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Individual greed and selfishness Individual greed and selfishness has been the basis of the modern society. Someone think that we must return to the olds， more traditional values of respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better world to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree？ We are in a selfish world today. We are so busy looking out for number one， so saturated by our own problems， our own issues and our own little and often petty concerns that we failed to see how all could grow and being benefited by working together as a team. As far as I am concerned， the reason of the individual greed and selfishness were actually caused by the faster and faster development and more and more competition of the society. Some people yearn to return to the old and traditional values of respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better world to live in. According to them ， people were more honest and warm-hearted and the manner of traditional treating each other was simple and selfless in the past. Personally， I do not support this view . Even in the past， greed and selfishness existed in our society. These two factors never disappeared since human have instinctive material needs， individual wants and desires would swell surely with the advances of life and society. Moreover， old tradition has its own limit and could only adapt for a certain period. I believe that the key point here is to create a better world is the way of formulating moral criteria and improving the spiritual education. For example， religions play a significant role in respect for the family and the community. To sum up， selfishness and greed cannot be avoided and eliminated， because they exist， more or less， in everyone's heart， even sometimes they contribute to the prosperity. To control them depends on the well basic education from every part of our society， such as family， communities， academic institutions， etc.可以吗
In current society, people have known the importance of keeping healthy and good life habit. In the past, people ate three meals at home, and they ate more vegetables and less meat and fish. They were very strong and seldom went to see doctors. Now life is better, people eat more meat, fish, eggs and other food with more fat. They often go out for good meals with their families and friends. But they get easy to be ill, Why? I think more meat and fish, less exercise are bad for health. Good rest, less meat and fish, more vegetables and enough exercise are good for health. So I exercise every day. My eating habits are pretty good. I eat a lot of vegetables. I eat fruit and drink milk every day. I drink a cup of water 15 minutes before each meal and eat much vegetables and fruit. Of course, I love junk food, too, and I eat it once a week. And I sleep nine hours every day. The better we get into good eating habits, the happier our life becomes.
先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的毕业论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。学校规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。
在学习、工作乃至生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，作文可分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文（论文）。怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我精心整理的饮食英语作文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
The whole meal will be more enjoyable if you knows a little of the ancient traditions and beliefs that place the meal in a 5,000-year-old culinary heritage.
As a visitor or guest in either a Chinese home or restaurant you will find that table manners are essential and the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of your meals and keep you in high spirits!
customs and the kinds of food eaten vary according to region,it is most common for Chinese families to gather for three meals a day.
individual place setting for an everyday meal includes a bowl of Fan (rice),a pair of chopsticks,a flat-bottomed soup-spoon,and a of a napkin,a hot towel is often provided at the start as well as the end of the meal for the diner to wipe his hands and mouth.
real difference is that in the West,you have your own plate of food,while in China all the dishes will put on the table for everyone’s meat and vegetable dishes are laid out all at once in the center of the table,and the diners eat directly from the communal plates using their is also eaten from the common than for serving oneself a separate portion,the saucer is used for bones and shells or as a place to rest a bite taken from a communal plate when it is too large to eat all at once.
is perfectly acceptable to reach across the table to take a morsel from a far-away facilitate access to all the dishes,Chinese dining tables are more likely to be square or round,rather than elongated like their western counterparts.
one of the things that will surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts would like to put food into the plates of their in formal dinners,there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose,but some hosts may still use their own is a token of genuine friendship and is polite to eat the you don’t like to eat it,please just leave the food in the plate.
usually begins in order of seniority,with each diner taking the cue to start from his or her immediate superior.
order to cool the soup a bit and to better diffuse the flavor in the mouth,soup is eaten by sipping from the spoon while breathing method,of course,produces the slurping noise that is taboo in the West.
Fan in Chinese,is the staple eat Fan,a diner raises the bowl to her lips and pushes the grains into her mouth with is the easiest way to eat it and shows proper diner must finish the entire bowl of rice,otherwise it is considered bad manners a lack of respect for the labor required to produce it.
in China tend to over-order food,especially at banquets or get-togethers,for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed or not enough.
In England,everybody knows Jamie has his own TV these programs,he tells how to cook healthy likes Jamie’s programs because his food is easy to make.
Jamie wants people to eat some schools in England,the food at lunch time wasn’t day,Jamie went to a school to make a TV program about healthy cooked the food with lots of fruit and first the children didn’t want to eat because they didn’t like fruit or after they tasted the food ,they started to enjoy it.
Now the food for children in schools has become much healthier.
I live in favouriate thing is to taste all kinds of delicious food every day.
One of them is called Ya Xue Feng food is good not only in smell but also in colour,but the method of cooking it is very starting the fire,you should make preparations for it.
First,you clean some vegetables and the blood of duck and put them in bowls for some proper water in the the water is hot,put the blood in the hot five minutes,put the vegetables into the water.
Finally,put the food into the bowl,and put some special star will enjoy it with the whole soul and heart.
In the past five years there have been many changes in people’s the table listed above,we can find that people consume more milk and meat than they used the other hand,they eat less grain,fruit and vegetables today than in the past.
What has caused these changes? There are mainly two the first place,with the development of economy people have more price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain;therefore,in the old days people couldn’t afford now they have enough money to buy both meat and the second place,more and more people think that diet is very important to their a result,they change their eating habits eating more nutritious food such as milk and meat.
I think that milk and meat are important to one’s if people eat too much rich food,some problems will be conclusion,people should keep a balance in their only should they consume a lot of meat and milk but they should also eat enough grain,fruit and vegetables for the sake of their health.
Healthy eating habits are very important for our should build healthy eating should eat fresh vegetables and fruits supply rich and the necessary vitamins for also should eat less meat everday.
And we had better drink a glass of milk in the morning or at should focus on abalanced diet,which assures us the necessary food is a fatal killer for our health so that we should stay far from is said that most of students do not eat anything at all in the is very bad for our is the most important meal for people.
We must eat healthy food because it can bring us happiness but there are many kinds of food so we must know about healthy food now let me tell you.
The vegetables are good for your health why is it? To answer the question there are many nutrients in vitamins are good for your eyes skin and hair they are in vegetables and fiber are good too minerals can make your bones and teeth strong and fiber cleans the inside of your as carrots cucumbers onions and spinaches.
There are healthy foods I think you know what are healthy food so let’s choose and eat healthy.
I often used to eat a lot of fast and Mcdonald‘s are my favorite I eat so much junk food， I become children sometimes will play jokes on me and I realize the problem， so I decide to lose mother cook the healthy food for three months， I lose my weight and look like other am so happy and decide to keep the healthy diet.
我经常吃很多的快餐。我最喜欢的地方是肯德基和麦当劳。由于我吃了太多的垃圾食品，我变胖了。其他的孩子有时会戏弄我。我因此意识到了这个问题，所以我决定减肥。我妈妈给我做了健康的食物，三个月后，我成功减肥了，变得跟其他人一样了。我很高兴，决定保持健康的饮食。
We know that some of our students do not like eating lunch at school because the food isn’t they often go out of school to buy something which they like to I’m afraid that it’s bad for their health to eat lunch outside the school,because some of the food they buy isn’t healthy my opinion,if our schools want more students to be back and enjoy lunch inside,they should make the food more delicious,and also they should offer our students a larger choice of food as well.
I’m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you’d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don’t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and you need enough sleep or yourself people often say smiling makes you mustn’t drink wine or are bad for your is my hope you are healthy and enjoy your youbye!
Today,I received the readers was shocked at speaking,I think we should pay more attention to the food safety.
The government must make some necessary more,some businessmen shouldnt be only interested in making must care about peoples better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious,because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health.
Finally,I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
Hello name is I want to tell you something about my eating have some good eating habits.
I like salad 's delicious and healthy,but I don't like hamburgers because it can make me fat.
For breakfast,I usually have an egg and a cup of I have a piece of bread have rice and fish for are good for my about dinner? I often have some vegetables and dumplings.
What about you? What's your eating habit?
My eating habbits
I'm a middle school have good eating often drink a cup of milk and eat an egg for breakfast at don't like milk,but my mom thinks it's good for my often eat lunch at usually have some meat and like all kinds of vegeatbles and also like juck food ,but I only eat once or twice a usually drink water and juice,and I never drink coffee or you see,i eat well and I'm very well.
Under the take care of my mother,my eating habit is very often eat porridge in the my mother will prepare some pickles for sometimes I will put an egg into the porridge to have the egg noon,I will eat in school I will have night,my mother will prepare a big meal for dinner,I will eat a little fruit.
在我妈妈的照顾下，我的饮食习惯是很有规律的。我常常在早上喝粥。有时候我妈妈会帮我准备一些小菜。但是有时候，我就会放一个鸡蛋到粥里来喝鸡蛋粥。中午的时候，我是在学校饭堂吃的。有时候我会吃粉。晚上我妈妈会给我准备好丰盛的晚餐，晚饭后，我会吃一些苹果。
I’m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you’d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping rope(绳子).Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don’t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and you need enough sleep or yourself people often say smiling makes you mustn’t drink wine or are bad for your is my hope you are healthy and enjoy your life．
Thank youbye!
Last night,I ate a lot of food,such as KTC and ice cream,before I slept,I ate some cold food in the midnight,I felt my stomach hurt badly,my family was woke up,they sent me to the hospital.
After seeing the doctor,he told me that I had eaten too much food,what’s more,the food was not healthy,so it hurt my then,I realized that I should not eat the rubbish food often,I should keep the healthy my diet is regular,I won’t take in much food before sleeping,my body is becoming the morning,I eat an egg and make sure I take in enough when I see the rubbish food is tempting,I take no hesitation to say no to am so proud of myself.
What is healthy diet? To the most people,healthy diet means more green foods,no junk green food is those pollution-free,high quality and nutrient food,including the organic vegetables and meats,fruits,eggs and so on.
The meals of healthy diet should be cooked with fewer salt and the junk food is those low nutrition,high calorie,processed food with much salt or oil,such as the fries,fried chickens,salted eggs and so foods will cause one get weight and increase the risk of many should keep a healthy diet,abandon the junk food to keep ourselves healthy.
Nowadays,there is a growing focus on health are pursuing a healthy healthy diet is one of the most important parts of the saying goes,bread is the staff of life,eating healthily and deliciously is the goal we my point of view,in order to build healthy eating habits,we should eat more vegetables and less fat and sugar.
Vegetable is the best source of s vitamin,because vegetables are rich in them,vitamin C and vitamin A are the most much fat and sugar can lead to obesity,which is harmful to more fruits and drinking more water is of great help.
To ensure us a robust constitution and a happy life,more and more people pay their attention to the issue about how to eat healthy these I get some information from the -variety in our need at least 7 nutrients in our daily diet,that is,carbohydrates,fats,protein,vitamins,minerals,water and fiber are complement of various nutrition can guarantee a banlance of acid-base,and keep metabolism in a good should eat more frutes and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer and heart is very important in our body for it can accelerate the speed of metabolism,so we also should drink at least litres a day.
Today,I received the reader's was shocked at speaking,I think we should pay more attention to the food government must make some necessary 's more,some businessmen shouldn't be only interested in making must care about people's 'd better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious,because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health.
Finally,I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
Healthy eating habits are very important for our should build healthy eating should eat fresh vegetables and fruits supply rich and the necessary vitamins for also should eat less meat we had better drink a glass of milk in the morning or at night.
Besides,we should focus on abalanced diet,which assures us the necessary food is a fatal killer for our health so that we should stay far from is said that most of students do not eat anything at all in the is very bad for our is the most important meal for people.
Last night,I ate a lot of food,such as KFC and ice cream,before I slept,I ate some cold food in the midnight,I felt my stomach hurt badly,my family was woke up,they sent me to the seeing the doctor,he told me that I had eaten too much food,what’s more,the food was not healthy,so it hurt my then,I realized that I should not eat the rubbish food often,I should keep the healthy my diet is regular,I won’t take in much food before sleeping,my body is becoming healthy.
In the morning,I eat an egg and make sure I take in enough when I see the rubbish food is tempting,I take no hesitation to say no to am so proud of myself.
It is known that the experiences we have in childhood relating to consumption of food affect our perspective on food consumption in later life.
From this,we are able to determine ourselves our limits of how much we will eat,as well as foods we will not eat - which can develop into eating disorders,such as anorexia or bulimia This is also true with how we perceive the sizes of the meals or amounts of food we consume daily;people have different interpretations of small and large meals based on upbringing.
众所周知，我们在童年经历有关消费的食物影响我们对食品消费的看法。
由此，我们能够确定自己的`极限我们将吃多少，以及我们不会吃的食物——可发展成饮食失调，如厌食症或暴食症也是如此我们如何感知食物的大小或我们每天消耗大量的食物；小型和大型餐的人有不同的解释基于教养。
What is a good eating habit? In my opinion,a good eating habit is related to eat healthily and say it simply,Xiao Ming has breakfast about 7: 9: morning and lunch at also has dinner about 6: 7: in the he eats is healthy food,such as,meat,vegetable,fruit,egg,milk and so would not have some snacks for a also would not eat and drink too much or eat Ming sets a good example to have a good eating habit.
译文
什么是良好的饮食习惯吗？在我看来，良好的饮食习惯与健康饮食和饮食规律有关系。简单地说，肖明每天早上7:30到9:00左右吃早餐，之后中午再吃午餐。他大约下午6：30到7:00的时候吃晚餐。他吃的也是健康的食品，如，蔬菜，水果，肉，蛋，牛奶等。他不会把零食当饭吃。他也不会暴饮暴食或什么都不吃。肖明就是一个有良好饮食习惯的例子。
饮食安全假如你是一所国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑。你看了下面这封信后，也想写一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法；解释你的理由并提出你的建议；向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿。
Today'I received the reader's was shocked at speaking'I think we should pay more attention to the food government must make some necessary 's more'some businessmen shouldn't be only interested in making must care about people's 'd better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious'because eating unhealthy food does harm to our 'I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
可以写，但是没有什么用。吃中国饭的吃西餐尝尝鲜而已，反之亦然。没有什么人深究。文化的差异是思想上的，不好写。在中国人们最关心的大概是如何学好英语的问题，百多年来还没弄明白呢！文字的不同也很有意思。英文有先后，历史分段明显，古字、今字大不同；汉字无古今，几千岁的汉字今天还用。汉语是本民族语，人为地搞得很难，很多居心叵测的家伙们故意搞的，回字有四种写法算有学问；英语是侵略者的语言，竟然打遍天下到如今，连殖民地都是用侵略者的语言，英语，获得了独立。如果殖民者用汉语管理殖民地会怎么样？等等很多很有趣的题目。祝优秀毕业。
檫，我今年也是这题目
Customs on eatingFood between China and Western countries are totally different styles. China has 5000 years history. We probably spend half of time on food. Chinese people choice food very carefully. They only use fresh material to make food. For example they only eat fresh fish. Chinese have a lot of ideas and techniques for cooking. We can cook a chicken in over ten ways. That’s why Chinese food is so popular in the world. Western country like English or American, they don’t have fresh food because they buy their food from supermarket which only sells stored materials. Western people would also prefer fast food like burgers and chips. They are unhealthy to human body. Western people do not have many skills for cooking, mostly they only boil, steam and bake the food. By the way, western people are very good at making desert and chocolate. They can make very good cake and chocolate. They are very sweet but it’s sort of food which make you become fat china if you invite people for meal, the person who invited other people would pay for the meal but it’s not the way in Western country. In western country people will think you only invited me but it’s not your responsibility to pay for me. I can afford it. They won’t be happy if you pay for them. People in China would always put dishes into customer’s plate to show their hospitality, but they will think it’s not healthy because your chopsticks have been used by you. In western coountry like America not England, people will always give tips to waiter after they finished meal in a restaurant. If you don’t they will not be happy because tips are one of their major income. In china this only happen in some top restaurants and hotels in large international cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Western people will also think you are rude if you make sound during the meal. Western people do not hold their bowl up even when they have a bowl of is also a huge difference between Chinese and Western people. Chinese people use chopsticks and western people use fork and knife. Usually people who use fork and knife will use fork to hold the meat and cut it by knife and use fork to help to get that piece of meat into mouse. Chinese just use chopstick to pick things and pass it into your people only have three meals during a day. But western people will have more, they have afternoon tea. Usually they would have fruits, homemade cake, tea (black tea) or biscuit with cheese. If you are a housewife and have a lot of time, you may have morning tea as well.该文章转载自：/译文：饮食习惯中国和西方国家的饮食风格完全不一样。中国有五千年的历史。我们可能花了一半的时间在饮食上。中国人非常细心的选择饮食。他们仅选择新鲜的物料做食物。例如，他们只吃新鲜的鱼。在做饭上中国人有许多的想法和技巧。我们能用十多种方法做一只鸡，这就是中国食物在全世界如此出名的原因。西方国家像英国或美国，他们没有新鲜的食物因为他们只能从超市购买储藏的物品，西方人也喜欢快餐像汉堡包和炸土豆条。他们对人的身体是不健康的，在做食物上西方人没有太多的技巧。他们大多数仅用沸水煮、蒸汽和烘烤食物。随便说，西方人擅长做干燥的食物和巧克力。他们能做许多蛋糕和巧克力，除了其他几种以外他们喜欢甜食，很快的使他们肥胖
你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
什锦色拉mixed vegetable salad with ham .冷拼盘soorted hors d'oeuvres platter.酸辣白菜sweet and sour pickled cabbage.无锡小排pork ribs braised in sweet brown sauce.宫保大虾 sauteed prawns with hot pepper.回锅肉twice-cooked pork slices in brown sauce.雪菜毛豆fresh soybeans with preserved prtherb mustard.鱼香肉丝fish-flavored shredded pork in hot sauce.宫保鸡丁diced chicken with peanuts.麻婆豆腐spicy and hot bean curd.北京烤鸭roast beijing duck.鱼香茄子fish-flavored eggplant.春卷spring roll油条fried twisted stick.酸辣汤hot and sour soup.扬州炒饭yangchow fried rice.锅贴pan-fried dumpling.花卷steamed twisted roll.馒头steamed bun.小笼包steamed meat dumpling.饺子dumpling.汤圆glutinous rice dumpling in soup.粽子rice dumpling wrapped in reed leaves.
1、自己为什么选择这个课题？2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么？3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的？4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何？5、在研究本课题的过程中，发现了那些不同见解？对这些不同的意见，自己是怎样逐步认识的？又是如何处理的？6、论文虽未论及，但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些？7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚，在论文中论述得不够透彻？8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么？ 对以上问题应仔细想一想，必要时要用笔记整理出来，写成发言提纲，在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患，临阵不慌。二、答辩技巧 学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要，这就是所谓“自述报告”，须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读，把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要，言简意赅。不能占用过多时间，一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被，画到无时是熟时”，就是说，尽量做到词约旨丰，一语中的。要突出重点，把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明；二忌内容空泛，东拉西扯；三忌平平淡淡，没有重点。 在答辩时，学生要注意仪态与风度，这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象，就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究（如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等）认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑，挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负；肩手颈正显示正直、刚强，脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此，就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守，略为弯腰有度，稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态，即使全场有肃然起敬之心，举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言，对我们确实有很大的启发。在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是：沉着冷静，边听边记精神集中，认真思考既要自信，又要虚心实事求是，绝不勉强听准听清，听懂听明 在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里？从哪一个角度去回答问题最好？应举什么例子来证明？回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当，语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁：单刀直入，是最好的开头，开门见山地表述观点，在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析，即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析，实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼，由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面，而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并，整理成若干条目，列成几个小标题：分成几点，一点一点，一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃，满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来，环环相扣，条条相连，令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲，那么沿着回答问题的主线，再穿上一些玉珠（举例子）就可以做到中心明确，条理清楚，有理有例了。 作为将要参加论文答辩同学，首先而且必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文，毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”，但参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”，否则，就会出现尴尬局面。二、论文答辩——图表穿插 任何毕业论文，无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能，故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法，更是一种调节论文答辩会气氛的手段，特别是对私人论文答辩委员会成员来讲，长时间地听述，听觉难免会有排斥性，不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收，这样，必然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以，应该在论文答辩过程中适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的论文答辩成绩。三、论文答辩——语流适中 进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明，他们论文答辩时，说话速度往往越来越快，以致毕业答辩委员会成员听不清楚，影响了毕业答辩成绩。故毕业答辩学生一定要注意在论文答辩过程中的语流速度，要有急有缓，有轻有重，不能像连珠炮似地轰向听众。四、论文答辩——目光移动 毕业生在论文答辩时，一般可脱稿，也可半脱稿，也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种方式，都应注意自己的目光，使目光时常地瞟向论文答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的交流，使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上，由于听的时间过长，委员们难免会有分神现象，这时，你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来，使委员们的思路跟着你的思路走。五、论文答辩——体态语辅助 虽然毕业论文答辩同其它论文答辩一样以口语为主，但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的论文答辩，使你的论文答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反，如果你在论文答辩过程中始终直挺挺地站着，或者始终如一地低头俯视，即使你的论文结构再合理、主题再新颖，结论再正确，论文答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时，一定要注意使用体态语。六、论文答辩——时间控制 一般在比较正规的论文答辩会上，都对辩手有答辩时间要求，因此，毕业论文答辩学生在进行论文答辩时应重视论文答辩时间的掌握。对论文答辩时间的控制要有力度，到该截止的时间立即结束，这样，显得有准备，对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路，容易给毕业论文答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在毕业论文答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在毕业论文答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对论文答辩时间控制的一种表现，应该重视。七、论文答辩——紧扣主题 在校园中进行毕业论文答辩，往往辩手较多，因此，对于毕业论文答辩委员会成员来说，他们不可能对每一位的毕业论文内容有全面的了解，有的甚至连毕业论文题目也不一定熟悉。因此，在整个论文答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行，能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外，委员们一般也容易就论文题目所涉及的问题进行提问，如界能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗，对你的毕业论文给予肯定。八、论文答辩——人称使用 在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及到人称使用问题，我建议尽量多地使用第一人称，如“我”“我们”即使论文中的材料是引用他人的，用“我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料，特别是毕业论文大多是称自己作的，所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样，会使人有这样的印象：东西是你的，工作做了不少！
中式菜名译成英文后，是否失去了中国色彩。如一些相当具有中国特色的菜“鲤鱼跳龙门”、“东坡肘子”等，这些如何翻译呢，那译过来后，外国人又能否理解到中国这些菜中的含义呢
你说的是西方的饮食资料吗？我这里有一些，不知道有没有用~餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美兆运性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好银毕的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师族搏梁手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.一、由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面.(一)原料种类.西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类.随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显.中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的"食谱"范围比西方人的丰富得多.(二)烹饪方式.这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素.烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓"食不厌精、脍不厌细",基础就是原料的粗加工,中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料形状多种多样,有整体(Whole)、块(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、条(Strips)、段(Segments)、丝(Shreds)、丁(Dice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、浆(Thickliq 2uid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体、块、片、丁、泥等几种形状;其次是火候,中式烹调讲究用火,三十多种加工方法许多是西餐中没有的,西餐烹调加工时间较短、火温适中;三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用.(三)进餐方式.这是中西饮食文化差异的显性因素,也是中西方文化中的社会心理、价值观、民族习俗方面的差异在饮食上的表现.刀叉与筷子、圆桌与条桌等各不相同,在菜式和道数上双方虽然都有程式,但一分一合,互相对立,由此产生的宴请礼仪、饮酒方式、席间气氛也大不相同.(四)菜式命名.中餐讲究"作",西餐注重"吃",中菜命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重表情、联想功能,寓情、寓意,便使用了多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、景物、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如"八仙过海""、佛跳墙"等.西菜命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中菜命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性.当然,西菜命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名."WhenwetalkofmeatonourtableweuseFrenchwords,(porc)(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish."《(高级英语》P28)这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种高雅.另外,由于菜单源于法国以及法国饮食文化对西方饮食文化的深远影响,许多西餐菜肴自然用了法语名称,如:胡萝卜蓉汤(Pureealacrecy)、罗宋汤(Bor2schalaRusse)、芝士左口鱼(Fletanalamornay)等.二、中餐菜单英译的基本原则中餐曾有"食单"而无菜单,它和"番茄"、"洋芋"一样来自于西方,并很快融入中国饮食文化,形成了自己的特色,成为餐饮业不可或缺的一项"硬件".随着东西方文化交流的更加深入和广泛,来到中国的外宾越来越多,一张好的菜单就是一份高明的宣传单,一份本土化的菜单将使他们的中国之行更加完满.菜单最初只是厨师备忘的单子,但今非昔比,当今菜单有了更多功能:11向客人说明食品饮料的种类和价格,便于顾客挑选;21反映餐厅的经营方针,标志着餐厅商品的特色和标准;31是客人和接待者之间的沟通渠道;41是菜品研究的资料;51加强宣传,促进销售.小小菜单,作用多多.由于东西方文化和食物原料、制作方法存在诸多差异,菜单的翻译远不象想象的那么简单.影响菜单翻译的最重要因素是烹饪方法和菜式命名,翻译时应把握好二者的特点,既要符合西餐菜肴命名习惯,又要体现中餐特色,切忌望文生义或按字面含义直译.翻译过程中必须把握以下六个原则:第一,注重菜单的信息功能,保证菜名提供准确、足够的信息,而不能简单地按照中菜名称的修饰词而直译,以便外宾选择.如"麻婆豆腐"译成"Pockmarkedwoman'sbeancurd"、"八仙过海"译为"EightImmortalscrossingthesea"",鱼香肉丝"译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork"就会使外宾茫然或误解.第二,要发挥菜单的促销作用.应借鉴中菜命名的艺术手法,尽量反映中餐烹饪特色,尤其对一些历史悠久、流传广泛的菜肴在翻译后还可以附加说明.这样既保留菜名信息,又引人兴趣,以达到吸引食客的目的.第三,把握中餐烹调方法的类别.为反映中餐对火候的讲究和其艺术性,可进行适当修饰.中餐烹调方法分类如下:烧、烧、烩、 、焖Braise炖、煨Stew煎、炸、酥Deep-fry爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry干炒、干煸、焙Sauté煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil烧、烤、烘、 Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake蒸、腌、卤、酱、熏、酿、扒、烫、糟等有对等词,可一对一翻译,较特殊的做法如"油淋"可归入"煎炸"类,西餐没有拔丝方法,类似方法有Candy、Toffee.第四,尽量译出原料加工后的形状.原料形状在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中却能反映出烹调的技艺水平,译文应予保留,确实累赘的,则可省略.第五,把握原料这一核心,无论中菜如何命名,均须翻译出原料,再加上烹调方法和味型等辅助因素.第六,避免文化冲突.中菜命名为了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名,翻译时应按原料名直译,如果原料本身是西方人忌食的,这道菜可省略不译.如"翡翠鱼翅"、"红烧狮子头",真正的翡翠当然不能食用的,其实它就是蔬菜,而狮子西方人更不会食用,我们也是以其威武来形容"肉圆"罢了,直译会引起"血腥"的感觉.又如"脆皮乳鸽",将象征着和平的鸽子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略过.三、中餐菜名英译的具体探讨上面提出了中餐菜单英译的六原则,下面就一些中餐菜名英译进行具体探讨.11以原料命名的菜不加修辞,直译最为简便,烹饪方法不必译出.中菜汤类命名一般按此方法,翻译的处理就是"原料加汤".如:双冬牛肉-Beefwithmushroomandbambooshouts口蘑菜心-Mushroomswithcabbageheart青椒肉丝-Shreddedporkandgreenchili豆腐汤-Beancurdwithmushroomsoup21以烹调方法加原料命名.因为烹调方法是饮食文化的核心组成部分,翻译时必须译出烹调方法.中菜的一些烹调方法是西餐所没有的,有些则相近,翻译时用近义词亦可.如"干煸"在西餐中没有,其操作过程是:先用油炸原料,然后以少许油翻炒,迅速将油炒干后起锅,并不是加油直接炒.英语中有两个字与之意义相近,一是sauté--friedquicklyinapanwithalittlehotbutterorotherfat.意识是"快炸、煎";一是torrefy--todryuporparchwithheat(.)意识是"烘干、烤干、焙干",从制作过程看,sauté更合适些.如:炸蛋卷-Deep-friedeggrolls回锅肉-Slicedporkdoublysautéedinsoysauce干煸牛肉丝-Sautéedbeefshreds31烹调方式加原料和作料命名.作料是决定味型的最重要因素,翻译时也不能省略.如豉汁蒸带子,省略作料就成了清蒸,味道完全不同.酱爆肉去掉"soypaste",成了无任何特点的"煎肉",二者有天渊之别.其它如:豉汁蒸带子-Steamedscallopswithcuredsoybean酱爆肉-Quick-friedporkwithsoypaste茄汁石斑鱼-Deepfriedgaroupawithtomatosauce41风味菜肴.风味菜主要因其味型特点而得以广泛流传,所以除原料外,应译出风味,一些有确切起源地的菜,还应该加上地名.鱼香肉丝的确切译名应为"Stir-friedporkshredsSichuanstyle"或"Stir-friedporkshredsingarlicsauce",不能译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork",是因为"鱼香"作为川菜的一种风味,使用了固定搭配的作料,与真正的鱼没有任何关系,译为"Fish-flavor",菜中并无"Fish",给人以误导之嫌.其他风味菜还有:湘味牛肉丝-SlicedbeefHunanstyle糖醋排骨-Friedporkchopinsweet-soursauce荷叶粉蒸肉-Steamedporkcoatedgroundriceonlotusleaf51以人名、地名命名的菜肴,一般全部译出,人名前最好加上头衔或职业,对那些知之甚少或译出后外宾不能理解的,则去人名加味型.东坡肉-PoetDongpo'sbraisedpork毛氏红烧肉-ChairmanMao'sstewedporkwithsoysauce北京烤鸭-Beijingroastedduck东江酿豆腐-BeancurdstuffedwithporkminceDongjiangstyle61用象形手法或借用典故、传说命名.这是中菜命名的一个特点,它集中反映了中国饮食文化的特色,具有很深的社会内涵,也是翻译的难点,处理方法是还其本原,译出主料、作料或做法,能兼顾修辞含义时则兼顾,切不可拘泥于原名而直译.翡翠鱼翅-Double-boiledshark'sfinwithve 2getable翡翠不能食用,仅是一个代称,指绿色的蔬菜,翻译时不能按字面译为"Jadeshark'sfin",否则外宾会莫名其妙.蚂蚁上树-Sautéedbeanvermicelliwithspicymeatsauce蚂蚁在中餐中虽可以入菜,但此蚂蚁非彼蚂蚁,而是用酱油和淀粉和过的肉末.直译可能引起外宾的惊诧.桔瓣鱼汆-Quick-boiledfishballsorangepet 2alshaped这道菜是指鱼汆外形似桔瓣,其实菜中无桔瓣,也无桔味,翻译时不可将之作为原料,译名中加"orangepetalshaped",是为了增加美感,增强促销功能.叫化鸡-Bakedchickenvagabondstyle或Bakedchickenwrappedwithmud此菜相传为乞丐创制,取名时以"叫化"代"乞丐",是一种美化,翻译时,以"vagabond"代"beg2gar",也是一种美化.后一译名比较实在,但少了前者的浪漫味道.麻婆豆腐-Beancurdwithmincedporkinhotsauce这道菜在我国广为流传",麻婆"成了一个特殊的称谓,外宾没有它的文化背景,翻译时只能取味型.如将之译为"Pockmarkswoman'sbeancurd",即使外宾理解,也失去了美感.霸王别姬-Steamedturtleandchickeninwhitesauce寿比南山-Steamedchickeninpumpkin连生贵子-Lotusnutsinsyrup这些纯为吉利的象征名称,不仅不能直译,也无法直译,所以只能还原处理.如为了促销,可对这些菜附加说明.71菜名含器具的可译出器具,也可直译原料,作为一种特殊的做法,以译出器具为佳.有加工作用的器具在西餐中是不会搬上桌子的,这也是中餐的一个特点,它表现了中餐的艺术性.器具一般有火锅、锅仔、铁板、沙锅、煲等.八珍火锅-Eightdelicacieshotpot锅仔甲鱼-Braisedturtleinminipot铁板牛柳-Vealslicesfriedonironplate汆圆粉丝煲-Stewedmeatballsandbeanver 2micelliincasserole以上探讨了中菜英译的一些基本方法.由于中国菜种系繁多,原料区别大,烹饪方法各具特色,菜名千差万别,翻译时还需具体研究,否则不能把握其特点,准确翻译也就无从谈起.四、菜单的编排除命名方面的差异外,在菜的分类和编排方式上二者也不相同,这是由于用餐方式和上菜顺序不同所引起的.中餐菜单按原料分类,呈纵向序列,西餐菜单按一次食用菜的道数编排,呈平行并列.中餐菜单菜肴的排列一般是按冷菜凉碟类、肉类、鱼类、海鲜类、禽类、蔬菜类、汤类、点心水果类、主食类的顺序进行,饮料酒类单列.西餐菜单菜肴的排列则按进食顺序安排,分为开胃菜类(APPETIZERS)、汤类(SOUPS)、色拉类(SAL2ADS)、主菜类(ENTREES)(包括肉类、鱼类、海鲜
Eating at home has many saves and prepared meals cost you considerably more than cooking with raw ingredients at home. Preparing meals at home can save you money. The dishes are fresh. It also Saves time In the time it takes to drive to a restaurant, place your order, wait for your order, return home and serve the meal, More importantly,it brings family together Preparing meals at home and including family members in meal preparation is a way to give and share love. When food is prepared with a calm mind and loving thoughts it can become a tonic for both the physical body and the soul. Teaching children how to cook is a gift of health they will use for their entire lives and pass it on to their children and grandchildren.
你可以从以下几点着手：一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。 Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
En China hay un refrán:“ El reconstituyente medicinal es menos el alimentario.” Lo cual demuestra que la gente debe cuidar la estructura de alimentación en la conservación de la salud. En China existe muchas costumbres de alimentación tales como la de fiesta, la de creencia religiosa, la de boda, la de funerales, la de fiesta de longevidad, la de nacimiento de niños, muchos occidentales, la comida china pareceun primer momento complicado y raro. Pero ni es tan compleja ni tan rara, sólo se necesita contar con los alimentos adecuados y la técnica que ellos utilizan desde hace tantos añ de los alimentos utilizados en la comida china, por no decir casi todos son comunes a los occidentales, con excepción de algunos propios de esa región. También ocurre lo mismo con los utensilios de cocina que se utilizan. Lo que más difiere es la técnica y la combinación de los sabores, algunos de ellos ajenos a nuestras costumbres. Utilizan casi todos los vegetales (pocas veces crudos), y casi siempre fileteados o cortados finos antes de la cocción. También utilizan carne de vaca, pollo con mucha frecuencia y cerdo sobre todo el lomo de cerdo. También es muy común la utilización de la salsa de soja, el sake (vino de arroz), el bambú y la presencia de arroz blanco y fideos fritos. La técnica primordial para cocinar la comida china es el salteado y para lograrlo adecuadamente se requiere un fuego rápido e intenso y una cocción de los alimentos, corta y muy rápida.
哈，西语同仁~~我也马上要写论文啦！1.有关西班牙语言的研究（语音、词汇、词缀、语法等） 2.有关西语国家文化、社会、政治、经济和宗教等 3.我国和西语国家之间政治、文化、经贸等方面的交流与合作的专题研究 4.中国与西语国家文化之间的比较 5.有关西语国家文学的研究（流派、作家、作品等） 6.中国与西语国家之间文学的比较 7.西汉、汗西翻译理论与实践方面的研究 8.语言与文化两者之间关系方面的研究 这个挺全面的不过个人建议选择2，3或5，其他的题目学术性比较强而且涉及比较文化这方面的专业知识，写起来之后会有点难以真正下手，作为本科论文还是挑好下手的，体现出自己的知识水平就好。另外找一个合适的导师也很重要哦！
西班牙语翻译论文写作思路如下：
就本科毕业论文而言，纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上，还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度，不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构（语音、语法、词汇、语篇等），语言运用（独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等），语言文化（文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等）。
两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，做出有参考或应用价值的结论。
西班牙语的应用
作为世界第二大语言，西班牙语的使用者约有亿人，使用人群主要分布在拉丁美洲的国家中，而且西班牙语也属于非洲联盟、欧盟和联合国的官方语言之一。
在中外交流频繁的当下，西班牙语翻译工作显得越来越重要，一般西班牙语翻译的重要标准就是要让内容更加贴切，不仅要考虑西班牙语的表达方式，还要考虑中文的翻译标准。
恩，可以先拟几个选题给你参考哦，完整的给你发