发布时间：
A类、B类，一级、二级这些都是每个省或者说是一些单位根据自身情况把核心期刊打乱了重新排列的。这个要看具体的规定。不一定核心期刊就一定在A类期刊里，也不一定普通期刊就不在A类期刊里。要具体看目录。
其作用在于对文章按其内容进行归类、以便于文献的统计、期刊评价、确定文献的检索范围 ，提高检索结果的适用性等。
具体如下：
A、理论与应用研究学术论文(包括综述报告)
B、实用性技术成果报告(科技)、理论学习与社会实践总结(社科)·
C、业务指导与技术管理性文章(包括领导讲话、特约评论等)
D、一般动态性信息(通讯、报道、会议活动、专访等)
E、文件、资料(包括历史资料、统计资料、机构、人物、书刊、知识介绍等)
说明：
1、不属于上述各类的文章以及文摘、零讯、补白、广告、启事等不加文献标志码。
2、中文文章的文献标志码以 "文献标志码："或"[文献标志码]"作为标志，如：文献标志码：A
3、英文文章的文献标志码以"Document code:"作为标志。
规范对各类文章格式的要求有所不同。A类文章要求有中英文题名、工作单位、摘要、关键词，还要有汉语拼音的作者姓名；B类和C类文章要求有中文题名及作者姓名。
A类文献是期刊质量的一个标志。医学期刊中论著是期刊的核心部分，学术价值较高，一般都被定为A类文献；综述性文章一般篇幅较长，以汇集文献资料为主，或着重评述，具有权威性，对学科的进一步发展有引导作用定为A类。
论著摘要、病例报告、经验交流等类文章，文章标志码的统一存在一定困难，有的定为B，有的定为其它，须根据文章的具体情况分别对待。述评、专题讨论等一般标志定为C；简短的病历报告、短篇报道一般定为D。
问题：
文献标志码一般不需要作者标注，而是由期刊专职人员根据文章内容划分的。因医学期刊有时很难绝对区分各类文献的差异，所以不同时期期刊同样文章格式的标志码有所不同，这与编辑人员对上述规范的理解程度不同有一定的关系。
同一种期刊同类文章的标志码也有不同，这与文章的篇幅及论述的详尽程度有关。如同一期的《临床内科杂志》中，病例报告有的标志为B，有的标志为D。总之，文献标志码还存在一定的问题，还有待进一步的规范和统一。
以上内容参考百度百科--文献标志码
可以在中国知网，维普，龙源期刊网和万方期刊网上现在，应该是A类和B类期刊吧，这些期刊A,B是单位自己分的，网上都可以找到
核心期刊是属于A类。其他的无论是省级还是国家级，都属于B类。《求医问药》目前是属于B类国家级期刊，全文收录中国知网、万方、中国期刊网、维普等权威期刊网
期刊；情报性期刊；检索性期刊。
论文发表的类别有，A类二级：CSSCI期刊。Nature，但很多都不好用了，又称期刊。A2级，国家级，统计源期刊，据学术堂了解。
按等级划分：A级学术期刊，代表该领域的较高水平，医学类学术期刊有：中华医学杂志，现在网上有很多所谓的编辑部邮箱，期刊主要反映中国医学最新的编辑科研成果，Nature子刊名。
社会科学期刊，Immunology27点586，SCIEN和，用途分：学术性期刊，一类期刊是类型国家级的核心期刊，稿件的登记与传递。几大索引的缩写.ISI。
中华医学会主办。可以分为省级、SSA&HCI是衡量科研水平的重要标志，郑州航空工业管理学院学报有，还是按等级分类，杂志的形成来源于罢工、要最新的.
院校很多，原发布者：guodongzhizi期刊的分类以及，从内容上划分：哲学。
按行业分类的话有：第一编哲学、法学，此种管理是为了防止稿件的丢失。凭借充分的论据，二级的，按照不同的学术期刊分类标准，的一种论文。1961年创办出版的引文数据库。杂志属于期刊。
根据期刊权威度分为六大类：T类：T类特种刊物论文 Genetics26点494，普通期刊又分：省级杂志 Biology19点122，css，Medicine30点550，国家科委在商定的数额内审批，重要的会议、电子型、S SS CSSCI这是关于学术期刊的。
科技核心，卫生第六编农业科学第七编工业技术按，论文放在最前边。文学，历史第四编自然科学第五编医药、法律第二编经济第三编文化。
A类、B类期刊等的划分是各单位根据相关政策文件，结合自身研究特点，从国内外核心期刊数据库进行筛选，把和本单位研究方向结合相近的、办刊质量好的刊物，划归为A类期刊，其次为B类期刊，再次为C类期刊，以此类推。
由此可见，这类刊物是各个单位根据自己的科研考核标准制定的，不同单位制定标准也是不一样的。A类期刊也并不一定是核心期刊，在有些单位，没有被任何核心数据库收录的报刊也会被划为本单位的A类期刊，比如人民日报、光明日报、经济日报等。
获取刊物级别很简单，一般权威数据库中，以及期刊的官网中，对刊物的级别都有所体现，一般知网、新闻出版总署网站、万方等平台都是非常权威的数据库，通过这些平台都是可以检索到期刊的详细信息的，期刊的官网需要作者稍加辨别，期刊真正的官网信息才可信，需要特别警惕仿制的假官网。
常见的国内刊物级别
有部级、省级、国家级、核心级几类。发表难度是逐渐上升的，选择刊物不必刻意追求高级别，高级别刊物固然比低级别刊物要好，但并不是适合所有人，也不是谁都可以轻易发表的，比如核心期刊，对作者的要求是非常高的，普通作者没有足够的积累是很难发表的。
刊物级别的选择首先要参考具体文件，职称文件或者学校的具体要求以及其他方面的文件，了解清楚自己需要发表什么级别的期刊，再去做选择，能实现自己的目标即可。
中文学术期刊等级分类目录（试行）一、A级学术期刊A1级：（3）《经济研究》、《中国社会科学》、《中国科学》A2级：（11）《法学研究》、《管理世界》、《社会学研究》、《现代外语》、《数学学报》、《计算机学报》、《哲学研究》、《历史研究》、《经济学动态》、《当代世界与社会主义》、《求是》二、B级学术期刊B1级：（43）《经济社会体制比较》、《改革》、《经济学家》、《中国工业经济》、《中国农村经济》、《财贸经济》、《宏观经济研究》、《生态经济》、《消费经济》、《世界经济》、《财政研究》、《会计研究》、《金融研究》、《管理科学学报》、《中国管理科学》、《统计研究》、《税务研究》、《投资研究》、《审计研究》、《保险研究》ⅰ度丝谘芯俊贰ⅰ吨泄驳呈费芯俊贰ⅰ墩治学研究》、《马克思主义与现实》、《高校理论战线》、《高等教育研究》、《文学评论》、《科研管\\理》、《应用数学学报》、《数量经济技术经济研究》、《中国法学》、《中国体育科技》、《中国图书馆学报》、《学术月刊》、《系统工程理论方法与应用》、《中国语文》、《外语教学与研究》、《电子学报》、《计算机科学》、《中国软科学》、《人民日报》理论版、《光明日报》(理论版)、《经济日报》(理论版)B2级：经济学：（10） 《财经科学》、《经济科学》、《经济评论》、《经济理论与经济管理》、《南开经济研究》、《中国经济问题》、《中国经济史研究》、《经济地理》、《当代经济科学》、《当代经济研究》管理学：（10） 《南开管理评论》、《管理工程学报》、《战略与管理》、《中国行政管理》、《经济管理》、《管理现代化》、《宏观经济管理》、《外国经济与管理》、《管理科学》、《市场营销导刊》金融学：（8）《国际金融研究》、《金融理论与实践》、《中国金融》、《银行与企业》、《农村金融研究》、《金融论坛》、《国际金融》、《金融与经济》保险学：（6）《中国保险》、《保险理论与实践》、《保险职业学院学报》、《社会保障研究》、《上海保险》、《中国社会保障》世界经济学与贸易经济学：（8） 《世界经济与政治》、《国际经济评论》、《世界经济文汇》、《国际经贸探索》、《国际贸易问题》、《中国流通经济》、《国际贸易》、《商业时代》（理论版）农业经济学：（7）《农业经济问题》、《中国农村观察》、《乡镇企业研究》、《农村经营管理》、《农村经济》、《农业技术经济》、《农业现代化研究》财政税收学与投资学：（6）《国有资产管理》、《中国资产评估》、《中国财政》、《中国税务》、《涉外税务》、《税务与经济》会计学：（8）《财务与会计》、《中国注册会计师》、《中国审计》、《财会月刊》、《财会通讯》、《会计之友》、《中国会计评论》、《中国会计与财务研究》统计学：（6）《数理统计与管理》、《中国统计》、《预测》、《统计与决策》、《统计与预测》、《统计与信息论坛》法学与人口学：（8）《中外法学》、《现代法学》、《法学评论》、《比较法研究》、《法学家》、《中国人口科学》、《人口与经济》、《人口学刊》政治学：（8）《科学社会主义》、《毛泽东邓小平理论研究》、《马克思主义研究》、《思想政治教育导刊》、《现代国际关系研究》、《国际问题研究》、《教学与研究》、《党建研究》哲学：（7）《哲学动态》、《中国哲学史》、《现代哲学》、《道德与文明》、《自然辩证法研究》、《科学技术与辩证法》、《自然辩证法通讯》语言学：（8）《当代语言学》、《中国翻译》、《中国比较文学》、《外国语》、《语言研究》、《外语界》、《新闻与传播研究》、《新闻大学》经济信息与系统工程：（7）《经济与信息》、《管理信息系统》、《中文信息学报》、《系统工程理论与实践》、《系统工程》、《系统工程学报》、《控制与决策》计算机科学：（5）《软件学报》、《计算机应用》、《中国图像图形学报》、《模式识别与人工智能》、《计算机研究与发展》电子商务与电子技术：（8）《电子商务》、《中国金融电脑》、《网络安全技术与应用》、《信息安全与通信保密》、《通信学报》、《电子技术应用》、《光电工程》、《计算机测量与控制》数学：（12）《系统科学与数学》、《运筹学学报》、《应用数学》、《数理统计与应用概率》、《高校应用数学学报》、《计算数学》、《数学进展》、《应用概率统计》、《数学年刊·A辑》、《高等学校计算数学学报》、《数学研究与评论》、《数学的实践与认识》教育学：（8） 《教育研究》、《课程·教材·教法》、《中国教学学刊》、《心理科学》、《心理发展与教育》、《中国高等教育》、《中国大学教学》、《学位与研究生教育》体育学：（4）《北京体育大学学报》、《上海体育学院学报》、《体育科学》、《体育与科学》图书、情报与档案学：（3）《大学图书馆学报》、《档案学研究》、《情报学报》历史学：（3）《中国史研究》、《近代史研究》、《世界历史》综合性社科：（12）《文史哲》、《民族研究》、《旅游学刊》、《城市发展研究》、《自然资源学报》、《资源科学》、《学术研究》、《中国科学研究》、《江海学刊》、《江汉论坛》、《国外社会科学》、《中国劳动科学》高校学报：（13）北京大学学报、武汉大学学报、吉林大学学报、中国人民大学学报、南京大学学报、复旦学报、厦门大学学报、浙江大学学报、南开学报、四川大学学报、清华大学学报、中山大学学报、山东大学学报中央各部委主办学术期刊（须入选CSSCI）三、C级学术期刊除以上A、B两类所列期刊之外，凡进入南京大学CSSCI来源期刊目录或北京大学中文核心期刊目录的期刊，均认定为C级学术期刊。
当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes：提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk：承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation：《循环》杂志
With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health：明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint： 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses：死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of：更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food：西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active：体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum：中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol：身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for：对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health：约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit：追求利润最大化
emerging economies：新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究，相比瘦子，胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明，那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子，比起瘦子来说，他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重，做了测量，记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量，同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外，研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验，这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中，9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象，这也意味着他们将面临双重危险，高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力，而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子，后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说，他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说：“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加，进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱，但先前的研究表明在中年时期，健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
人食五谷杂粮，总会有生病的时候，这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读! Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black edy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel. Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage. Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels. Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take. In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of bat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out. One more bit of rmation about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22. Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning. The most mon kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A or classic hemophilia and hemophilia B or Christmas hemophilia, which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B. Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease. Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes. However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
普刊、A刊、B刊、C刊，是按照不同标准而划分的期刊种类，其中普刊是普通期刊的统称（即各机构规定的特殊期刊之外的期刊），而A刊、B刊、C刊通常是不同单位根据期刊所代表学术水平而进行的一个分类，不同机构划分标准也不同。详细区别如下：
一、区别一：有没有被认定。
各单位根据各自行业研究特点，会对期刊进行筛查，确定其中一部分期刊为核心期刊或专业期刊，那么没有被认定的那部分期刊，就被统称为普刊。
而A刊、B刊、C刊属于已被单位认定的期刊。A刊、B刊、C刊再根据各单位不同划分标准进行细分。
二、区别二：学术水平高低。
普刊属于行业认定的期刊之外的期刊，通常在这一行业内所代表学术水平会低于被认定期刊，而行业认定期刊根据不同划分标准会分为A刊、B刊、C刊，根据划分标准不一样，所代表学术水平高低会有所区别。
1、A类、B类、C类划分。
各单位根据各自依托的文件，结合自己单位的研究特点，将刊物划归为A类，其次为B类，再次为C类（有些单位成为一、二、三类），其中C类刊物有时他们会给称作C刊。
A类、B类、C类是一些单位对学术期刊的水平的简单认定，各单位不一定，标准也不一致。
这种划分方式按期刊代表学术水平通常A类＞B类＞C类。
由于具体划分标准各行业各机构千差万别，这里不再叙述，如有需要，可向所在学校或企业咨询具体分类。
2、C刊特指CSSCI核心期刊，即南大核心，各单位再根据各自标准划定A、B两类期刊。
C刊在学术界有一个常用概念，即人文社科期刊中的CSSCI期刊。这是南京大学中国社会科学研究评价中心组织评定的，两年一评。CSSCI即南大核心的缩写。
CSSCI里顶级的期刊，有的单位（主要指学校）认定为A，那就是中文期刊里最高级的了。而B刊是各学校以自己的标准自己规定的。
综述而言，这种分类下，就所代表的学术水平来说 ，A优于C优于B。
如果要发表论文，选择期刊前，还是要到所在单位相关部门问清单位的期刊分类目录，才好决定投稿对象。另外，发表论文的难易程度跟期刊代表的学术水平是正相关的，学术水平越高的期刊，发表论文难度越高，审核时间也会越长。
扩展资料
期刊分级方法
截至2008年10月，我国共有期刊9800余种，这众多的期刊在学科、主办单位、主管部门、质量、服务等方面千差万别，尽管国家行政管理部门声明从未从行政角度对现行期刊进行过级别划分，但期刊之有级别的观念早已深入人心。
而且8000余种期刊没有级别上的区别是不可能的，不现实的。实际上期刊从来就有级别，这几乎是政府有关机构、期刊主办机构和作者的共识，只不过期刊级别的认定比较复杂，至今尚无全国统一的标准和共同的分级目录。
最传统的是按期刊的主管部门分级，1991年国家科委和新闻出版署联合颁发的《科学技术期刊管理办法》就据此将期刊分为全国性和地方性期刊。
70年代，核心期刊理论开始传入我国，到九十年代，核心期刊已为学界所广为熟知。
与此同时，各种与期刊评价有关的大型数据库开始建立，由此得出多种期刊排行榜，很多高校科研机构也研究制定为已所用的核心期刊（或称重点期刊等），政府有关职能部门组织了各种期刊等级评比。上述各种对期刊的分级评价，得出的排行榜和各种期刊表或奖励实质上也是给期刊分级。
由此可见，期刊分级的观念早已深入人心（如英国的《自然》和美国的《科学》就是全世界公认的一流水准的学术期刊，浙江大学医学院的科研奖励中规定，在《科学》和《自然》杂志上发表学术论文，每篇奖励10万元），而期刊分级的研究与实践更是越来越丰富，越来越多样化。
学术期刊按主管单位的不同，可以分为省级、国家级、科技核心期刊（统计源期刊）、中文核心期刊（北大中文核心）、CSSCI、CSCD、双核心期刊等。
参考资料：百度百科-期刊
核心期刊是某学科的主要期刊。一般是指所含专业情报信息量大质量高能够代表专业学科发展水平并受到本学科读者重视的专业期刊。核心期刊评选的单位不同称呼也不同，但是总体来说，核心期刊刊发文章质量高，被引用多，因此对遴选刊发的论文要求很高很严格。
核心期刊特点
核心期刊是我国国内对一些学术水平比较高的期刊的等级评价，通常被国内核心期刊遴选机构收录的期间都叫做核心期刊。比如北大核心期刊，南大核心期刊，CSCD核心期刊等。它一定程度上代表了我国国内专家学者的学术水平。
是高级职称评审，博士研究生毕业，保研留学科研机构高等学校评先进评奖金的衡量条件，虽然国家没有明确对期刊进行分级，但大多单位高级职称评审都会要求发表一两篇核心期刊论文。核心期刊也是有分级的，通常会分为A类，B类，C类。
A刊、B刊、C刊和普刊的区分有不同标准，一般以水术水平来区分。C刊即是指CSSCI（中文社会科学引文索引，英文全称为“Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index”，缩写为CSSCI）。用来检索中文社会科学领域的论文收录和文献被引用情况。A类、B类、C类是一些单位对期刊的水平的简单认定，各单位不一定，也不一致。人文社科的期刊，CSSCI是南京大学的检索的，水平要高于北大的核心，因为北大核心的杂志数量更多。具体而言：C刊=CSSCI=南大核心期刊，北大核心期刊一般简称核心。南大核心的范围要比北大核心要小，所以C价值更高。CSSCI里顶级的期刊，有的学校认定为A，那就是中文期刊里最高级的了。而B刊是各学校以自己的标准自己规定的。所以如果要发表论文，选择期刊前，还是要到本校相关部门问清本校的期刊分类目录，才好决定投稿对象。综述而言，就所代表的学术水平来说 ，A优于C优于B。
什么是期刊？期刊，是由依法设立的期刊出版单位出版图书。期刊出版单位出版期刊，必须经新闻出版总署批准，持有国内统一连续出版物号，领取《期刊出版许可证》。二期刊有哪些分类？从广义上来讲，期刊的分类，可以分为非正式期刊和正式期刊两种。非正式期刊是指通过行政部门审核领取“内部报刊准印证”作为行业内部交流的期刊(一般只限行业内交流不公开发行)，但也是合法期刊的一种，一般正式期刊都经历过非正式期刊过程。正式期刊是由国家新闻出版署与国家科委在商定的数额内审批，并编入“国内统一刊号”，办刊申请比较严格，要有一定的办刊实力，正式期刊有独立的办刊方针。“国内统一刊号”是“国内统一连续出版物号”的简称，即“CN号”，它是新闻出版行政部门分配给连续出版物的代号。“国际刊号”是“国际标准连续出版物号”的简称，即“ISSN号”，我国大部分期刊都配有“ISSN号”。此外，正像报纸一样，期刊也可以不同的角度分类。有多少个角度就有多少种分类的结果，角度太多则流于繁琐。一般从以下三个角度进行分类：按学科分类：以《中国图书馆图书分类法.期刊分类表》为代表，将期刊分为五个基本部类：(1)马列主义、毛泽东思想(2)哲学(3)社会科学(4)自然科学(5)综合性刊物。在基本部类中，又分为若干大类，如社会科学分为社会科学总论、政治、军事、经济、文化、科学、教育、体育、语言、文字、文学、艺术、历史、地理。按内容分类：以《中国大百科全书》新闻出版卷为代表，将期刊分为四大类：(1)一般期刊，强调知识性与趣味性，读者面广，如我国的《大众电影》，美国的《时代》等；(2)学术期刊，主要刊载学术论文、研究报告、评论等文章，以专业工作者为主要对象；(3)行业期刊，主要报道各行各业的产品、市场行情、经营管理进展与动态，如中国的《摩托车信息》，日本的《办公室设备与产品》等；(4)检索期刊，如我国的《全国报刊索引》、《全国新书目》，美国的《化学文摘》等。按学术地位分类：可分为核心期刊和非核心期刊两大类。三什么样的期刊是核心期刊？所谓核心期刊其实就是由一定的遴选体系筛选而产生的期刊，目前，在国内一共有7大核心期刊遴选体系：1.北京大学图书馆“中文核心期刊”；2.南京大学“中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）来源期刊”；3.中国科学技术信息研究所“中国科技论文统计源期刊”（又称“中国科技核心期刊”）；4.中国社会科学院文献信息中心“中国人文社会科学核心期刊”；5.中国科学院文献情报中心“中国科学引文数据库（CSCD）来源期刊”；6.中国人文社会科学学报学会“中国人文社科学报核心期刊”；7.万方数据股份有限公司的“中国核心期刊遴选数据库”。如果期刊被同时被两种核心期刊遴选体系认定为核心，那么该期刊就是双核心期刊，入选北大中文核心期刊和南大CSSCI核心期刊为通常意义的双核心期刊。四国家级、省级期刊有什么区别？经常有人对这两个概念有疑惑，甚至有人以为国家级期刊就是核心期刊，那么核心期刊与国家级期刊、省级期刊到底有什么样的区别呢？要想了解他们之间的区别，首先必须了解什么是国家级期刊，以及什么样的期刊是省级期刊。其实，从严格意义上说，期刊杂志并无国家级、省级的区分标准。因为，根据原国家新闻出版总署的声明：中国的出版物，只有正式和非正式之分，没有所谓国家级、省级等的等级。但在日常用语中，“国家级”期刊、“省级”期刊经常会出现，这种划分的标准，大致是：“国家级”期刊：一般说来，“国家级”期刊，即由党中央、国务院及所属各部门，或中国科学院、中国社会科学院、各民主党派和全国性人民团体主办的期刊及国家一级专业学会主办的会刊。另外，刊物上明确标有“全国性期刊”，“核心期刊”字样的刊物也可视为国家级刊物。“省级”期刊：“省级”期刊，即是由各省、自治区、直辖市的各部门、委办、厅、局、所，省级社会团体和机构以及各高等院校主办，在新闻出版部门有登记备案，国内外公开发行的学术期刊。从以上介绍可知，国家级期刊与省级期刊并无明文规定，但是经常被一些代理中介拿来忽悠投稿者，我们会误以为省级期刊没有国家级期刊好，但实际上来说，无论省级期刊，还是国家级期刊，都有进入核心期刊遴选的可能。五A类、B类、C类期刊又是怎么回事？“A类期刊”、“B类期刊”、“C类期刊”等是在高校或其他研究机构论文答辩、科研项目申报、学术水平评估等场合经常出现的提法，容易与核心期刊相混淆。从国家层面，并没有对期刊的此类划分。A类、B类期刊等的划分是各单位根据相关政策文件，结合自身研究优势，从国内外核心期刊数据库进行筛选，把和本单位研究方向结合最近的、办刊质量好的刊物，划归为A类期刊，其次为B类期刊，再次为C类期刊，以此类推。有些单位也有D类期刊，还有些单位则划分为一、二、三类期刊。因此，A、B、C类期刊等级的划分，是由各个单位根据自己的科研考核标准制定的，不同单位标准也不同。A类期刊等并不一定是核心期刊，在有些单位，没有被任何核心数据库收录的报刊也会被划为本单位的A类期刊，比如人民日报、光明日报、经济日报等。六一级期刊与二级期刊有何来历？所谓一级（权威）期刊，又称为一权，一般是指被业内专家认可、具有较大影响的期刊，一级期刊大多由国家有关部委或国家一级学会(协会)主办，一级期刊的外文版可视为一级期刊。由于国家对哪些期刊属于一级期刊没有明确的规定，也没有相应的评价机制，因而很多单位在一级期刊的取舍标准上存在分歧。如果从国家相关文件中寻找一级期刊的痕迹的话，由原国家科学技术委员会、新闻出版总署联合发布《科学技术期刊管理办法》中规定，“科学技术期刊，按其主管部门分为全国性期刊和地方性期刊。全国性期刊是指国务院所属各部门、中国科学院、各民主党派和全国性人民团体主管的期刊；地方性期刊是指省、自治区、直辖市各委、厅、局主管的期刊。”按照上面的解释，全国性期刊可以理解为一级期刊，地方性期刊理所当然会被认为二级期刊。但是，《科学技术期刊管理办法》只给科学期刊划分“全国性” 和“地方性”二级，不再使用“一级期刊”或“二级期刊”的概念。也就是说，不管是科技期刊还是社科期刊，国家已不再作“一级”或“二级”的划分。
A类期刊目录包括SSCI收录论文、A&HVI收录论文、经济研究、法学研究等。 扩展资料 A类期刊目录包括SSCI收录论文、A&HVI收录论文、经济研究、法学研究、教育研究、管理世界、文学评论、哲学研究、历史研究、中国社会科学、中国心理卫生、中国医学影像学等。
杂志属于A类还是B类，一般在它的封面或封底有标注。没有标注的，一般是不入类的。A类期刊分为一、二、三级，凡被SSCI、A&HCI收录及中国社会科学期刊，学校一般会认定为A类一级；按CSSCI的学科分类（以国标分类为基础）即：管理学、马克思主义、哲学、宗教学、语言学、 HYPERLINK "" \l "name5" 中国文学、外国文学、艺术学、历史学、考古学、经济学、政治学（含国际问题、台港澳问题）、法学、社会学、民族学、新闻与传播学、图书、情报与档案学、教育学、体育学、统计学、心理学、综合性社科、高校综合性社科学报、人文、经济地理、环境科学、港台澳地区及海外等26个文科学科，并根据学校现有学科设置，拟选定所属一级学科的全国性、权威性综合性期刊23种，认定为A类二级；例如：经济研究、管理世界、文学评论、中国语文、法学研究等等。属二级学科的全国权威性专业期刊31种刊物，认定为A类三级。B类期刊，未被CSSCI收录的期刊，不列入“B类重要期刊”。ISSHP收录的论文（全文），《新华文摘》、《中国社会科学文摘》收录的论文（3000字以上），“光明日报”（理论版）、“人民日报”（理论版）发表的论文（3000字以上），等同为在“B类重要期刊”上发表的论文。
A类还是B类，都是各个单位自己规定的，并不知全国或哪个地区统一的，所以要了解具体的情况，就要到你们单位的人事处，找他们要一份资料，上面都写的很清楚，A类刊物、B类刊物的名字，都在上面。
A类、B类期刊等的划分是各单位根据相关政策文件，结合自身研究特点，从国内外核心期刊数据库进行筛选，把和本单位研究方向结合相近的、办刊质量好的刊物，划归为A类期刊，其次为B类期刊，再次为C类期刊，以此类推。
由此可见，这类刊物是各个单位根据自己的科研考核标准制定的，不同单位制定标准也是不一样的。A类期刊也并不一定是核心期刊，在有些单位，没有被任何核心数据库收录的报刊也会被划为本单位的A类期刊，比如人民日报、光明日报、经济日报等。
获取刊物级别很简单，一般权威数据库中，以及期刊的官网中，对刊物的级别都有所体现，一般知网、新闻出版总署网站、万方等平台都是非常权威的数据库，通过这些平台都是可以检索到期刊的详细信息的，期刊的官网需要作者稍加辨别，期刊真正的官网信息才可信，需要特别警惕仿制的假官网。
常见的国内刊物级别
有部级、省级、国家级、核心级几类。发表难度是逐渐上升的，选择刊物不必刻意追求高级别，高级别刊物固然比低级别刊物要好，但并不是适合所有人，也不是谁都可以轻易发表的，比如核心期刊，对作者的要求是非常高的，普通作者没有足够的积累是很难发表的。
刊物级别的选择首先要参考具体文件，职称文件或者学校的具体要求以及其他方面的文件，了解清楚自己需要发表什么级别的期刊，再去做选择，能实现自己的目标即可。