发布时间：
译文：abstract
英［＇æbstrækt］
释义：
adj.纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n.摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v.摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
［复数：abstracts；第三人称单数：abstracts；现在分词：abstracting；过去式：abstracted；过去分词：abstracted；比较级：more abstract；最高级：most abstract］
短语：
abstract algebra［数］抽象代数；近世代数；［数］抽象代数学；代数结构
扩展资料：
词语辨析：summary，abstract，digest，outline，resume
这些名词均含“摘要、概要、概括”之意。
1、summary普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
2、abstract指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
3、digest侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
4、outline指配以释议文字的提纲。
5、resume源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
或者像大家说的网上免费的翻译平台，搜狗翻译、谷歌翻译这些也可以，但是免费的机器翻译的结果目前来说准确率还不是很高，你的是学术论文，建议还是找人工翻译比较好，我论文翻译找的是北京译顶科技，那边都是人工翻译
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
[Abstract] with development of society , science and technology progress,the computer being the information carrier shows whose decisive position gradually. Society has already stepped into information society nowadays , knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy will have become new century leading factor estate. Accompany computer gradual popularization and usage, the computer has produced already in scientific research, many aspect such as commercial service, etc. has created the approach getting on the stick, unit technology cost has had obvious go down meanwhile, also year by year, but consciousness of the outside world inside the office cost but escalation. Cost costing on special field , administration and administration staff in abroad, has taken up 2/3 4/5 of office total cost , this one phenomenon has made demand of people to office automation increase with each passing day. The at the same time that we reform be obliged to in the organization being in progress, uses modernized the means , office procedure managing equipment control as soon as possible. At present, the computer is in personal administration of our country job middle , main available come to be in progress the form for report handles , archives administration , rapporteur edit , information inquires about , analyses synthetically. This handwork statistics process but, there exists be several obvious problem, for instance , the statistical data is short of accuracy , timeliness , needs to cost large amount of manpower and material resources, financial resources , concern modernized administrative content very complicated, it includes all key elements such as person , fund , matter , information and time , the key element playing a vital role among them is person. Person is both director and, quilt director , is in double position in managing middle , has and gigantic activity. It can be seen that person is modern manage the most important factor of middle. Therefore, managing development of human resources and the personal administration making use of is comprehended without being told in entire complicated important position in managing large scale system. The domino, has done personal administration with great efforts being that the other administrative optimization gets basic guarantee right away. The function having given an account of the basic that system mainly reaches a thesis programming method. Keywords: Information manages the personal file , personal file
Summary of the new wave of curriculum reform, under the impetus of high school mathematics teaching reform has achieved remarkable results. 但不可否认，现阶段我国绝大多数中学数学教师仍然采用传统的授受教学模式，绝大多数中学生也仍是采用被动接受、死记硬背为基本特点的数学学习方式。 Undeniably, the vast majority of middle school mathematics teachers at this stage still give and accept the traditional teaching model, most students are still passive acceptance, the basic characteristics of rote learning of mathematics. 合作学习作为一种新的教学理念，在数学教学中并未得到普遍的运用。 Cooperative learning as a new teaching philosophy, in mathematics teaching has not been widespread use.本文针对传统中学数学教学中存在的一些弊端，本着对合作学习要进行分组教学与实验的原则，在前人研究的基础上，以贵阳市第23中学初二（3）班为实验班，对城乡结合部这种类型与层次的中学数学教学合作学习的策略进行了初步研究和实践。 In this paper, the traditional middle school mathematics teaching in some of the disadvantages of cooperative learning in a group to carry out the principles of teaching and experiments, on the basis of previous research, 23 secondary schools in Guiyang City, the first two days (3) classes as the experimental class, This type of urban fringe and the level of secondary school mathematics teaching strategy of cooperative learning in a preliminary study and practice.本文在中外合作学习理论的指导下，从学生数学情感价值观、和学生的学业成绩以及学生的学习能力出发，找出合作学习与数学学科相结合的切入点，探讨了适合城乡结合部初级中学实际的合作学习模式。 Sino-foreign cooperative learning theory in this paper under the guidance of students in mathematics from the emotional values, and academic performance of students and the learning ability of students proceed to identify cooperative learning and the combination of mathematics starting point to explore the urban-rural junior middle schools for the actual cooperative learning mode.在充分了解城乡结合部初级中学学生特殊的地域环境和心理特征基础上，努力把合作学习的理论运用到数学教学的实际中，在实践中实现生生互动教学为主，形成了一套以小组为单位的合作学习方式，提高学生的合作意识和合作技能，达到新课程改革的知识与能力、促进学生全方面的发展。 A thorough understanding of urban-rural junior high school students to the special geographical environment and psychological characteristics, based on efforts to apply the theory of cooperative learning in mathematics teaching practice, to achieve in practice, teaching Interactions between the main group to form a set of units of cooperative learning, improve their sense of cooperation and collaboration skills, the new curriculum reform to achieve the knowledge and ability to promote the development of all aspects of the students. 论文还从数学合作学习中总结出城乡结合部初级中学数学教学多种合作学习方式和合作技巧、培养学生合作意识的和交际能力、提高学生学业成绩，培养学生自控能力和集体荣誉敢；以期通过贵阳市第23中学的实验成果，以点带面，使具有数学学科特色的合作学习能在城乡结合其它初级中学得以推广，让新课程的理念在教学中获得到实践。 Cooperative learning of mathematics paper also summarizes the urban fringe in the junior high school mathematics teaching a variety of cooperative learning and collaboration skills, to develop students awareness of cooperation and communication skills, improve their academic performance, students self-control and collective honor dare; to the adoption of 23 secondary schools in Guiyang experimental results point to an area that has the characteristics of cooperative learning in mathematics can be combined with other junior high school in urban and rural areas to promote the new curriculum ideas to get to practice in teaching.关键词：合作学习；中学数学教学；城乡结合部；实践与研究 Key words: cooperative learning; secondary mathematics teaching; the urban fringe; Practice & Research
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
语音识别是将语音转换成文本的任务。
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
本文旨在分析时代对企业文化的影响，并对企业文化建设提出建议。
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
我们的文本实现了上述可能性。
In this paper, ordinary differential equations courses, to explore how to realize "high-early binding", and mathematics in secondary schools in the basis of ordinary differential equations, as well as ordinary differential equations of the guiding role of mathematics in secondary schools to do some discussion, for systems of ordinary differential equations of high under the mathematical point of view to provide some secondary words, Ordinary Differential Equations; School Mathematics; combination of high early
论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
中文名
论文摘要
外文名
abstract
字 数
一般为正文字数10%左右
语 言
一般中文与英文并存
主要组成
目的 方法 结果 结论
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
Activity based costing is a cost based on activity calculation method, refers to the work as the indirect costs, by confirming, calculating resource drivers, collection resource costs to the homework, then confirmed bycalculating activity drivers, products or indirect cost allocation method for imputation customer operation cost to go up. As China's manufacturing enterprises gradually to the diversification of product architecture, processcomplexity, the traditional cost accounting method has been unable to meet the needs of enterprises, in order to adapt to the modern manufacturingenvironment and management needs to emerge as the times require, with the basic concept of the operating cost method and principle of this paper, the operating cost method by different drivers, can allocate reasonable manufacturing costs. Another analysis of theapplication of ABC in our country manufacturing industry, through caseanalysis between ABC and the traditional cost method, finally put forward some suggestions to push the activity-based costing method.
论文用到的专业性词汇比较多，很多时候在写英文的时候可能会感到困难，我用过的是这个，你看一下吧。
第一步，在首页三大板块中点击【文档翻译】。
第二步，点击【选择文件】，从电脑中选中文件（注意这篇文档里只放论文摘要部分），点击【打开】。
第三步，文件上传之后，看到翻译语种选择，设置为【简体中文】转换【英语】，点击右下角【立即翻译】。
第四步，等到翻译完成，屏幕上会跳出温馨提示，点击【查看文件】，就能找到保存在电脑上已经翻译成英文的论文摘要了。
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如：
Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text.
语音识别是将语音转换成文本的任务。
叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如：
This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures.
本文旨在分析时代对企业文化的影响，并对企业文化建设提出建议。
叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如：
Our text achieved the possibility above.
我们的文本实现了上述可能性。
摘要用英文表达为digest或是abstract，读音为[daɪˈdʒest,dɪˈdʒest]，[ˈæbstrækt]。
重点词汇解释：
1、digest
vt. 消化；吸收；融会贯通
vi. 消化
n. 文摘；摘要
双语例句：
He read rapidly but did not digest anything.
他读得很快，但什么也没领会到。
2、abstract
adj. 纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v. 摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
双语例句：
His abstracts are held in numerous collections.
他的抽象画被纳入到很多收藏中。
扩展资料：
abstract的用法：
abstract 的基本意思是抽象的，观念上的，理论的，可与个别情况相对，也可与具体经验相对。多指品质或特征，而不指物体或事实。有时意味着脱离现实，而且缺乏对实际事物的专门实用性，引申可作难懂的，过于深奥的意思。abstract用于艺术作品时可指抽象派的。
abstract作抽象的，抽象派的意思时不用于比较等级，作难懂的，过于深奥的意思时可用于比较等级。
abstract用作名词时其意思有以下几点：一是抽象概念；二是抽象派艺术作品，如抽象画，抽象雕塑，抽象设计等；三是文献等的摘要，概要，梗概，多指学术或法律方面比较艰深或复杂的文字摘要。
abstract常用于短语in the abstract中，意思是就一般而言，抽象地，在理论上，abstract前的定冠词the不可遗漏。
译文：abstract
英［＇æbstrækt］
释义：
adj.纯理论的；抽象的；抽象派的
n.摘要；抽象；抽象的概念；抽象派艺术作品
v.摘要；提取；抽象化；退出；转移；使心不在焉
［复数：abstracts；第三人称单数：abstracts；现在分词：abstracting；过去式：abstracted；过去分词：abstracted；比较级：more abstract；最高级：most abstract］
短语：
abstract algebra［数］抽象代数；近世代数；［数］抽象代数学；代数结构
扩展资料：
词语辨析：summary，abstract，digest，outline，resume
这些名词均含“摘要、概要、概括”之意。
1、summary普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
2、abstract指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
3、digest侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
4、outline指配以释议文字的提纲。
5、resume源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
Summary of the new wave of curriculum reform, under the impetus of high school mathematics teaching reform has achieved remarkable results. 但不可否认，现阶段我国绝大多数中学数学教师仍然采用传统的授受教学模式，绝大多数中学生也仍是采用被动接受、死记硬背为基本特点的数学学习方式。 Undeniably, the vast majority of middle school mathematics teachers at this stage still give and accept the traditional teaching model, most students are still passive acceptance, the basic characteristics of rote learning of mathematics. 合作学习作为一种新的教学理念，在数学教学中并未得到普遍的运用。 Cooperative learning as a new teaching philosophy, in mathematics teaching has not been widespread use.本文针对传统中学数学教学中存在的一些弊端，本着对合作学习要进行分组教学与实验的原则，在前人研究的基础上，以贵阳市第23中学初二（3）班为实验班，对城乡结合部这种类型与层次的中学数学教学合作学习的策略进行了初步研究和实践。 In this paper, the traditional middle school mathematics teaching in some of the disadvantages of cooperative learning in a group to carry out the principles of teaching and experiments, on the basis of previous research, 23 secondary schools in Guiyang City, the first two days (3) classes as the experimental class, This type of urban fringe and the level of secondary school mathematics teaching strategy of cooperative learning in a preliminary study and practice.本文在中外合作学习理论的指导下，从学生数学情感价值观、和学生的学业成绩以及学生的学习能力出发，找出合作学习与数学学科相结合的切入点，探讨了适合城乡结合部初级中学实际的合作学习模式。 Sino-foreign cooperative learning theory in this paper under the guidance of students in mathematics from the emotional values, and academic performance of students and the learning ability of students proceed to identify cooperative learning and the combination of mathematics starting point to explore the urban-rural junior middle schools for the actual cooperative learning mode.在充分了解城乡结合部初级中学学生特殊的地域环境和心理特征基础上，努力把合作学习的理论运用到数学教学的实际中，在实践中实现生生互动教学为主，形成了一套以小组为单位的合作学习方式，提高学生的合作意识和合作技能，达到新课程改革的知识与能力、促进学生全方面的发展。 A thorough understanding of urban-rural junior high school students to the special geographical environment and psychological characteristics, based on efforts to apply the theory of cooperative learning in mathematics teaching practice, to achieve in practice, teaching Interactions between the main group to form a set of units of cooperative learning, improve their sense of cooperation and collaboration skills, the new curriculum reform to achieve the knowledge and ability to promote the development of all aspects of the students. 论文还从数学合作学习中总结出城乡结合部初级中学数学教学多种合作学习方式和合作技巧、培养学生合作意识的和交际能力、提高学生学业成绩，培养学生自控能力和集体荣誉敢；以期通过贵阳市第23中学的实验成果，以点带面，使具有数学学科特色的合作学习能在城乡结合其它初级中学得以推广，让新课程的理念在教学中获得到实践。 Cooperative learning of mathematics paper also summarizes the urban fringe in the junior high school mathematics teaching a variety of cooperative learning and collaboration skills, to develop students awareness of cooperation and communication skills, improve their academic performance, students self-control and collective honor dare; to the adoption of 23 secondary schools in Guiyang experimental results point to an area that has the characteristics of cooperative learning in mathematics can be combined with other junior high school in urban and rural areas to promote the new curriculum ideas to get to practice in teaching.关键词：合作学习；中学数学教学；城乡结合部；实践与研究 Key words: cooperative learning; secondary mathematics teaching; the urban fringe; Practice & Research
AbstractIn the new wave of curriculum reform, under the impetus of high school mathematics teaching reform has achieved remarkable results. Undeniably, the vast majority of middle school mathematics teachers at this stage still give and accept the traditional teaching model, most students are still passive acceptance, the basic characteristics of rote learning of mathematics. Cooperative learning as a new teaching philosophy, in mathematics teaching has not been widespread this paper, the traditional middle school mathematics teaching in some of the disadvantages of cooperative learning in a group to carry out the principles of teaching and experiments, on the basis of previous research, 23 secondary schools in Guiyang two days (3) classes as the experimental class, This type of urban fringe and the level of secondary school mathematics teaching strategy of cooperative learning in a preliminary study and cooperative learning theory in this paper under the guidance of students in mathematics from the emotional values, and academic performance of students and the learning ability of students proceed to identify cooperative learning and the combination of mathematics starting point to explore the urban-rural junior middle schools for the actual cooperative learning thorough understanding of urban-rural junior high school students to the special geographical environment and psychological characteristics, based on efforts to apply the theory of cooperative learning in mathematics teaching practice, to achieve in practice, teaching Interactions between the main group to form a set of units of cooperative learning, improve their sense of cooperation and collaboration skills, the new curriculum reform to achieve the knowledge and ability to promote the development of all aspects of the students. Cooperative learning of mathematics paper also summarizes the urban fringe in the junior high school mathematics teaching a variety of cooperative learning and collaboration skills, to develop students awareness of cooperation and communication skills, improve their academic performance, students self-control and collective honor dare; to the adoption of 23 secondary schools in Guiyang experimental results point to an area that has the characteristics of cooperative learning in mathematics can be combined with other junior high school in urban and rural areas to promote the new curriculum ideas to get to practice in words: cooperative learning; secondary mathematics teaching; the urban fringe; Practice & Research
1、打开搜狗浏览器。点击‘工具’下的‘选项’，然后点击‘扩展管理’，打开页面后，点击‘获取更多扩展’。
2、打开后，输入‘日文翻译’，找到结果，点击第一个进行安装。3、安装完成。打开知网的日文文献。然后点击右上角的翻译扩展，弹出窗口后选择‘翻译当前页面’。
4、点击后新打开一个页面，稍等一会就会得到翻译结果了。这样就把整个页面的日文都翻译成中文了。中国知网由清华大学、清华同方发起，始建于1999年6月的网站。知网是国家知识基础设施的概念，由世界银行于1998年提出。CNKI工程是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目。
首先学好英文，再用知网翻译助手翻译那些专业词汇，那么翻译英文全文就不成问题了。
论文翻译软件：
1、CNKI翻译助手
CNKI翻译助手是“中国知网”开发的大型在线辅助翻译系统，词汇、句子均可进行翻译检索。系统对翻译请求中的每个词给出准确翻译和解释，同时给出大量与翻译请求在结构上相似、内容上相关的例句。120余万常用词汇、专业词汇、词条以及1000余万例句，形成海量中英在线词典和双语平行语料库。内容涵盖自然、社会科学的各个领域。
2、Google语言工具
Google语言工具界面更友好。不仅支持中文与英文互译，也可以直接与英、法、德、等大语种或捷克、朝鲜语等小语种进行语无伦次的互译。可自动检测语言。在进行翻译时可选择·检测语言·的选项，Google会自动猜测语言的种类，省却很多麻烦。总得来说google的翻译功能很强大。
3、生物医药大词典
生物医药大词典，提供生物医药领域专业人员的写作、阅读和翻译的方便，最终实现自我编辑，自我完善的公共词典。用户可以进行简体中文，英文，繁体中文，缩略语任意组合模糊查询。目前收录的词汇超过120万条，并正在不段增加中。
4、微软WindowsLive在线翻译
这是软件专门用于提供翻译服务的网站，微软的翻译还是相当准确的，每次最多翻译500字，同时也提供网站全站翻译，支持多种语言。
5、金山爱词霸
最老牌的在线词典。词汇主要是从金山词霸整理而来，解释权威准确；用户也可以添加爱心词典，这部分词汇的准确性无法保证。常用词汇提供了真人发音和相关词汇释意。
Looking at theeconomy