常单一的食材创造出无数美味的佳肴。俄罗斯的汤类非常之多有鱼汤、清鸡汤、肉杂拌汤以及红菜汤、蘑菇汤、奶汤和水果汤等等。其中，俄罗斯人非常爱喝红菜汤，它也被称之为罗宋汤。俄罗斯面包甚至早在解放前就已传入中国，中国人将其称为"大列巴"，并对麦香充裕的大列巴情有独钟。俄罗斯人还喜欢味道浓重的食物。他们以面食为主，鱼子酱、酸牛奶、咖啡等是俄罗斯人餐桌上必不可少的。这种简单却又不失变化的饮食折射出了俄罗斯人的简单豪爽的真性情。
中国人的饮食历来以食材之广泛、烹饪技术之精致闻名于世。南北朝时，梁武帝的厨师，一个瓜能变出十种式样，一个菜能做出几十种味道，烹饪技术的高超令人惊奇。鲁、川、苏、粤四大菜系形成的历史较早，后来浙、闽、湘、徽等地方菜也逐渐出名，就形成了我国的八大菜系。饮食在中国不仅仅是为了解渴充饥，这其中更蕴含着中国人认识世界的哲理。比如过年时吃饺子、鱼、年糕等，其实都是“醉翁之意不在酒”，饮食文化早已超越饮食本身，中国人是借助吃这种形式表达一种丰富的心里内涵与深刻的社会意义。
3、餐桌礼仪的异同
在中国博大的饮食文化发展历史进程中同样有无数的规矩与礼节，中国为礼仪之邦，阶级明确，等级分明。甚至饮食礼节都是世界上最为繁琐的国家，从座次到著名的中国酒文化，在中国的餐桌礼仪中都有淋漓尽致的体现。中国人喜欢聚食，中国餐桌上的热闹与西方餐桌上的安静形成鲜明对比，这也是中国人重视血缘关系和家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。中国人在餐桌上会频频给客人布菜夹菜，这也是中国人热情好客的一种表现形式。俄罗斯人进餐时不能说笑，不能发出很难听的声音，要注意保持自己的绅士风度，不可失去礼节。俄罗斯崇尚自由，对自我十分尊重，俄语论文范文，因此人们不会做强人所难的事情，在吃饭的时候可以自己随意选择喜欢的菜肴，他们不会硬往你的碗里夹菜，如果你吃饱了，你可以示意一下，他们也不会劝你再吃。
关于任何一个国家和民族来说，饮食文化都是其文化不可或缺的组成部分。中俄饮食文化的异同不单单是饮食的不同，而是从历史、文化、性格、地理位置甚至气候条件等各个不同的方面从而产生的或复杂或单一的饮食习惯。随着两国跨文化交流的不断增强，两国的饮食文化也在不断地互补与兼容。了解彼此的餐饮文化对促进两国的交流与友谊很有必要。
摘要：随着时代的发展，世界各国的文化交流越来越频繁，了解和掌握不同地区、不同民族的文化，正确把握与各民族的人际交往尺度，克服因文化差异和礼仪差异带来的障碍，熟悉和掌握不同文化背景下的餐桌礼仪，就可以做到待人接物恰到好处，与他们的交流更加深入，否则就会在交往中感到手足无措，乃至失礼于人，闹出笑话。本文将从饮食、餐具使用、就餐氛围及餐桌话语等方面对俄汉民族餐桌礼仪进行比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
关键词：中国;俄罗斯;饮食;民族传统;俄汉民族
俄罗斯的饮食习惯，是在人们长期劳动和社会生活积淀中形成的。俄罗斯民族是在保留本民族传统的基础上，吸引外国饮食文化的精华，在融合和借鉴中不断完善自己的饮食结构，并把自己的优势发扬光大。俄罗斯对过去有着“光明的”记忆，同时又注意向西方学习，或许正是这种扬弃的态度才使俄罗斯的古老美食流传至今吧。
以汉族为代表中国饮食文化拥有万千余年的悠久历史，具有鲜明的民族特色。不同国家不同民族由于地域差异的原因，其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。了解和尊重不同民族文化，掌握不同文化背景下人们的餐桌礼仪，对我们进行文化交际有很大帮助。
一、中俄饮食文化的相同点
（一）茶文化
俄罗斯人和中国人一样都喜欢喝茶，俄罗斯的饮茶，可以追溯到17世纪中叶，它见证了中俄文化交流的源远流长。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。[来自印度、格鲁吉亚等国家的红茶（чёрныйчай），也有来自中国昂贵的绿茶（зелёныйчай），俄罗斯人更偏重饮花茶（цветочныйчай）如茉莉花茶（жасминныйчай）。根据俄罗斯人的饮食习惯，喝茶一定要配一些食物，特别是甜食，如果酱（варенье）、蜂蜜（мёд）饼干（печенье）、糖果（конфеты）或蛋糕（торт）。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。
（二）酒文化
中国有句俗话“无酒不成席”，在俄罗斯也一样。俄罗斯人嗜酒，众所周知。俄罗斯人喝伏特加要豪放得多，哪怕是满满一大杯也“一口闷”。与俄罗斯人喝酒谈话，要坦诚相见，不能在背后谈论第三者，更不能说他们小气之类的言语。俄罗斯人的整个进餐过程都可有伏特加（водка）佐餐，饭后有时还喝香槟酒。伏特加和克瓦斯（квас）在俄罗斯人的饮食习俗中占有特殊的地位。可以认为，它们分别是俄罗斯“国饮”酒和饮料的代名词。饮伏特加酒，对俄罗斯人来说恐怕是生活中最大的乐趣之一。婚丧嫁娶、生日喜庆、家人团聚、朋友相约等，都少不了伏特加。俄罗斯的一般家庭比较体面的待客方式是先倒一杯伏特加，在端上一小盘鱼子酱、黄瓜与番茄，然后是一道熏鱼与灌装豌豆，在端上一块自烤的蛋糕，自始至终以伏特加为佐餐。除了喝酒以外，俄罗斯人也特别爱饮一种叫“克瓦斯”的清凉饮料。克瓦斯是俄罗斯民间最古老的发酵饮料，多以麦芽、面包屑或果汁为原料制作而成。俄式克瓦斯一般分为面包克瓦斯（хлебныйквас）和果汁克瓦斯（квасизфруктовогосока）两大类。
二、中俄饮食文化的差异
（一）饮茶习惯
从饮茶习惯看，中国人喜欢喝绿茶，俄罗斯人则喜爱红茶。[
俄罗斯人喝茶与中国人喝茶大有不同，中国人喝茶喜欢慢饮，而俄罗斯人喜欢一饮而尽。
（二）饮食区别
俄罗斯人的祖先是游牧民族，他们吃肉喝奶，没有主、副食之分。面包是俄罗斯人最钟爱的主食，尤其是蒜味面包更是他们至爱。面包分为白面包和黑面包，俄罗斯人偏爱黑面包（燕麦面包）。面包和盐是俄罗斯人迎接客人的最尊贵的礼物。往往是主人双手托着盘子，上面铺着一块漂亮的绣花巾，正中放一个大圆面包，面包上是一个盐罐（солонка）。这象征着主人的殷勤好客。中国人的祖先是农耕民族，很早就以粮食及其制品为一日三餐必不可少的主要食品，以蔬菜、肉、鱼为辅助食品，中国人的主食分为麦类、米类和杂粮类，米类包括糯米、及以它为原料的米制品和米分制品，麦类包括小麦、大麦、燕麦及其制品如馒头、面条和烧饼，杂粮类包括玉米、高粱、豆类及其制品这些主食是中国人体力活动必需热量主要来源。俄罗斯人的正餐有三道菜，即汤（суп）和冷盘（холодныеблюда）、热菜（горячиеблюда）和甜食，汤的种类有菜汤（щи）、红菜汤（борщ）、鱼汤（уха）、清汤（бульон）等。
中国人的副食有调剂口味、引发食欲，补充营养成分的作用。中国人的副食十分丰富，除了常见的鸡鸭鱼肉等荤菜外，形形色色的新鲜蔬菜、豆制品、泡菜、咸菜也是菜桌上常见的菜肴，搭配的方式多种多样。
三、中俄饮食特点所反映出的文化差异
俄罗斯人一开始就分吃，由此衍生出俄罗斯人讲究独立。子女长大后就有独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐在一起的家庭单元。从而让中国人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。这种差异还反映了中国人和俄罗斯人的行为主义哲学，凸显了民族思维习惯及认知世界的方法。
中国饭桌上的“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。这大概源于“饮食所以合欢也”的集体主义思想，强调突出的是一个“合”字。
从俄汉民族餐桌话语中我们可以看出，中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则，而俄罗斯人则强调了效率和实用主义价值观。在宴席上俄罗斯人从不议论令人作呕之事，但他们会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词和赞美的词，向主任，尤其是向女主人说些道谢和赞美的话。由于文化差异，俄汉民族表达好客的方式是截然不同的。在这样的情况下，如果我们能彼此了解各自的差异，就会消除餐桌上的尴尬，双方的好客之情也都会自然流露了。
结语：
饮食文化在人的生活秩序中占有非常重要的地位。不同的地域，不同的国家，孕育着不同的餐桌文化。其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”是当今国际交往的一条原则。在跨文化交际中，我们不仅要遵循国际礼仪，同时也要了解与尊重有关国家的礼俗，做到因人施礼，这样才能更好地学习和交流。
西方人菜肴主要是让充饥，而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉，很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃，中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起，而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。
1、中西饮食观念的差异
中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史，拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃，每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主，制作的工序相对会比较的简单。
2、中西饮食对象的差异
西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。
3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同
在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”
4、中西饮食性质的差异
饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。
中国与美国的饮食差异体现在4个方面 1、中国是合餐，一桌菜众人可以共享随便吃；美国是分餐，每个人自己点自己的菜，一般不会与别人共享。 2、在吃饭时中国人喜欢给别人夹菜，或大让特让生怕别人吃不好；美国人则自己吃自己盘子里的东西，一般不会把自己盘子里的东西给别人吃，最多是向朋友推荐自己盘子里的东西好吃。 3、中国喜欢吃饭时喝烈酒吃喝不分，酒足饭饱；美国人在吃饭时不喝烈酒，只是在饭前或饭后喝。 适用于大一，大二，大三的论文
略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要：中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点，过分注重饭菜的意、色、形，基本追求色、香、味，具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康，他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能，致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外，并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国，烹调是一种艺术；在西方，烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词：饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人，我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食，因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食，同时，我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中，西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感，让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望，去吃西餐，就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别，吃些什么，怎么吃。其次，随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁，中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多，到西方国家，入乡随俗，就免不了与西方人一起用餐，为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻，也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发，简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异，希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比，西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食，讲究营养，并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养，西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上，人们可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配，但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，毫无艺术可言，作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也只是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式牛排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成，色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”，即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”，用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和，调和要合乎时序，又要注意时令，调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜，一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的，如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制，则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄，或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗，中国食客见如此中菜西做，自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视，西方人多生吃蔬菜，不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃，就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花（西兰花）也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料，使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健，也知道青菜一经加热，维生素将被破坏，因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降，但不会完全损失，可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡，这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉，生吃的蔬菜，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有“味”入“道”，凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精，更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人，非“知味观”之座上客也！ 平心而论，谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养，重视以饮食来养生强身，但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求，致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时，总爱说“色香味俱佳”，但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”，从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇可以参考：）~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密，许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事，吃，穿，住”，“吃”是摆在首位的，可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异，可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子，调羹吃着米饭的；而美国人则是用刀和叉，吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异，其中却还有着更深层次的不同，这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的，例如，饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同，饮食方式的不同，饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同，以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化，许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征，体现在饮食文化之上，直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢？那是因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食，使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦；正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求，吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生（1993）指出，国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲，在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。
中美饮食有差异，美国人一日三餐到底吃啥？看完大开眼界
中华包丁はその形が长方形に近く、形からもナタに近く、その使い方は薄く切るというより大雑把にぶった切るという感じに近いと思います。よく、上海ガニを捌くシーンをニュースの特集で见ますが、そんな感じです。まるで台木の上で薪を割るような感覚で捌いています。（もっとも、中华料理の调理人は、この包丁を器用に扱い、「饰り料理」を作りますが。）一方の和食は柳叶包丁のごとくカミソリのように材料を「剥ぎ取る」ように包丁を使うと思います。 ナタとカミソリという例えは、素晴らしいけれども、正反対な切れ味を评して使うことがしばしばありますが、和食（日本料理）と中华料理に适合できるというのは、面白いことです。 なお、中华料理はこってりした「油の」多い料理であって、一方、和食では「テンプラ」のほかは、あまり油を必要としない気がします。 以上应该会有你需要得吧? 顺便参考一下这个. 最好配上中文翻译的话只能用这个翻译了.
(一)基本的讲究排列座次时，国内外的基本作法有所不同。在涉外场合排列座次时，一般均应遵守国际惯例。1.我国传统作法在排列并排的座次时，我国的传统作法是"以左为上"，即认为居左之位高于居右之位。当前，国内在举行会议及正式合影时，仍多沿用此法。2.国际通行作法并排排列座次时，国际上的通行作法是"以右为上"，即认为居右之位高于居左之位。在涉外场合，它已被广泛采用。关于中国人的立”，礼的核心是人的社会行为规范，是中国民众已经习惯和风俗化了的社会性行为准则、道德尺度与各种礼节。所谓“礼节民心，让则不争”；“衣食既足，礼让以兴”，礼就是个人利欲心的节制和人群利益的调度。讲礼，就是要谦恭退让，“礼”与“让”往往相连，这就是“礼让”一词的由来和义释。中国最早的礼和最普泛、最重要的礼，可以说就是食礼，“夫礼之初，始诸饮食”，用食来敬神，表明“礼”是极隆重的事，并且是起源很早的。礼是以个人的文化学识与心性修养为基础的。检验一个人修养的最好场合，莫过于集群宴会了。因此，“子能食食，教以右手”（《礼记·内则》），家庭启蒙礼教的第一课便是食礼。而中国宴会繁缛食礼的基础仪程和中心环节，即是宴席上的座次之礼——“安席”。史载，汉高祖刘邦的发迹就缘于他于沛县令的“重客”群豪宴会上旁若无人“坐上坐”。当时还是“席地而坐”，“上坐”，乃宴席的“尊位所在”，亦即“席端”。这种宴席上的“上坐”，因坐制的饮食基础器具、几案、餐桌椅形制的历史演变而有时代的不同。两汉以前，“席南向北向，以西方为上”，即以面朝东坐为上。《史记·项羽本纪》中鸿门宴会的座次是一规范：“项王、项伯东向坐，亚父南向坐，亚父者，范增也。沛公北向坐，张良西向坐”，此即顾炎武所谓：“古人之坐，以东向为尊。”着是指的“室”内设宴的座礼。而在位于宫室主要建筑物前部中央坐北朝南的“堂”上，则是以南向为最尊，次为西向，再次为东向。隋唐以后，开始了由坐床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变，方型、矩型诸种形制餐桌均以齐备，座次利益也因之有新的改变。方桌以边长厘米、高厘米的“八仙桌”为代表，贵客专桌，等而下之可2人、3人、4人、6人或8人一桌。除专桌以外，两人以上者，一般为1:1主陪客制。圆桌是应聚宴人多和席面大的要求之运而生的。最初也让用惯了方桌的人们颇不顺应，正如袁枚《园几》诗所说：“让处不知谁首席，坐时只觉可添宾。”圆桌成清中叶后饭店酒楼流行的餐台式样，今日家庭中亦普遍使用，尤为今日餐饮业及机关企业食堂的会宴用桌面。其座次一般是依餐厅或室的方位与装饰设计风格而定，或取向门、朝阳，或依厅室设计装饰风格所体现出的重心与突出位置设首位。通常服务员摆台时以口布折叠成花、鸟等造型，首位造型会非常醒目，使人一望而知。而隆重的大型宴会则往往在各餐台座位前预先摆放座位卡（席签），所发请柬上则标明与宴者的台号。这样或由司仪导入，或持柬按图索骥、对号入座，自然不易出错。就一张餐台的具体座位来说，目前中餐通行的规范是：主人座于上方的正中，主宾在其右，副主宾居其左，其他与宴者依次按从右至左、从上向下宴席位次的设定，既属约定俗成，故其时空差异性较大，而依我国时下理念习尚，则首论职务尊卑，次叙年齿，后及性别（先女后男），以示重女观念）。当然，这都是首席座位确定之后始循行的一般模式。宴会座位的安排，应该注意几点：1.以主人和女主人为中心，左手的位置为上，靠近主人女 主人的位置为上；2.夫妇不应相邻，男女依次相邻，主人和主方陪客应与客人依次相邻；3. 译员可以坐在主宾的右侧。有些大型场合，也可以在主人和主宾背后，另外安排用餐；4.我国习惯，以面对上菜的门的方向为上首。� 如果是圆桌宴会，有男女主人、主宾夫妇出席的情况下，应是男主人坐上首中间，其右是男 主宾、译员，其左是主宾夫人、女主人。第二主人坐在主人对面。其余主客相间而坐。西式宴席：西式宴席的餐具样式种类很多，各有各的用途用法，摆放位置也不一样。对不同 的食物也有不同的进食方法。若一时记不清楚的情况下，可以先观察别人是怎样使用餐具、 怎样进食的。菜盘两边如摆放了几副刀叉，应先用最外边的。第一道菜吃完，侍者会将菜盘 与刀叉一同撤去，再用第二套刀叉。如果有几把不同大小的刀叉匙，则用途不同。正确使用 刀叉的方法是：左手执叉，右手执刀，用叉将食品（指需切割成小块进食的食物）按住，用 刀切开，再用叉叉起送入口中。吃一块，切一块。刀叉并用的时候，叉齿应朝下。也可在切割下一小块后，放下刀，把叉换到右手来叉取食物。如果不是刀叉并用，叉齿则应朝上。餐刀可以用来将食品拨到叉子上，但不能用餐刀往嘴里送食物。使用刀叉匙不能和菜盘、汤盘碰出声响。一道菜没吃完时，刀叉要成八字摆在盘沿上，叉齿朝下。吃完后，把刀叉并拢置于盘上，服务员即知可以撤下了。注意：刀刃永远不能朝外。� 较大的餐巾可以叠成两折，口朝自己放在膝盖上，不要系在脖子上。可以用餐巾的一角擦嘴 擦手，但绝不可以用来擦试餐具。� 上菜是从左边上的，吃完从右边撤下去。而斟酒却是从右边开始。弄不清这一点，说不定就 会错用了邻座的饮料食物。宴会开始，女主人拿起刀叉便表示客人都可以进食了。以后只要 得到食品即可进食，不必等待。吃喝时应从容文雅，咀嚼食物时要闭住嘴，不要发出声响。 满嘴食物时不要讲话。骨头、鱼刺等吐在手中再放到盘沿上，不能直接吐在盘子里或桌布上 。最好能先用餐具剔除骨、刺，不使入口。如遇到不爱吃的菜，不应拒绝，可少要一点儿，并尝一些，等待服务员撤走。不可站起来去夹菜或取食。喝饮料时，先用餐巾一角擦去嘴唇油污，以免在杯口留下油迹。喝汤时用的汤匙应是自己座前最大的一把。小的可能是甜食匙。喝汤要一勺勺舀起来送入口中，不要啜饮出声。若汤太烫你可以舀一勺吹凉再喝。万一喝到嘴里不能下咽，赶快喝一口凉水或饮料。舀汤时汤匙应从汤盘近身一侧进入，远身一侧舀起，舀不起来时，可用左手将盘稍向外倾斜。�用过的盘子不要移动位置。每次喝完酒要把酒杯放回原处。若打翻酒水溅到邻座身上，应说 “对不起”并协助擦干，或招呼服务员来收拾。如果邻座是女士，递上干净的餐巾或手帕即 可，由她自己擦干。如果发现菜中有不洁物，可悄悄叫来服务员让他重新换过，不可惊动四座。如果不想添酒，可以拒绝，或以手指轻挡杯沿表示。若主人在餐馆宴客，请客人点菜，客人点的任何菜都需向主人说明，而不是直接向服务员说。洗手指的水一般盛在玻璃盆中，有的放入几片花瓣，有的下边有一衬垫，千万不要误认是饮用水。�吃比较散碎的食物如色拉，可用叉吃，叉齿朝上，也可用一小块面包帮助把色拉推上叉子。 各种干果、饼干、干点心、炸土豆片、龙虾片等都可用手拿着吃。面条可用叉子卷起来吃， 不能用叉子挑。面包用手去拿，拿来放在自己的小碟里，或大盘的盘沿上。用黄油刀而别用 自己的餐刀，取一小块黄油或果酱，放在自己的小碟内，用手掰一小块一两口可吃下去的面 包，涂抹上黄油或果酱，抹一块，吃一块。不能用刀去切面包，如果上的是面包片，也不能 把整片面包涂抹上黄油送到嘴边咬，同样要掰成小块吃。�吃水果的方法：梨和苹果切成四瓣，削皮去核，用手拿一小块吃。香蕉剥皮，放在盘里切成 小块，用叉取食，不可以手拿着一只剥开的而又连着皮的香蕉送到嘴里咬。橙子切四瓣，剥皮吃。西瓜和菠萝一般都去皮切成块送上餐桌，可用叉取食。吃葡萄时，核吐在手心里，再放到盘上。削水果时，刀刃朝里，从外向里削皮。�喝茶或咖啡，如需加糖加奶，可自取或请人传递，但不要站起身去拿。取方糖有专用的夹子，没夹子可用手，不要用小匙。小匙是搅拌糖或牛奶的，搅完后放在小碟中。喝时用左手端碟，右手执杯把，把杯拿起来喝，不能像喝汤那样用小匙舀。�无论何时，两肘都不能撑在桌上。�吃中餐现在一般也由服务员分菜，若再到大盘中取菜，应该用公筷，别用自己的餐具。用餐 毕，筷子平放在桌子上，不能插在碗或盘里的食物上。最后需注意的是饭桌上不应剔牙。西餐礼仪1、由椅子的左侧入座.最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。当椅子被拉开后，身体在几乎要碰到桌子的距离站直，领位者会把椅子推进来，腿弯碰到后面的椅子时，就可以坐下来。就座时，身体要端正，手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足，餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。点菜完毕后将餐巾打开。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。餐巾可用来擦嘴或迭手，不可用来擦餐具或擦脸。弄脏嘴巴时，一定要用餐巾擦拭，避免用自己的手帕。最好不要把餐巾塞入领口。用餐反摺的内侧来擦，而不是弄脏其正面，是应有的礼貌。手指洗过后也是用餐巾擦的。若餐巾脏得厉害，请侍者重新更换一条。吃到坏的食物非吐出来不可时，也别吐在盘子里，最好在别人不注意时，吐在餐巾上包起来，并要求更换一块新的桌巾。前菜、主菜（鱼或肉择其一）加甜点是最恰当的组合，点菜并不是由前菜开始点，而是先选一样最想吃的主菜，再配上适合主菜的汤。2、用餐时，上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离，两脚交叉的坐姿最好避免。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物.正式西式料理的套餐中，，常依不同料理的特点而配合使用各种不同形状的刀叉，并不是一开始就全部摆出来的。说到全套，很容易使人联想到在餐桌上摆满银器的画面，而现在大都是以点用2-3道单品料理的方式为主流.使用刀叉进餐时，刀叉和汤匙依使用的先后顺序排列。最先用的放在离主菜盘最远的外侧，后用的放在离主菜盘近内侧。假如先上主菜再上沙拉，就要把主菜叉子放在沙拉叉子的外侧从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，吃西餐要左手持叉，右手持刀；左手食指近在叉子把上，右手食指按在刀背上。汤匙则用握笔的方式拿即可。切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手执刀将其切成小块，用叉子送入口中。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型，将刀叉分话盘中。刀刃朝向自身，表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无需放下。不用刀时，可用右手持叉，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，也不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不可一手拿酒杯，另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住，任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。3、喝汤时不要啜，吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。喝汤时，用汤勺从里向外舀，汤盘中的汤快喝完时，用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起，用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时，将汤匙留在汤盘（碗）中，匙把指向自己。4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时，不要直接外吐，可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。吃剩的鸡、鱼骨头和渣子放在自己盘子的外缘，不要放在桌上，更不能丢去地上。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时，不要用叉子刮盘底，更不要用手指相助食用，应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起，然后送入口中。5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中，不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。6、吃鸡时，欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉，不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身，要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时，要切一块吃一块，块不能切得过大，或一次将肉都切成块。7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖，添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀，将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把，左手端垫碟，直接用嘴喝，不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时，不要拿着水果整个去咬，应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定（可将叉子朝上，用叉子背部压住肉），再用刀沿骨头插人，把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时，会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时，意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后，将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时，如果把手指弄脏，也可请侍者端洗手水来，注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。9.点用牛排时，首先服务生会询问烧烤程度，可依你所喜欢的料理方式供应。用餐时，以叉子从左侧将肉叉住，再用刀沿着叉子的右侧将肉切开，如切下的肉无法一口吃下，可直接用刀子再切小一些，切开刚好一口大小的肉，然后直接以叉子送人口中。应从左往右吃.点缀的蔬菜也要全部吃完 放在牛排旁边的蔬菜不只是为了装饰，同时也是基于营养均衡的考虑而添加的。国人大都会把水芹留下，如果不是真的不爱吃，最好不要剩下。10、面包要吃一口掰一口.吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩，是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净，不能用叉叉面包.11.万不得已要中途离席时，最好在上菜的空档，向同桌的人打声招呼，把餐巾放在椅子上再走，别打乱了整个吃饭的程序和气氛。吃完饭后，只要将餐巾随意放在餐桌即可，不必特意叠整齐。12.侍者会经常注意客人的需要。若需要服务，可用眼神向他示意或微微把手抬高，侍者会马上过来。东西掉了的时候最好请服务生过来替你捡起.如果对服务满意，想付小费时，可用签帐卡支付，即在帐单上写下含小费在内的总额再签名。最后别忘记口头致谢!
中国和日本是一衣带水的邻邦。相距并不是很遥远，但是却也是隔海相望。由于中国是属于大陆，而日本四面环海，在气候与地理以及历史条件的影响下，在饮食文化上却相去甚远。 气候（干冷地区重油腻，潮湿地方喜辛辣）地理（内陆地区喜食猪牛羊，沿海区域鱼贝海物大善）历史（中国是以内陆汉人为主在不断和各民族融合过程中综合了各家所长，日本是四面环海以海产为长，并在明治时期受到了美国的饮食文化侵袭......）
日语论文开题报告题目：中日饮食文化の相违について课题を研究する目的：中国と日本は隣国ですから、多くの习惯や文化が近いと思う。でも、位置、歴史的な背景と宗教思想の差别によって、両国文化の多く方面に区别がはっきりに见える。ここで両国の饮食文化の比较を通じて、両国饮食の共通性と差别性を探索したい。そして両国人民の思想の上の差别を调べたい。课题を研究する内容：一饮食自身の比较1 料理の食材2 调理法3食べ方の违いニ饮食観の相违1饮食観の形成2饮食観の原因三结论方法：比较研究ほ法文献研究法分析法资料：[1] 谭玲著.『饮食文化対比』[M]. 成都：四川大学出版社, [2] 胡智锋.『日中饮食発展史』[J]. 北京. 北京广播学院出版社,1999,4:1-10[3] 张惠临著.『日本と中国の食文化』[M]. 山西: 山西人民美术出版社,[4]蔡毅编，《日本における中国伝统文化》[M]，勉诚出版社，2002[5] 高宫和彦著，《色から见た食品のサイエンス》[M]，纪伊国屋书店，2004[6] 张竞著，《中华料理の文化史》[M]，筑摩书房，1997 [7] 芳贺登、石川寛子编.「日本の食文化」[M]. 雄山阁出版社，1998[8] 贾蕙萱著. 《中日饮食文化比较研究》[M].北京大学出版社，1999
一、两种不同的饮食观念餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。二、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
你可以从以下几点着手：一．餐桌礼仪概述1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。二. 各国间不同的饮食文化1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。
Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
一，饮食观念不同，比如西方人侧重营养，中国人注重美味。二，饮食方式不同，比如西方人侧重交谊，中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三，饮食习惯不同，比如西方人习惯用刀叉，中国人习惯用筷子四，饮食环境不同，比如西方人注重精致，中国人注重排场五，饮食口味不同，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明，你可以展开论述。可参照：略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要：中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点，过分注重饭菜的意、色、形，基本追求色、香、味，具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康，他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能，致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外，并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国，烹调是一种艺术；在西方，烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词：饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人，我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食，因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食，同时，我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中，西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感，让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望，去吃西餐，就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别，吃些什么，怎么吃。其次，随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁，中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多，到西方国家，入乡随俗，就免不了与西方人一起用餐，为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻，也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发，简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异，希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比，西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食，讲究营养，并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养，西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上，人们可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配，但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，毫无艺术可言，作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也只是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式牛排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成，色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”，即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”，用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和，调和要合乎时序，又要注意时令，调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜，一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的，如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制，则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄，或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗，中国食客见如此中菜西做，自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视，西方人多生吃蔬菜，不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃，就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花（西兰花）也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料，使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健，也知道青菜一经加热，维生素将被破坏，因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降，但不会完全损失，可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡，这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道，至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐，冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块，而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇，便大大丧失品味的灵敏度，渐至不能辨味；那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉，生吃的蔬菜，白水煮豆子、煮土豆，虽有“味”入“道”，凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精，更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人，非“知味观”之座上客也！ 平心而论，谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养，重视以饮食来养生强身，但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求，致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时，总爱说“色香味俱佳”，但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”，从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇可以参考：）~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密，许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事，吃，穿，住”，“吃”是摆在首位的，可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异，可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子，调羹吃着米饭的；而美国人则是用刀和叉，吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异，其中却还有着更深层次的不同，这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的，例如，饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同，饮食方式的不同，饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同，以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化，许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征，体现在饮食文化之上，直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢？那是因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食，使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦；正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求，吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生（1993）指出，国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲，在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。