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货到销售存货，并收回现金为止的这段时间，营业周期的长短取决于存货周转天数和应---------------下面是这个论文的英语----Strengthen the management of accounts receivable and enhance the competitiveness of enterprisesAccounts receivable is an enterprise product or service because of credit and the formation of receivables, liquid assets is an important item. With the development of the market economy, the introduction of commercial credit, business accounts receivable increased the general level of accounts receivable management business activities has become an increasingly important , the functions of accounts receivableAccounts receivable function is its operation in the production process. There are some aspects:1, the expansion of sales, an increase of the competitiveness of enterprises. Comparison of intense competition in the market, the credit is to promote the sale of an important way. Business credit is to provide customers with the two transactions: selling products to their customers as well as in a limited period to provide funds to customers. Monetary tightening in the market weakness, lack of funds, the credit has a more visible role in the promotion of sales of new products, develop new markets and more , reduced inventory, reduced inventory risk and management costs. Finished goods inventory held by businesses, to the additional management fees, expenses such as storage and insurance costs; the contrary, holders of accounts receivable business, you do not need the above-mentioned expenses. Therefore, when the finished goods inventory business more generally can be a more favorable credit terms to credit, the inventory into accounts receivable to reduce finished goods inventory, conservation-related , poor management of accounts receivable of the drawbacks of1, reduces the efficiency in the use of corporate funds, so that enterprises declined. Given the logistics and cash flow are inconsistent, the issue of commodities, sales invoices out, money can not sync recovery, while the sales have been set up, this is not paid back the recorded sales is bound to have no cash inflow arising from the sale of the business profit and loss, During the year sales and income taxes paid in advance, in the case of-year sales result in accounts receivable, current assets can be advanced enterprises have an annual dividend to shareholders. Enterprises due to the above benefits arising from the pursuit of the surface of the pad and the advance payment of the tax dividend to shareholders, taking up a lot of liquidity, with the passage of time will affect the capital flow, which led to the actual situation of business was overshadowed by the impact of production plans, sales plans and so on, can not achieve the efficiency , exaggerated the results of business operations. As a result of China's enterprises, the accounting is based on an accrual basis (accrual basis), the occurrence of the current credit all revenue credited to the current period. Therefore, on account of the increase in profits does not mean that the cash inflow will be materialized. Enterprise accounting system in accordance with the percentage of accounts receivable balances to extract the bad preparation, bad debt reserve rate is generally 3% -5% (except for special business). If the actual extraction of the bad debt bad debt a loss of more than prepared to give a great deal of loss of business. Therefore, the existence of a large number of receivables, inflated the book's sales revenue, to some extent exaggerated the results of business operations and increase the risk of the cost of the , accelerated the outflow of corporate cash. Although credit to enable businesses to generate more profits, but has not really enable enterprises to increase the cash inflow, but the enterprise had to use our limited working capital to advance a variety of taxes and costs, to accelerate the company's cash outflow is mainly as follows:(1) business turnover tax expenditure. Bring sales of accounts receivable, not cash is actually received, turnover tax is calculated on the basis of sales, the companies must pay on time and in cash. Turnover tax paid by enterprises such as value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resource tax and city taxes will inevitably increase as sales increase.(2) income tax expenses. Accounts receivable arising from the profits, but did not achieve the cash, and pay income tax on time must be paid in cash.(3) the distribution of cash profits, there is also such a problem, In addition, the cost of accounts receivable management, cost recovery, accounts receivable cash outflow will be , an impact on the enterprise business cycle. Business cycle that is made from the sale of inventory to stock, and to recover the cash so far this period, the business cycle, depending on the number of days inventory turnover and receivables turnover days, business cycle and between. This shows that unreasonable existence of accounts receivable to extend the business cycle, affecting the capital cycle, so a lot of liquidity in precipitation in non-production areas, resulting in cash shortages, the impact of payment of wages and raw materials purchase, has seriously affected the normal production and operation , an increase of accounts receivable management process in the error probability of additional losses to the enterprise. The face of complex enterprise accounts receivable, accounting errors difficult to detect, unable to understand the dynamics of receivables and other receivables business details, resulting in responsibility is not clear, the contract accounts receivable, contract, commitment, approval procedures, such as the scattered data, lost business may have occurred in the accounts receivable can not be collected on time and on time to recover, the only part of the total recovery of the recovery, through the legal means to recover, but as a result of incomplete information can not be recovered until to the final form of the loss of enterprise , accounts receivable management objectivesFor an enterprise, the existence of accounts receivable is a continuum of production and marketing enterprises on the one hand, it would help to promote sales, increase sales revenue, and enhance competitiveness, while at the same time wish to avoid accounts receivable the existence of the business cash flow difficulties, drawbacks such as bad debt losses. How to deal with and solve the problem of confrontation and reunification is the management of corporate accounts receivable receivable management objective is to formulate a scientific and rational accounts receivable credit policy and credit policy in such an increase in sales earnings and the use of such a policy is expected to take to make trade-offs between the cost. Only when the increase in sales profit of more than the increase in the use of this policy when the cost to implement and promote the use of this credit policy. At the same time, accounts receivable management companies also include the prospects for future sales and market forecasts and judgments, and accounts receivable security investigation. Good prospects such as business sales, accounts receivable safety can be further relaxation of its receivables credit policy, the expansion of credit volume, to obtain greater profits, on the contrary, should have a strict credit policy, or the creditworthiness of different customers appropriate adjustments to ensure that enterprises get the most income, and so may minimize the receivable management business focus is on the basis of the actual operation of enterprises and customers to develop the credibility of the situation of enterprises reasonable credit policy, which is an important financial management forms an integral part of corporate management to achieve the purpose of accounts receivable must be a reasonable strategy for the development of the , the company accounts receivable solutions to the problemsManagement of accounts receivable to do good, first of all, should be established to improve the accounts receivable management system. Accounts receivable credit management policy is a key component of the system, including credit standards, credit terms and collection of three aspects of policy. Credit standards is agreed to provide commercial credit made by the basic requirements. Usually expected loss rate of bad debts as a criterion. If the business more stringent credit standards, only a very good reputation, a very low rate of bad debt losses of the users to give credit, it will reduce bad debt losses, reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, but this may not be conducive to the expansion of sales, and even is to reduce sales; the contrary, if the payment of credit standards, although it will increase sales, but will be a corresponding increase in bad debt losses and the opportunity cost of accounts receivable. Refers to corporate credit conditions require users to pay for credit is subject to a condition, including the credit period, discount and cash discount period. Credit period is provided for users to pay a maximum time period of the discount provided for the user can enjoy time cash payment discount, cash discount is a solid advance in the user shall be given preferential treatment. More favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs, cash discounts and other cost an additional burden. Collection policy is to refer to when credit terms have been violated, business strategy to take the accounts receivable. Enterprises in a more positive if the billing policy may reduce the cost of accounts receivable and reduce bad debt losses, but to increase collection costs. If more negative accounts receivable policies, accounts receivable may increase costs and increase bad debt losses, collection costs will be reduced. Accounts receivable in the formulation of policy, should be weighed against the increase in collection costs and reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable and bad debt losses between losses. The credit policy should be reasonable to credit standards, credit terms, collection policies, to consider comprehensive changes in the three sales, the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs and costs of to accounts receivable management system, for analysis of accounts receivable in the enterprise of the issues found in the corresponding solutions to the recovery of accounts receivable in the problems the company's funds to speed up the cycle, to improve the efficiency of the use of funds to achieve enterprises are to be , to enhance day-to-day accounts receivable managementIn day-to-day management of accounts receivable work, not enough has been done in some detail, for example, the user of the credit analysis, aging analysis, such as table. Specifically, can do a good job in the following aspects of day-to-day management of accounts receivable of work: (1) a good foundation for basic records, understand the user (including subsidiaries) of the timeliness of payments, based on work records, including business-to-users credit conditions, the date of the establishment of credit relationships, the user of the time of payment, the amount currently in arrears, as well as changes in credit ratings, such as users, companies only have this information in order to take appropriate and timely response. (2) to check whether the user credit limit exceeded. Enterprises to provide users with a credit for each business, we must check whether there are more than the record of the credit period, and pay attention to test whether the total debt owed by the user breaking the credit limit. (3) keep track of the debt over the credit period, the user is due to closely monitor the increase or decrease debt dynamics, in order to take timely measures associated with the users to remind them of their payment as soon as possible. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average collection period, to see whether the normal level of liquidity, businesses can, through the indicators, with the previous practice, is now planning and compared to the same industry in order to evaluate the management of accounts receivable achievements and shortcomings of, and amendments to the credit conditions. (5) study the situation of non-payment, inspection of accounts receivable by the percentage of non-payment, that is, the rate of bad debt losses to determine whether the enterprise's credit policies should be changed, such as the actual bad debt loss rate is greater than or less than the expected loss rate of bad debts, enterprises must look at whether credit standards are too strict or too lax credit standards in order to amend. (6) is an aged analysis of the preparation table to check the actual occupation of accounts receivable days, to recover its supervision of enterprises through the preparation of aging analysis table, which is understood that the number of credit during the period are still in arrears, should be timely monitoring, the number of arrears for more than a credit period, the length of time to calculate what percentage of each of the funds, it is estimated that the number of bad debts would cause, if the majority of extended enterprise should check their credit , to strengthen the management of accounts receivable afterAccounts receivable management, including the work of the following two parts: (1) determine the reasonable collection procedures, accounts receivable collection procedures in general as: letter to inform, Telegraph and Telephone Fax collection, sent to interview, resort to the law, in taking legal action should be considered before the principle of cost-effectiveness, the following situations when you do not need to prosecute: the cost of litigation over the amount of the debt claim; customers can write-off of debt discount collateral; customers the amount of debt not to prosecute the enterprise may be run by the damage; the prosecution withdrew the accounts limited possibility. (2) determine the reasonable collection methods. If customers do encounter temporary difficulties and to make a comeback through the efforts of enterprises to help them ride out the storm in order to recover the receivable, the general practice of accounts receivable for claims re: farmers to accept the market price of arrears below the amount of debt non-monetary assets to cover; change in the form of debt for the "long-term receivables" to determine a reasonable rate, agreed to debt service users to develop a phased plan; modify debt terms, to extend the payment period, and even reduce the principal amount, repayment incentives ; in the common economic interests, driven by the claims into the user's "long-term investment" to help start the loss-making enterprises to achieve the purpose of recovery. If the customer has reached the limits of bankruptcy, it should be a timely manner to the court, with a view to be part of bankruptcy settlement. Deliberately default on the payment for the collection, the options are: reasonable method; compassion operation method; fatigue tactics; blindingly; hardware and software operation , accounts receivable accounting methods and management systemAccounts receivable subsidiary accounts in arrears accounted for of the total, to strengthen internal financial management and monitoring, improve accounting approaches and accounts receivable management system, to resolve inter-company accounts with a subsidiary of recovery, the following several aspects from a number of recommendations are given: (1) strengthen the management and monitoring functions, in accordance with the principles of financial management of the internal check. The company set up under the Ministry of Finance in the financial monitoring group led by the Finance Director to configure full-time accounting staff, responsible for marketing and monitoring of accounting transactions for all accounts receivable for each analysis and accounting, to ensure that accounts receivable in line with norms of the operators at the same time part of the requirements and procedures so that systematic standardization of business activities. (2) improve internal accounting methods. Sales, respectively, for different services, such as purchases of the distributors with direct sales operations, sales offices and sales outlets, the company supply and trading company with the money owed to the company which occurred between the units against the sales business, product returns, etc. , respectively, using different accounting methods and procedures to show the difference and take the appropriate management. (3) accounts receivable and is responsible for the implementation of life-long responsibility of the person first. Who handles the occurrence of bad business, regardless of whether the transfer of responsibility for the company, have against the parties responsible. At the same time, the responsibility of staff to carry out a clearly defined, and as a basis for performance evaluation summary. (4) regular or ad hoc basis to conduct an inspection of the marketing network for monitoring and internal audit. Due to poor management to prevent the emergence of embezzlement, corruption and issues such as funding to reduce the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. (5) establish a sound internal control system of organization.
AppendixESTABLISH CREDIT SYSTEM INENTERPRISES TO STRENGTHEN THEMANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1Hong MeiAbstract: The main point about account receivable management is enterprises is that makes a reasonable credit policy is a enterprise according to real running state of the enterprise and reputation state of a customer。It is an important component as well as guiding principle and policy which should be made reasonably in the enterprise to achieve the goal about management of accounts receivable. At present, an overall amount of accounts receivable increased progressively each year and never cut down on overdue accounts in our country. This has become one of chronic and stubborn problems in business activities ,In the paper. Problems and causes about accounts receivable in a enterprise is analyzed in our country .suggest that the firm want to change this kind of current state, it may start with the two aspects from establishment of accounts receivable ,mechanism on guard and handle of overdue accounts. As fallowing of exact measures: Establish a perfect credit management system, Enhance internal monitor and control against accounts receivable, Strengthen daily management on accounts receivable and integrate accounts words: account receivable, credit policy, debt reorganization, internal controlTARGET FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENTThe target is that a firm should make a sensible and scientific credit policy about accounts receivable and weigh marketing gains and due costs from the credit policy, The firm can not put into effect and pursue this kind of credit policy until the marketing .earnings go beyond the costs added ,meanwhile the management has included the prediction and judgment on market and investigation on security of accounts receivable, If it seems that the market promises better ,higher security of accounts receivable, the firm can introduce more flexible collection policies and expand the credit business to make more profits. Conversely ,the firm should adopt strict policies or adjust the credit line to different customers so as to achieve better economic results2. ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS QUO AND CAUSE OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR The status quo of accounts receivable in our countryAt present, many products are the buyers market. Supply exceed demand has already become the normality in all trades and professions Many firms introduce the way of credit business to develop markets and create more favorable competition environment. The current survey showed that about 80% firms have used the method of credit business in our country, the figure is about the same as developed countries, but results are widely divergent .The section concerned survey should that accounts receivable constitute over 50 per cent of flow cashes in our country’s firms, the proportion is higher above 20 percent than the developed especially, the state-owned firms, have fallen into arrears with their payment for goods mutually .This is a very very serious problem. According to analysis of a professional institute statistics, in general ,overdue accounts in a firm should be cower 10 percent of told accounts receivable in developed market economy, but the proportion has been higher up to over to success of recovery will be affected directly with aging of accounts receivable and the amount of the overdue days be good credit receivable cannot be controlled effectively, bad market environment and customers credit seem on the surface to lead the current state .Therefore ,it is the direct and foundational reason that an internal management has the greatest flaw ,the credit problems are very real problems having solved and prominent contradiction in the economic life so ,the firms development has been limited seriously with lack of credit management, we must strengthen credit management to face the challenges and opportunities after entrance of The cause of accounts receivable in our countryThe market economy necessarily produce accounts receivable ,this is normal phenomenon, its nature is credit economy. The way and relationship of credit is principal form in social economic life. It is difficult to recover accounts receivable, why? here is how:1st. Lack of risk consciousness. In cut-throat competition, at the beginning of entry market ,sone firms want to get into the market, under the circumstances (without a thoroughgoing investigation of a payers credit, without right evaluation risk of accounts receivable),they conclude a short-term ,given credit-sale line contract (or agreement)with customers to attract more customers and expand their market that, the firm have to pay such enormous amounts of VAT(because the credit receipt is business receipt)that there is danger of exhausted . Without vigorous internal control. A majority of firms put to use the link total payroll with economic performance in order to bring into play the initiation of the staff at present ,yet have ignored the probability of the bad debts .Since accounts receivable have not been thought into the check system .a business department just pays attention to business task ,but does not mind recovering on accounts receivable, results in accounts eceivable increasing constantly, Some of the firms have not asked for the department concerned and the staff to press for payment of accounts receivable vigorously with effective countermeasures, caused the shortage of the flow cash ,in fact, there is the phenomenon of ‘false surplus and real loss’. Sedimentation of enormous amounts of accounts receivable make the firm bear serious financial . Weak of law awareness. As we know, at present default costs are relative lower .Many of the firms have this kind of mental attitude you owed mine, I owed his. Few people couldn’t safeguard their own lawful rights and interests with law, and then vicious circle .3. COUNTERMEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR Establish a perfect system of credit managementCredit policy is a vital component of credit management system, in duding credit standards, credit conditions, collection standard refers to when a firm agrees to credit-granting for customers, customers must have the lowest ability to pay, in general, it expresses with anticipatory percentage of damage on bad debts, when a firm will decide on credit standards, you have to consider mainly three factors a ,to realize your customers, knowing that your opponent and yourself ,The firm can introduce generous or strict credit standards according to different situation so as so take advantage, b, to consider the firm’s ability to bear default risk, c, to know about the customer’s credit status, on the basis of this to give him credit preference or condition is an exact condition that a firm asks for a customer’s payment, mainly including credit period, discount period and cash policy refers to a firm adopt the collection tactics when the credit condition was run counter to .If the firm adopted positive collection policy, you might reduce the cost of accounts recitative and the damage of bad debts ,that add to the collection costs ,sensible credit policy is decided ,the firm must consider credit standard, credit condition and collection policy to improve percentage of accounts Establishment of guarding system of accounts receivableIt is necessary to establish guarding system ,in the purpose of providing against possible trouble. ①you’d better set up a professional credit management institute to manage credit sale; ②set up a dymatic management system of a customer’s resource; ③set up control system of accounts Integrate accounts receivableIn order to recover overdue accounts effectively ,a firm should adopt sensible and practical measures. ①set up special collecting group; ②regroup the debts; ③creditor’s rights on strengthen everyday management of accounts . strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable①take basic notes well; ②check customer’s credit line; ③realize customers’debts beyond credit period; ④analyse turnover rate of accounts receivable and average collection period; ⑤inspect the status to refuse payment; ⑥make the aging Strengthen post management of accounts receivable.①use sensible collection program; ②make advantage of a reasonable debt-recovery Accounts receivable assessment method and management system①enhance the departments of managing and monitoring; ②improve methods of internal assessment; ③internal audit; ④set up system of internal control . The firm should establish a set of controlling system on accounts receivable.
应收账款管理Management of Account Receivable receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable departments use the sales types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization.[edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts ReceivableCompanies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company's books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period's revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle.应收帐款（Accounts receivable，又为应收账款）於会计原理上，专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权，且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。该科目重点於对象为顾客，若非顾客，即撇开此科目适用。Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm’s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves : In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the from bank loansFactors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm’s choice is between seeking angel investors (., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line’s credit terms and conditions(, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled 'last resort' financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation.应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方（保理机构），获得相应的融资款，以利於现金的尽快取得。Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise’s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words：应收账款Account receivable；工程施工Engineering construction；合同管理The management of contracts摘 要：应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用，施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为，通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额，是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因，造成应收账款迅速膨胀，逐年增加，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊，提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词：应收账款；工程施工；合同管理
AppendixESTABLISH CREDIT SYSTEM INENTERPRISES TO STRENGTHEN THEMANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1Hong MeiAbstract: The main point about account receivable management is enterprises is that makes a reasonable credit policy is a enterprise according to real running state of the enterprise and reputation state of a customer。It is an important component as well as guiding principle and policy which should be made reasonably in the enterprise to achieve the goal about management of accounts receivable. At present, an overall amount of accounts receivable increased progressively each year and never cut down on overdue accounts in our country. This has become one of chronic and stubborn problems in business activities ,In the paper. Problems and causes about accounts receivable in a enterprise is analyzed in our country .suggest that the firm want to change this kind of current state, it may start with the two aspects from establishment of accounts receivable ,mechanism on guard and handle of overdue accounts. As fallowing of exact measures: Establish a perfect credit management system, Enhance internal monitor and control against accounts receivable, Strengthen daily management on accounts receivable and integrate accounts words: account receivable, credit policy, debt reorganization, internal controlTARGET FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENTThe target is that a firm should make a sensible and scientific credit policy about accounts receivable and weigh marketing gains and due costs from the credit policy, The firm can not put into effect and pursue this kind of credit policy until the marketing .earnings go beyond the costs added ,meanwhile the management has included the prediction and judgment on market and investigation on security of accounts receivable, If it seems that the market promises better ,higher security of accounts receivable, the firm can introduce more flexible collection policies and expand the credit business to make more profits. Conversely ,the firm should adopt strict policies or adjust the credit line to different customers so as to achieve better economic results2. ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS QUO AND CAUSE OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR The status quo of accounts receivable in our countryAt present, many products are the buyers market. Supply exceed demand has already become the normality in all trades and professions Many firms introduce the way of credit business to develop markets and create more favorable competition environment. The current survey showed that about 80% firms have used the method of credit business in our country, the figure is about the same as developed countries, but results are widely divergent .The section concerned survey should that accounts receivable constitute over 50 per cent of flow cashes in our country’s firms, the proportion is higher above 20 percent than the developed especially, the state-owned firms, have fallen into arrears with their payment for goods mutually .This is a very very serious problem. According to analysis of a professional institute statistics, in general ,overdue accounts in a firm should be cower 10 percent of told accounts receivable in developed market economy, but the proportion has been higher up to over to success of recovery will be affected directly with aging of accounts receivable and the amount of the overdue days be good credit receivable cannot be controlled effectively, bad market environment and customers credit seem on the surface to lead the current state .Therefore ,it is the direct and foundational reason that an internal management has the greatest flaw ,the credit problems are very real problems having solved and prominent contradiction in the economic life so ,the firms development has been limited seriously with lack of credit management, we must strengthen credit management to face the challenges and opportunities after entrance of The cause of accounts receivable in our countryThe market economy necessarily produce accounts receivable ,this is normal phenomenon, its nature is credit economy. The way and relationship of credit is principal form in social economic life. It is difficult to recover accounts receivable, why? here is how:1st. Lack of risk consciousness. In cut-throat competition, at the beginning of entry market ,sone firms want to get into the market, under the circumstances (without a thoroughgoing investigation of a payers credit, without right evaluation risk of accounts receivable),they conclude a short-term ,given credit-sale line contract (or agreement)with customers to attract more customers and expand their market that, the firm have to pay such enormous amounts of VAT(because the credit receipt is business receipt)that there is danger of exhausted . Without vigorous internal control. A majority of firms put to use the link total payroll with economic performance in order to bring into play the initiation of the staff at present ,yet have ignored the probability of the bad debts .Since accounts receivable have not been thought into the check system .a business department just pays attention to business task ,but does not mind recovering on accounts receivable, results in accounts eceivable increasing constantly, Some of the firms have not asked for the department concerned and the staff to press for payment of accounts receivable vigorously with effective countermeasures, caused the shortage of the flow cash ,in fact, there is the phenomenon of ‘false surplus and real loss’. Sedimentation of enormous amounts of accounts receivable make the firm bear serious financial . Weak of law awareness. As we know, at present default costs are relative lower .Many of the firms have this kind of mental attitude you owed mine, I owed his. Few people couldn’t safeguard their own lawful rights and interests with law, and then vicious circle .3. COUNTERMEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR Establish a perfect system of credit managementCredit policy is a vital component of credit management system, in duding credit standards, credit conditions, collection standard refers to when a firm agrees to credit-granting for customers, customers must have the lowest ability to pay, in general, it expresses with anticipatory percentage of damage on bad debts, when a firm will decide on credit standards, you have to consider mainly three factors a ,to realize your customers, knowing that your opponent and yourself ,The firm can introduce generous or strict credit standards according to different situation so as so take advantage, b, to consider the firm’s ability to bear default risk, c, to know about the customer’s credit status, on the basis of this to give him credit preference or condition is an exact condition that a firm asks for a customer’s payment, mainly including credit period, discount period and cash policy refers to a firm adopt the collection tactics when the credit condition was run counter to .If the firm adopted positive collection policy, you might reduce the cost of accounts recitative and the damage of bad debts ,that add to the collection costs ,sensible credit policy is decided ,the firm must consider credit standard, credit condition and collection policy to improve percentage of accounts Establishment of guarding system of accounts receivableIt is necessary to establish guarding system ,in the purpose of providing against possible trouble. ①you’d better set up a professional credit management institute to manage credit sale; ②set up a dymatic management system of a customer’s resource; ③set up control system of accounts Integrate accounts receivableIn order to recover overdue accounts effectively ,a firm should adopt sensible and practical measures. ①set up special collecting group; ②regroup the debts; ③creditor’s rights on strengthen everyday management of accounts . strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable①take basic notes well; ②check customer’s credit line; ③realize customers’debts beyond credit period; ④analyse turnover rate of accounts receivable and average collection period; ⑤inspect the status to refuse payment; ⑥make the aging Strengthen post management of accounts receivable.①use sensible collection program; ②make advantage of a reasonable debt-recovery Accounts receivable assessment method and management system①enhance the departments of managing and monitoring; ②improve methods of internal assessment; ③internal audit; ④set up system of internal control . The firm should establish a set of controlling system on accounts receivable.
货到销售存货，并收回现金为止的这段时间，营业周期的长短取决于存货周转天数和应---------------下面是这个论文的英语----Strengthen the management of accounts receivable and enhance the competitiveness of enterprisesAccounts receivable is an enterprise product or service because of credit and the formation of receivables, liquid assets is an important item. With the development of the market economy, the introduction of commercial credit, business accounts receivable increased the general level of accounts receivable management business activities has become an increasingly important , the functions of accounts receivableAccounts receivable function is its operation in the production process. There are some aspects:1, the expansion of sales, an increase of the competitiveness of enterprises. Comparison of intense competition in the market, the credit is to promote the sale of an important way. Business credit is to provide customers with the two transactions: selling products to their customers as well as in a limited period to provide funds to customers. Monetary tightening in the market weakness, lack of funds, the credit has a more visible role in the promotion of sales of new products, develop new markets and more , reduced inventory, reduced inventory risk and management costs. Finished goods inventory held by businesses, to the additional management fees, expenses such as storage and insurance costs; the contrary, holders of accounts receivable business, you do not need the above-mentioned expenses. Therefore, when the finished goods inventory business more generally can be a more favorable credit terms to credit, the inventory into accounts receivable to reduce finished goods inventory, conservation-related , poor management of accounts receivable of the drawbacks of1, reduces the efficiency in the use of corporate funds, so that enterprises declined. Given the logistics and cash flow are inconsistent, the issue of commodities, sales invoices out, money can not sync recovery, while the sales have been set up, this is not paid back the recorded sales is bound to have no cash inflow arising from the sale of the business profit and loss, During the year sales and income taxes paid in advance, in the case of-year sales result in accounts receivable, current assets can be advanced enterprises have an annual dividend to shareholders. Enterprises due to the above benefits arising from the pursuit of the surface of the pad and the advance payment of the tax dividend to shareholders, taking up a lot of liquidity, with the passage of time will affect the capital flow, which led to the actual situation of business was overshadowed by the impact of production plans, sales plans and so on, can not achieve the efficiency , exaggerated the results of business operations. As a result of China's enterprises, the accounting is based on an accrual basis (accrual basis), the occurrence of the current credit all revenue credited to the current period. Therefore, on account of the increase in profits does not mean that the cash inflow will be materialized. Enterprise accounting system in accordance with the percentage of accounts receivable balances to extract the bad preparation, bad debt reserve rate is generally 3% -5% (except for special business). If the actual extraction of the bad debt bad debt a loss of more than prepared to give a great deal of loss of business. Therefore, the existence of a large number of receivables, inflated the book's sales revenue, to some extent exaggerated the results of business operations and increase the risk of the cost of the , accelerated the outflow of corporate cash. Although credit to enable businesses to generate more profits, but has not really enable enterprises to increase the cash inflow, but the enterprise had to use our limited working capital to advance a variety of taxes and costs, to accelerate the company's cash outflow is mainly as follows:(1) business turnover tax expenditure. Bring sales of accounts receivable, not cash is actually received, turnover tax is calculated on the basis of sales, the companies must pay on time and in cash. Turnover tax paid by enterprises such as value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resource tax and city taxes will inevitably increase as sales increase.(2) income tax expenses. Accounts receivable arising from the profits, but did not achieve the cash, and pay income tax on time must be paid in cash.(3) the distribution of cash profits, there is also such a problem, In addition, the cost of accounts receivable management, cost recovery, accounts receivable cash outflow will be , an impact on the enterprise business cycle. Business cycle that is made from the sale of inventory to stock, and to recover the cash so far this period, the business cycle, depending on the number of days inventory turnover and receivables turnover days, business cycle and between. This shows that unreasonable existence of accounts receivable to extend the business cycle, affecting the capital cycle, so a lot of liquidity in precipitation in non-production areas, resulting in cash shortages, the impact of payment of wages and raw materials purchase, has seriously affected the normal production and operation , an increase of accounts receivable management process in the error probability of additional losses to the enterprise. The face of complex enterprise accounts receivable, accounting errors difficult to detect, unable to understand the dynamics of receivables and other receivables business details, resulting in responsibility is not clear, the contract accounts receivable, contract, commitment, approval procedures, such as the scattered data, lost business may have occurred in the accounts receivable can not be collected on time and on time to recover, the only part of the total recovery of the recovery, through the legal means to recover, but as a result of incomplete information can not be recovered until to the final form of the loss of enterprise , accounts receivable management objectivesFor an enterprise, the existence of accounts receivable is a continuum of production and marketing enterprises on the one hand, it would help to promote sales, increase sales revenue, and enhance competitiveness, while at the same time wish to avoid accounts receivable the existence of the business cash flow difficulties, drawbacks such as bad debt losses. How to deal with and solve the problem of confrontation and reunification is the management of corporate accounts receivable receivable management objective is to formulate a scientific and rational accounts receivable credit policy and credit policy in such an increase in sales earnings and the use of such a policy is expected to take to make trade-offs between the cost. Only when the increase in sales profit of more than the increase in the use of this policy when the cost to implement and promote the use of this credit policy. At the same time, accounts receivable management companies also include the prospects for future sales and market forecasts and judgments, and accounts receivable security investigation. Good prospects such as business sales, accounts receivable safety can be further relaxation of its receivables credit policy, the expansion of credit volume, to obtain greater profits, on the contrary, should have a strict credit policy, or the creditworthiness of different customers appropriate adjustments to ensure that enterprises get the most income, and so may minimize the receivable management business focus is on the basis of the actual operation of enterprises and customers to develop the credibility of the situation of enterprises reasonable credit policy, which is an important financial management forms an integral part of corporate management to achieve the purpose of accounts receivable must be a reasonable strategy for the development of the , the company accounts receivable solutions to the problemsManagement of accounts receivable to do good, first of all, should be established to improve the accounts receivable management system. Accounts receivable credit management policy is a key component of the system, including credit standards, credit terms and collection of three aspects of policy. Credit standards is agreed to provide commercial credit made by the basic requirements. Usually expected loss rate of bad debts as a criterion. If the business more stringent credit standards, only a very good reputation, a very low rate of bad debt losses of the users to give credit, it will reduce bad debt losses, reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, but this may not be conducive to the expansion of sales, and even is to reduce sales; the contrary, if the payment of credit standards, although it will increase sales, but will be a corresponding increase in bad debt losses and the opportunity cost of accounts receivable. Refers to corporate credit conditions require users to pay for credit is subject to a condition, including the credit period, discount and cash discount period. Credit period is provided for users to pay a maximum time period of the discount provided for the user can enjoy time cash payment discount, cash discount is a solid advance in the user shall be given preferential treatment. More favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs, cash discounts and other cost an additional burden. Collection policy is to refer to when credit terms have been violated, business strategy to take the accounts receivable. Enterprises in a more positive if the billing policy may reduce the cost of accounts receivable and reduce bad debt losses, but to increase collection costs. If more negative accounts receivable policies, accounts receivable may increase costs and increase bad debt losses, collection costs will be reduced. Accounts receivable in the formulation of policy, should be weighed against the increase in collection costs and reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable and bad debt losses between losses. The credit policy should be reasonable to credit standards, credit terms, collection policies, to consider comprehensive changes in the three sales, the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs and costs of to accounts receivable management system, for analysis of accounts receivable in the enterprise of the issues found in the corresponding solutions to the recovery of accounts receivable in the problems the company's funds to speed up the cycle, to improve the efficiency of the use of funds to achieve enterprises are to be , to enhance day-to-day accounts receivable managementIn day-to-day management of accounts receivable work, not enough has been done in some detail, for example, the user of the credit analysis, aging analysis, such as table. Specifically, can do a good job in the following aspects of day-to-day management of accounts receivable of work: (1) a good foundation for basic records, understand the user (including subsidiaries) of the timeliness of payments, based on work records, including business-to-users credit conditions, the date of the establishment of credit relationships, the user of the time of payment, the amount currently in arrears, as well as changes in credit ratings, such as users, companies only have this information in order to take appropriate and timely response. (2) to check whether the user credit limit exceeded. Enterprises to provide users with a credit for each business, we must check whether there are more than the record of the credit period, and pay attention to test whether the total debt owed by the user breaking the credit limit. (3) keep track of the debt over the credit period, the user is due to closely monitor the increase or decrease debt dynamics, in order to take timely measures associated with the users to remind them of their payment as soon as possible. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average collection period, to see whether the normal level of liquidity, businesses can, through the indicators, with the previous practice, is now planning and compared to the same industry in order to evaluate the management of accounts receivable achievements and shortcomings of, and amendments to the credit conditions. (5) study the situation of non-payment, inspection of accounts receivable by the percentage of non-payment, that is, the rate of bad debt losses to determine whether the enterprise's credit policies should be changed, such as the actual bad debt loss rate is greater than or less than the expected loss rate of bad debts, enterprises must look at whether credit standards are too strict or too lax credit standards in order to amend. (6) is an aged analysis of the preparation table to check the actual occupation of accounts receivable days, to recover its supervision of enterprises through the preparation of aging analysis table, which is understood that the number of credit during the period are still in arrears, should be timely monitoring, the number of arrears for more than a credit period, the length of time to calculate what percentage of each of the funds, it is estimated that the number of bad debts would cause, if the majority of extended enterprise should check their credit , to strengthen the management of accounts receivable afterAccounts receivable management, including the work of the following two parts: (1) determine the reasonable collection procedures, accounts receivable collection procedures in general as: letter to inform, Telegraph and Telephone Fax collection, sent to interview, resort to the law, in taking legal action should be considered before the principle of cost-effectiveness, the following situations when you do not need to prosecute: the cost of litigation over the amount of the debt claim; customers can write-off of debt discount collateral; customers the amount of debt not to prosecute the enterprise may be run by the damage; the prosecution withdrew the accounts limited possibility. (2) determine the reasonable collection methods. If customers do encounter temporary difficulties and to make a comeback through the efforts of enterprises to help them ride out the storm in order to recover the receivable, the general practice of accounts receivable for claims re: farmers to accept the market price of arrears below the amount of debt non-monetary assets to cover; change in the form of debt for the "long-term receivables" to determine a reasonable rate, agreed to debt service users to develop a phased plan; modify debt terms, to extend the payment period, and even reduce the principal amount, repayment incentives ; in the common economic interests, driven by the claims into the user's "long-term investment" to help start the loss-making enterprises to achieve the purpose of recovery. If the customer has reached the limits of bankruptcy, it should be a timely manner to the court, with a view to be part of bankruptcy settlement. Deliberately default on the payment for the collection, the options are: reasonable method; compassion operation method; fatigue tactics; blindingly; hardware and software operation , accounts receivable accounting methods and management systemAccounts receivable subsidiary accounts in arrears accounted for of the total, to strengthen internal financial management and monitoring, improve accounting approaches and accounts receivable management system, to resolve inter-company accounts with a subsidiary of recovery, the following several aspects from a number of recommendations are given: (1) strengthen the management and monitoring functions, in accordance with the principles of financial management of the internal check. The company set up under the Ministry of Finance in the financial monitoring group led by the Finance Director to configure full-time accounting staff, responsible for marketing and monitoring of accounting transactions for all accounts receivable for each analysis and accounting, to ensure that accounts receivable in line with norms of the operators at the same time part of the requirements and procedures so that systematic standardization of business activities. (2) improve internal accounting methods. Sales, respectively, for different services, such as purchases of the distributors with direct sales operations, sales offices and sales outlets, the company supply and trading company with the money owed to the company which occurred between the units against the sales business, product returns, etc. , respectively, using different accounting methods and procedures to show the difference and take the appropriate management. (3) accounts receivable and is responsible for the implementation of life-long responsibility of the person first. Who handles the occurrence of bad business, regardless of whether the transfer of responsibility for the company, have against the parties responsible. At the same time, the responsibility of staff to carry out a clearly defined, and as a basis for performance evaluation summary. (4) regular or ad hoc basis to conduct an inspection of the marketing network for monitoring and internal audit. Due to poor management to prevent the emergence of embezzlement, corruption and issues such as funding to reduce the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. (5) establish a sound internal control system of organization.
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2、制订合理的赊销方针。企业可借鉴西方对商业信用的理解，制订适合自己的可防范风险的赊销方针。如：（1）有担保的赊销。企业可在合同中规定，客户要在赊欠期中提供担保，如果赊欠过期则承担相应的法律责任。（2）条件销售。赊欠期较长的应收账款发生坏账的风险一般比赊欠期较短的坏账风险要大，因此企业可与客户签定附带条件的销售合同，在赊欠期间货物所有权仍属销售方所有，客户只有在货款全部结清后才能取得所有权。若不能偿还欠款，企业则有权收回商品，弥补部分损失。 3、建立赊销审批制度。在企业内部应分别规定业务部、业务科长等各级人员可批准的赊销限额，限额以上须报经上级或经理审批。这种分级管理制度使赊销业务必须经过相关人员的授权批准，有利于将其控制在合理的限度内。 4、强化应收账款的单个客户管理和总额管理。企业对与自己有经常性业务往来的客户应进行单独管理，通过付款记录、账龄分析表及平均收款期判断个别账户是否存在账款拖欠问题。如果赊销业务繁忙，不可能对所有客户都单独管理，则可侧重于总额控制。信用管理人员应定期计算应收账款周转率、平均收款期、收款占销售额的比例以及坏账损失率，编制账龄分析表，按账龄分类估计潜在的风险损失，以便正确估量应收账款价值，并相应地调整信用政策。 5、建立销售回款一条龙责任制。为防止销售人员为了片面追求完成销售任务而强销盲销，企业应在内部明确追讨应收账款不是财务人员而是销售人员的责任。同时，制订严格的资金回款考核制度，以实际收到货款数作为销售部门的考核指标，每个销售人员必须对每一项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金铨过程负责。这样就可使销售人员明确风险意识，加强货款的回收。 三、应收账款风险的防范 企业为防范债务人无限期地拖欠货款，可采用以下措施： 1、将应收账款改为应收票据。由于应收票据具有更强的追索权，且到期前可以背书转让或贴现，在一定程度上能够降低坏账损失的风险，所以当客户到期不能偿还货款时企业可要求客户开出承兑汇票以抵销应收账款。 2、应收账款抵押与让售。企业可通过抵押或让售业务将应收账款变现。应收账款抵押是企业以应收账款为担保品，众金融机构预先取得货款，收到客户支付欠款时再如数转交给金融机构作为部分借款的归还。但一旦客户拒绝付款，金融机构有权向企业追索，企业必须清偿全部借款。应收账款让售是企业将应收账款出售给从事此项业务的代理机构以取得资金，售出的应收账款无追索权。客户还款时直接支付给代理机构，一旦发生坏账企业不须承担任何责任。这项业务可以使企业将全部风险转移。这在西方比较盛行。我国某些金融机构可以对资信好的企业逐步建立这样的金融业务，有利市场分工和健康发展。 3、进行信用保险。虽然信用保险仅限于非正常损失，保险公司通常把保险金融限制在一定的范围内，要求被保企业承担一部分坏账损失，但是这种方式仍然可以把企业所不能预料的重大损失的风险转移给保险公司，使应收账款的损失率降至最低。 四、加强收账管理与提高我国市场的信用机制 企业向逾期尚未付款的顾客应采用适当的收款政策收取应收账款。若收款政策较严，虽然可以减少坏账损失及应收账款拖欠资金被占用的机会成本，但同时也会增加收账费用；反之，可发生较少的收账费用，但却又会增加应收账款的机会成本及坏账损失。因此，企业应制订最佳的收款政策，在增加收账费用与减少坏账损失及机会成本之间权衡，使收账成本最低，企业效益最大。同时，要注意讲究收账技巧，对于无力偿付与故意拖欠，以及欠款期不同的企业要采取不同的收账策略进行收账，如：寄函，打电话，派人催收，双方协商解决，借助于有权威的第三者调解，由仲裁机关仲裁解决，上诉司法机关，加强司法机关执行的力度等。总之，应逐步建立和提高我国市场的信用机制。
应收账款拖欠已是目前很多企业被拖垮的重要原因之一。因此，对应收账款风险应严加管理。 一、应收账款风险产生的原因 1、企业缺乏竞争意识。在现代社会激烈的竞争机制下，企业为了扩大市场占有率，不但要在成本、价格上下功夫，而且必须大量地运用商业信用促销。但是，某些企业的风险防范意识不强，为了扩销，在事先未对付款人资信情况作深入调查的情况下，盲目地采用赊销策略去争夺市场只重视账面的高利润，忽视了大量被客户拖欠占用的流动资金能否及时收回的问题。 2、企业内部控制不严。在某些实行职工工资总额与经济效益挂钩的企业中，销售人员为了个人利益，只关心销售任务的完成，采取赊销、回扣等手段强销商品，使应收账款大幅度上升，而对这部分应收账款，企业未要求相关部门和经销人员全权负责追款，导致应收账款大量沉积下来，给企业经营背上了沉重的包袱。 3、企业应收账款管理失当。企业信用政策制订不合理，日常控制不规范，追讨欠款工作不得力等因素都有可能导致自身蒙受风险和损失。 二、强化应收账款风险管理的措施 （一）制订合理的信用政策 所谓信用政策，是指企业对应收账款管理所采取的原则性规定，包括信用标准、信用条件和信用额度三方面。 1、确定正确的信用标准。信用标准是企业决定授予客户信用所要求的最低标准，也是企业对于可接受风险提供的一个基本判别标准。信用标准较严，可使企业遭受坏账损失的可能减小，但会不利于扩大销售。反之，如果信用标准较宽，虽然有利于刺激销售增长，但有可能使坏账损失增加，得不偿失。可见，信用标准合理与否，对企业的收益与风险有很大影响。企业确定信用标准时，一般采用比较分析法，分别计算不同信用标准下的销售利润、机会成本、管理成本及坏账成本，以利润最大或信用成本最低作为中选标准。 2、采用正确的信用条件。信用条件是指导企业赊销商品时给予客户延期付款的若干条件，主要包括信用期限和现金折扣等。信用期限是企业为客户规定的最长付款期限。适当地延长信用期限可以扩大销售量，但信用期限过长也会造成应收账款占用的机会成本增加，同时加大坏账损失的风险。为了促使客户早日付款，企业在规定信用期限的同时，往往附有现金折扣条件，即客户如能在规定的折扣期限内付款，则能享受相应的折扣优惠。但提供折扣应以取得的收益大于现金折扣的成本为标准。 3、建立恰当的信用额度。信用额度是企业根据客户的偿付能力给予客户的最大赊销限额，但它实际上也是企业愿意对某一客户承担的最大风险额，确定恰当的信用额度能有效地防止由于过度赊销超过客户的实际支付能力而使企业蒙受损失。在市场情况及客户信用情况变化的情况下，企业应对其进行必要调整使其始终保持在自身所能承受的风险范围之内。 （二）加强内部控制 1、认真作好赊销对象的资信调查。企业应广泛收集有关客户信用状况的资料，并据此采用定性分析及定时分析的方法评估客户的信用品质。客户资料可通过直接查阅客户财务报表或通过银行提供的客户信用资料取得，也可通过与该客户的其他往来单位交换有关信用资料取得。在实际中，通常采用“5C”评估法、信用评估法等方法对已获资料进行分析，取得分析结果后应注意或减少与信用差的客户发生赊账行为并对往来多、金额大或风险大的客户加强监督。
乔华. 应收账款管理存在的问题及对策 . 现代商业, 2008,(29) . [1] 岳世美. 论企业应收账款的风险及防范[J]. 企业家天地(理论版), 2007,(02) . [2] 陈英新. 应收账款风险分析及防范措施[J]. 财会通讯(理财版), 2007,(06) . [3] 于沛. 试论企业应收账款风险及对策[J]. 工业审计与会计, 2006,(05) . [4] 陈仕海. 强化企业应收账款风险管理的对策[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2009,(04) . [5] 隋玉凤. 应收账款的风险分析及应对措施[J]. 现代商业, 2008,(15) . [6] 刘祥剑. 企业应收账款风险及其防范[J]. 上海企业, 2006,(08) . [7] 欧明建. 企业应收账款风险及其防范[J]. 中国水运(学术版), 2006,(07) . [8] 嵇浤. 探讨企业应收账款的风险及其防范[J]. 商业会计, 2006,(02) . [9] 贾风鸣. 企业应收账款的风险管理[J]. 会计之友(上旬刊), 2006,(07) . [10] 杨建红. 企业应收账款风险及其防范策略[J]. 会计之友(中), 2007,(02) . [1] 侯红英. 浅谈企业应收账款全面管理[J]. 财会通讯(综合版), 2007,(07) . [2] 宋霞,贾莉,孙晓燕. 刍议应收账款管理存在的问题及对策[J]. 农场经济管理, 2006,(06) . [3] 郑明望. 应收账款管理存在的问题及对策研究[J]. 中国西部科技, 2004,(16) . [1] 叶如义, 向萍. 企业应收账款风险及其防范措施[J]. 重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版), 2006,(02) [2] 任富利. 论应收账款的风险防范与控制[J]. 资治文摘(管理版), 2009,(01) [3] 刘影. 审计风险的成因及其防范[J]. 大庆社会科学, 2006,(06) [4] 张堃, 史伟. 员工培训的风险及防范措施[J]. 教育与职业, 2007,(20) [5] 曹愉, 郝志刚. 出口商信用证风险及其防范[J]. 新学术, 2007,(06) [6] 谷静. 浅析海运提单的风险及防范措施[J]. 现代企业教育, 2008,(04) [7] 韩二伟, 周莉娜. 高校人力资本培训投资风险及防范[J]. 合作经济与科技, 2009,(18) [8] 孙念. 监狱信息化建设的风险与防范[J]. 社科纵横, 2010,(05) [9] 李雪竹. 信用证风险及其防范措施[J]. 读与写(教育教学刊), 2008,(08) [10] 樊桂花. 中小企业财务管理刍议[J]. 西安文理学院学报(社会科学版), 2011,(02)
应收账款的管理优秀毕业论文
艰苦的大学生活即将结束，同学们毕业前都要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有计划的检验大学学习成果的形式，写毕业论文需要注意哪些格式呢？下面是我精心整理的应收账款的管理优秀毕业论文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
摘要： 企业的应收账款风险随时存在，如何进行应收账款风险管理，关系到企业的资金周转，甚至关系到企业的生死存亡问题。所以，企业应清醒地认识到应收账款风险的管理是一项长期而艰巨的工作，应常抓不懈。
关键词： 应收账款；风险管理
应收账款风险是指因市场上不稳定因素的影响，企业的应收账款收回受阻，从而导致企业不能够及时或足额收回应收账款的风险，即企业因不能及时或足额收回应收账款而造成的潜在和实际损失的风险。
一、应收账款风险管理的重要性分析
由于我国市场竞争日益激烈，企业为了扩大销售市场，利用建立在商业信用基础上的赊销来促进销售。但赊销所带来的巨大财务风险和高昂的资金成本往往是企业始料未及的，而且应收账款数额越大，企业承受坏账损失的风险就会越高。具体来看，一方面，大规模的应收账款直接影响现金流入，很多经营状况良好、盈利可观的企业因应收账款规模过大而陷入现金流短缺的困境。另一方面，逾期应收账款的追讨成功率随着逾期时间的拉长而逐渐降低，从而导致坏账风险的增加，企业的实际盈利水平将大大降低，甚至出现严重亏损。由此可见，企业在其生产经营过程中合理地进行赊销，加强对应收账款风险管理十分重要。应收账款风险管理应是现代财务管理的一项重要内容和不可或缺的一环，它关系到企业的经营成本和最终的经济效益。良好的应收账款风险管理可以促进企业的发展，反之则会使企业陷入困境。
二、应收账款风险产生的原因
（一）盲目赊销
企业为了拓宽销售渠道，除了依靠产品的质量、价格、营销、售后服务等手段外，也把赊销作为一种重要手段。赊销确实可以在一定程度上增加产品销量，提高市场占有率。但有些企业忽视对交易方信誉度的深入调查，宁愿承担风险，也要扩大销售规模。在市场不景气的情况下，交易方违约的风险增大。
（二）交易双方信用意识不足
一方面，很多企业的诚信经营意识不足，尤其是在因经营管理不善而造成资金紧张的情况下，企业在商品交易过程中易产生拖欠资金问题。另一方面，企业对交易方的信用等级、经营能力和财务等情况缺乏相应的了解，也会造成应收账款收回难的问题。
（三）销货和收款的时间差
对于生产和销售企业来讲，交货时间与收款时间常常不能同步，这种不同步性也导致了应收账款风险的产生。而且结算手段越落后，所需要的结算时间越长。在这种现实困境中，企业只能承担相应的资金垫支。
（四）内部控制制度不完善
很多企业管理者都只重视销售而忽略对应收账款的内部控制。如企业的对外赊销行为一般由销售部门负责，而对于赊销的对象，尤其是老客户，往往依据其以往的信誉而缺少专门的信用评价标准，这种由于内部控制制度不完善而引发的不规范赊销行为极易造成应收账款的风险问题。
三、加强应收账款风险管理的建议
1、组建信用管理部门。应收账款风险主要涉及信用风险，因此首先要高度重视信用风险所引发的一系列问题，强化相关管理。信用风险作为一项具有普遍性、复杂性、高难度性的风险，在管理上要保持高度的专业化，因此需要组建特定的信用管理部门，并且该部门要保持足够的独立性，充当各部门之间沟通的桥梁。信用管理部门需要做的工作是：收集、分析、整理客户信息，建立信用档案；风险分析与预测，调整对客户的应收账款授信额度；制定相关的信用管理政策等。具体来说，对于老客户，企业要建立健全信用档案，制定一套完整的`信用记录；对于新客户，企业的信用管理应包括：进行信用调查、评估和制定合理的信用政策。另外，对提供信用的客户，企业还应随时了解其信用状况的变化。若对方因经营状况不佳而导致信用状况恶化时，企业应及时调整应对策略，以免造成经济损失。
2、增强企业决策者的风险意识。企业决策者应该重视应收账款风险管理，尽量将应收账款对企业可能带来的成本、风险控制在最小范围内。一方面，企业决策者应该根据国家产业政策和对未来市场的分析预测来确定最佳投资方案，使企业的产品能够以质取胜，在销售过程中赢得主动，获取更大的市场份额。在当前激烈的市场竞争中，若销售企业能处于主动地位，那么即使是在销售过程中产生了一定的应收账款，其风险性也会大大降低。另一方面，决策者在制定销售政策时，不应该盲目追求销量的最大化，要考虑到应收账款所带来的成本、费用及风险，制定合理的销售策略，以避免或减少应收账款给企业带来的损失。
3、加强内部控制制度建设。对于应收账款风险的管理，仅从外部推进无法从根本上解决企业的困局，还需要从内部推进，即加强内部控制制度建设。具体来讲，企业需要实时掌控应收账款的量、时、价等信息，设定不同的评价标准，加大评估考核力度，将问题及时消灭在萌芽状态。此外，企业应该根据自身业务量的大小定期对应收账款进行核对，以便及时发现应收账款风险，同时应将核对的结果传递给交易方，以保证双方信息的一致性。
4、发挥内部审计的监督作用。内部审计在应收账款风险管理中的监督作用主要体现在：检查有无异常应收账款现象，有无重大差错、玩忽职守、内部舞弊、故意不收回账款等情况，确保应收账款的收回。在我国，内部审计大多还停留在经营效益审计方面，而对于应收账款风险管理相关的工作还做得远远不够。具体来说，内部审计应该在销货和收款流程方面加强监督，即核查销售业务的职责、授权审批、凭证和记录、凭证的预先编号、按月寄出的对账单等方面。总之，企业的应收账款风险随时存在，如何进行应收账款风险管理，关系到企业的资金周转，甚至关系到企业的生死存亡问题。所以，企业应清醒地认识到应收账款风险的管理是一项长期而艰巨的工作，应常抓不懈。
参考文献
1、谈当前应收账款管理中存在的问题和对策马程琳；特区经济.2007—03—25.
2、强化企业应收账款管理的几点思考王玉林经济师.2002—10—15.
我帮大家整理了一篇关于应收账款的会计信息管理论文，仅供大家参考和阅读。
摘要： 应收账款管理是存在于各行各业以及各个企业资金管理工作中的重要内容，而且随着我国市场经济的不断发展，应收账款管理工作也变得愈加重要和紧迫。应收账款的出现是一种顺应市场及行业和企业发展的积极现象，但是如果不能够将其有效管理，那么也可能会就此导致企业的经营困难甚至破产。本文重点谈谈在当前市场经济发展背景下企业在应收账款管理水平加强方面所应该重视的方面及问题，并根据我国经济发展实际谈谈如何进一步加强企业在应收帐管管理质量方面的具体措施，以供参考。
关键词： 企业管理 应收账款 管理措施
应收账款的出现是顺应市场发展以及企业自身发展需要的积极现象，但同时它也存在着许多管理方面的风险。所以我们在积极利用应收账款这种经济活动形式的同时也要加强在其管理工作方面的手段提升，从而让应收账款管理进一步促进企业自身发展以及我国经济建设的全面发展。
一、当前我国企业在应收账款管理方面存在的主要问题
应收账款管理是一种专业性较强且存在较高经济风险的管理课题，在国外，应收账款管理经过数十年的研究探索已经有了自己一整套的防范方法与约束体系，但是我国的应收账款管理仍然处于初步探索阶段，就目前而言，应收账款管理工作方面存在的问题主要有以下几个方面。
第一，事前管理工作力度不足。事前管理工作主要就是指在客户资质审核、认证方面的工作不足。应收账款与即时付款最大的区别就在于销售活动与资金给付不是在同一个时间里完成的，销售活动结束之后资金不仅不能够及时回笼，对于某些数额较大的销售活动甚至在资金给付的时间周期上会非常长，这中间就会隐藏许多经济上的风险，许多企业也正是因为产品销售之后无法及时收回资金、甚至让这笔资金催缴变成了呆账坏账，从而影响了企业的自身有序发展，给企业造成莫大的经济损失。而造成这一问题很大程度上就是因为没有在销售活动开始之初就有效针对客户进行资质、资金实力以及历史运作和社会信誉等方面的调查分析，最终上当损失惨重。
第二，管理队伍素质未能符合应收账款管理工作的实际需要。应收账款管理不仅仅是一项简单的销售方面的资金管理，这其中还牵扯到许多专业化、系统化、规范化的具体知识，当前我国大多数生产经营型企业虽然涉及到了众多应收账款管理内容，但是在具体经办及管理人员的素质方面一直未能有所提升，也未能建立专业化的管理队伍来进行具体管理工作，所以专业知识方面的欠缺、职业素质方面的不足以及具体管理经验方面的缺失就造成了管理队伍素质底下，无法有效加强企业应收账款管理工作质量的.事实。
第三，各项制度的建设都缺乏系统性、科学性与严谨性，从而让应收账款管理工作陷入一片混乱，无法有效提升企业的经济效益，甚至因为这种管理制度方面的缺失和不足给企业造成严重的经济损失。制度方面的缺失不仅表现在本文第一条提到的事前客户企业资质审核方面的制度未能有效建立，同时还表现在赊销活动过于频繁与随意，未能通过有效的审批制度加以约束，而且在具体经办人及管理人方面的约束监督机制也未能有效建立，就算应收账款管理工作出现了问题也找不到具体责任人来进行责任担当，从而让涉及其中的工作人员有恃无恐，盲目开展销售活动而不会从思想上将是否能够及时足额收回销售款项这一问题重视起来。最后企业也未能进行及时的呆账坏账准备金制度建设，从而一旦发生呆账坏账就直接影响到企业其他资金的正常使用与运转，让企业其他部门的生产经营活动也受到严重影响。
二、加强企业应收账款管理水平的思考
前文我们系统分析了当前企业应收账款管理工作存在的主要问题，想要有效提升应收账款管理工作质量就必须从这些具体问题入手，有的放矢的进行对策研究，这样才能够全面提升应收账款管理方面的水平与质量。
(一)加强管理意识
当前许多企业在应收账款各项管理工作方面不如人意，最重要的原因就在于无论是企业最高领导者还是涉及其中的销售人员和管理人员都对应收账款管理工作认识不足，尤其是企业管理者和决策者往往只把管理重心和主要精力放在销售额、市场占有率等外部方面，内部管理工作重视不足甚至不以为然。从而让其他中层管理人员以及基层销售管理人员也都忽视了应收账款管理不善的严重后果。所以必须从企业最高领导者自身做起，加强对应收账款管理相关知识的学习与掌握，加强具体理论知识与实践经验的学习力度，从而实现管理上的系统性与方向性。此外还要格外重视基层销售人员及管理人员在应收账款管理上的学习力度，通过系统学习确保企业能够从根源上降低不良销售活动的发生几率。
(二)加强人员队伍素质提升
在加强企业最高领导层素质提升的同时，还要加强具体销售人员及管理人员的素质提升，加强在应收账款管理方面具有丰富实际经验的优秀人才引进力度，同时还要针对市场变化发展及企业生产销售具体情况不断为其提供学习新知识、新管理理念及方法的机会，为企业打造一支素质过硬的管理人才队伍及销售队伍。
(三)加强各项制度的具体建设
首先，要加强客户企业资质审核机制建设，对于有需要开展赊销活动的客户企业，要进行一对一的档案建立与管理，要切实加强对客户企业以及潜在客户企业社会信誉、历史经营情况、资金运作水平、财务状况以及其他合作企业的深入调查与对比分析，确保进入赊销活动考虑范围的企业都是资质良好、信誉良好的健康企业，为企业及时足额回收资金奠定良好基础。其次还要加强赊销项目审批机制建设，此时不仅要符合企业资质与当前市场运作情况，同时还要加强与销售管理人员的责任契约书签订，确保销售人员能够本着自律、自觉以及理性的态度进行赊销项目申请。再次还要加强应收账款管理监督约束机制建设，每一笔赊销项目都要进行建档与跟踪调查，定期召开管理工作会议，对未能在规定时间内回收的款项要及时查找原因和寻找解决对策，同时还要将应收账款回收是否及时足额作为销售人员及管理人员绩效考核的重要参考指标，激发工作人员在应收账款管理工作方面的积极性、主动性与创造性，帮助企业更好的实现资金回笼。最后还要针对企业当前实际以及未来可能发生的赊销项目进行合理而科学的呆账坏账准备金制度建设，从而最大限度确保企业其他资金不被突发事件所影响，能够最大限度确保资金经济价值的有效发挥。
这里有一篇《企业应收账款风险管理与防范措施》可以参考：
应收账款拖欠已是目前很多企业被拖垮的重要原因之一。因此，对应收账款风险应严加管理。 一、应收账款风险产生的原因 1、企业缺乏竞争意识。在现代社会激烈的竞争机制下，企业为了扩大市场占有率，不但要在成本、价格上下功夫，而且必须大量地运用商业信用促销。但是，某些企业的风险防范意识不强，为了扩销，在事先未对付款人资信情况作深入调查的情况下，盲目地采用赊销策略去争夺市场只重视账面的高利润，忽视了大量被客户拖欠占用的流动资金能否及时收回的问题。 2、企业内部控制不严。在某些实行职工工资总额与经济效益挂钩的企业中，销售人员为了个人利益，只关心销售任务的完成，采取赊销、回扣等手段强销商品，使应收账款大幅度上升，而对这部分应收账款，企业未要求相关部门和经销人员全权负责追款，导致应收账款大量沉积下来，给企业经营背上了沉重的包袱。 3、企业应收账款管理失当。企业信用政策制订不合理，日常控制不规范，追讨欠款工作不得力等因素都有可能导致自身蒙受风险和损失。 二、强化应收账款风险管理的措施 （一）制订合理的信用政策 所谓信用政策，是指企业对应收账款管理所采取的原则性规定，包括信用标准、信用条件和信用额度三方面。 1、确定正确的信用标准。信用标准是企业决定授予客户信用所要求的最低标准，也是企业对于可接受风险提供的一个基本判别标准。信用标准较严，可使企业遭受坏账损失的可能减小，但会不利于扩大销售。反之，如果信用标准较宽，虽然有利于刺激销售增长，但有可能使坏账损失增加，得不偿失。可见，信用标准合理与否，对企业的收益与风险有很大影响。企业确定信用标准时，一般采用比较分析法，分别计算不同信用标准下的销售利润、机会成本、管理成本及坏账成本，以利润最大或信用成本最低作为中选标准。 2、采用正确的信用条件。信用条件是指导企业赊销商品时给予客户延期付款的若干条件，主要包括信用期限和现金折扣等。信用期限是企业为客户规定的最长付款期限。适当地延长信用期限可以扩大销售量，但信用期限过长也会造成应收账款占用的机会成本增加，同时加大坏账损失的风险。为了促使客户早日付款，企业在规定信用期限的同时，往往附有现金折扣条件，即客户如能在规定的折扣期限内付款，则能享受相应的折扣优惠。但提供折扣应以取得的收益大于现金折扣的成本为标准。 3、建立恰当的信用额度。信用额度是企业根据客户的偿付能力给予客户的最大赊销限额，但它实际上也是企业愿意对某一客户承担的最大风险额，确定恰当的信用额度能有效地防止由于过度赊销超过客户的实际支付能力而使企业蒙受损失。在市场情况及客户信用情况变化的情况下，企业应对其进行必要调整使其始终保持在自身所能承受的风险范围之内。 （二）加强内部控制 1、认真作好赊销对象的资信调查。企业应广泛收集有关客户信用状况的资料，并据此采用定性分析及定时分析的方法评估客户的信用品质。客户资料可通过直接查阅客户财务报表或通过银行提供的客户信用资料取得，也可通过与该客户的其他往来单位交换有关信用资料取得。在实际中，通常采用“5C”评估法、信用评估法等方法对已获资料进行分析，取得分析结果后应注意或减少与信用差的客户发生赊账行为并对往来多、金额大或风险大的客户加强监督。
应收账款(Accounting Receivable，简称 AR)，该账户核算企业因销售商品、材料、提供劳务等，[1]应向购货单位收取的款项，以及代垫运杂费和承兑到期而未能收到款的商业承兑汇票。下面是我为大家整理的应收账款 论文 参考文献，希望对大家有帮助。 应收账款论文参考文献一： [1]夏天.资本结构理论发展历程述评[J].商业时代.2014(09) [2]黄正辉，谢智勇.上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证分析--以我国房地产业为例[J].上海管理科学.2013(03) [3]刘文海.我国 旅游 业发展研究[J].中国市场.2012(24) [4]袁旭.工程建设项目投资风险分析与防范 措施 研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [5]倪仁泉.中小房地产企业 融资 模式研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [6]马新晖.关于降低机械制造成本的方法研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [7]钟利红.新 会计 准则对 财务分析 影响的研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [8]张慧.中国旅游上市公司经济效益分析[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版).2011(11) [9]高金霞，时学成，王道保.基于行业视角的我国上市公司资本结构影响因素分析[J].经济论坛.2010(07) [10]梁伟华.旅游业的资本结构分析[J].现代经济信息.2009(24) [11]叶蓓，袁建国.企业投资的行为公司财务研究综述[J]. 会计研究 .2007(12) [12]陈德萍，曾智海.资本结构与企业绩效的互动关系研究--基于 创业 板上市公司的实证检验[J].会计研究.2012(08) [13]张晓明，周春梅.我国旅游业上市公司现状分析及发展对策研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2004(06) [14]霍守花，陆林.旅游上市公司资本结构与经营绩效关系的实证研究[J].安徽师范大学学报( 自然 科学版).2013(01) [15]宋卫俊.旅游企业劳资冲突的发生机制与对策研究[D].燕山大学2014 [16]孙洁.花卉旅游的游客感知价值及开发策略研究[D].新疆农业大学2014 [17]王元元.大数据背景下 旅行 社虚拟价值链模型研究[D].浙江 工商 大学2015 [18]富琳桦.基于非物质 文化 遗产传承的旅游纪念品开发[D].华东理工大学2015 [19]霍欣.我国旅游业上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2014 [20]朱彦慧.杨家埠民间艺术大观园管理模式研究[D].西安石油大学2014 [21]李楠楠.中国旅游类上市公司对区域经济发展的效应分析[D].燕山大学2014 应收账款论文参考文献二： [1]高阳.非法集资的入罪及合法民间借贷的 法律 规制[D].华东政法大学2014 [2]张文江.独立担保制度法律分析[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2009(05) [3]李振.浅析独立担保在我国的发展[J].陕西青年职业学院学报.2009(03) [4]谢婧.金融危机背景下 国际 贸易结算方式的选择[J].现代金融.2009(03) [5]陈大艳.福费廷业务发展新趋势研究[J]. 科技 情报开发与经济.2008(17) [6]孙超.论未来应收账款的转让融资[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版).2008(02) [7]艾万泽.我国商业银行发展福费廷业务研究[D].西南 财经 大学2006 [8]李然.论福费廷业务在我国商业银行的发展[D].中国社会科学院研究生院2003 [9]刘桂丽.浅析承认独立担保国内效力的必要性[J].淮北煤炭师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2009(03) [10]王春华.福费廷业务研究[D].东北财经大学2003 [11]王慧.我国商业银行大力开展福费廷业务的对策[J].商场现代化.2008(02) [12]戴佳倩.福费廷业务的基本法律问题[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版).2007(04) [13]庄乐梅.在金融危机中看金融创新[J].金融博览.2009(07)[1]黄斌，着.国际保理[M].法律出版社，2006 [14]陈辞.商业银行非标准化债权融资业务立法基本问题[D].华东政法大学2014 [15]蒋军平.建设工程优先权的行使[D].华东政法大学2014 [16]刘海蓉.应收帐款转让制度之比较研究[J].洛阳师范学院学报.2006(06) [17](美).科宾(ArthurLintonCorbin)着，王卫国等译.科宾论合同[M].中国大 百科 全书出版社，1998 应收账款论文参考文献三： [1]莫大卫.上海通用 汽车 供应链绿色绩效评估与改进[D].东北大学2012 [2]姜家华.论企业客户关系管理[J].企业家天地下半月刊(理论版).2009(05) [3]郭军.加强客户关系管理增强企业竞争力[J].现代商业.2009(12) [4]李景然.我国商业银行个人客户分层管理研究[D].上海外国语大学2014 [5]孙妍.网上银行客户忠诚度影响因素研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学2009 [6]巨建辉.航天六院动力厂客户关系管理研究[D].天津大学2009 [7]伍劲峰.中小企业型客户关系管理[D].武汉大学2005 [8]李丛伟.基于知识管理的客户关系管理研究[D].华中师范大学2007 [9]戴智.唐山联通3G服务客户忠诚度的研究[D].吉林大学2012 [10]咸晓静，李乃和.客户关系 管理理论 与实践的演变：同步发展[J]. 市场营销 导刊.2008(04) [11]杨俐.客户沟通在客户关系管理中的应用[J].合作经济与科技.2009(08) [12]陈炯，谢凤华.企业客户关系管理现状及对策研究[J].经济研究导刊.2009(06) [13]袁杰，张佳.新时期下的客户关系管理[J].商场现代化.2009(04) [14]时潮.HH公司钢材进销存系统的设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [15]李思聪，陈尚松，俞欢军.基于J2EE的客户关系管理系统的设计与实现[J].工业控制 计算机 .2008(11) [16]高妤.以财务为中心的NE物流信息系统设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [17]扶明信.首钢ERP销售与分销子系统优化项目的管理研究[D].东北大学2012 [18]熊岩.高职院校人才培养成本研究[D].东北大学2009 [19]葛文明.宝钢南方区域工贸一体化软件项目开发进度管理[D].东北大学2011
外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文
在学习、工作生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，论文对于所有教育工作者，对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我为大家收集的外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
摘 要：
随着“一带一路”的发展，经济全球化，贸易自由化的深入与发展，我国的外贸企业面临着日益复杂的海外应收账款风险，内部控制也是外贸企业实现现代化管理的要求。文章对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行了分析，首先阐述了应收账款风险管理的意义，接着讨论了外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的四个问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了外贸企业应收账款风险管理的改进措施，以为有效防范外贸企业应收账款风险提供参考。
关键词 :
外贸企业,应收账款,风险管理；
引言：
随着我国的进出口贸易总额量每年大幅增加，外贸企业对经济发展起着巨大的推动作用。随着贸易总额的连年增长，外贸企业的数量也在递增，国外应收款的数额也在大幅度提高，国外客户应收账款问题已经成为了外贸企业所面临的一大难题。随着市场经济环境日趋复杂，针对目前的形式而言外贸企业需进一步改进应收账款风险管理措施，保障资金回笼，才能有效推动企业经营实现可持续发展。
一、外贸企业进行应收账款风险管理的背景意义
企业的应收账款其主要来源于企业的赊销行为。在竞争激烈的国际市场经济中，企业要想生存发展，要想扩大销售，提升公司的市场占有率，提高企业的综合竞争力，必然会带来应收账款的增加，应收账款形成后会给企业带来巨大的资金压力和机会成本，会给企业造成重要的影响。
然而，目前我国一些外贸企业规模小，管理制度不健全，风险意识淡薄，抗风险能力差，国际贸易经验不足等问题，往往容易造成重视订单而忽略应收账款的风险控制。而一味的追求扩大销售争取订单，盲目赊账，导致应收账款不能按时无法收回，将形成企业的坏账。中小型外贸企业的流动资金本来就很紧张，一旦发生较大金额的坏账，很可能导致资金链断裂，使企业无法正常经营。应收账款的风险主要体现在以下几个方面：第一：应收账款的汇率风险；第二，应收外汇款增加企业的机会成本和管理成本；第三，应收账款的坏账风险。
二、外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的问题
（一）出口信用风险管理意识淡薄
我国外贸企业为了扩大出口规模，提高市场占有率，往往采用商用信用的方式出口货物，但是由于缺乏信用风险内部管理机制和管理经验，导致我国企业逾期的应收账款大大增加。出口信用保险及社会中介机构提供的资信调查、评估及应收账款的追收等业务构成了我国外贸企业出口信用风险管理服务体系。但是有些网络信息并不真实，所以很大程度上难以满足外贸企业的实际需要。同时，好多企业并没有通过中国信保来投保，没有将信用风险转移，致使有些海外应收账款无法追回，仅凭自身实力无法规避应收账款的系统风险。企业海外的坏账损失使企业经营的现金流量减少，增加经营风险。
（二）缺乏国际结算风险意识
不同的国际贸易结算方式有不同的利弊，以我国目前最常用的信用证结算方式为例，信用证的结算方式主要是银行信贷为主，因此在中国，外贸结算则是最安全和使用相对较多的结算方式，但是信用证清算方式同时存在一定程度的风险，主要因为开证银行要求信用证以贸易为基础的信用证以书面形式进行认证，以及目前国内外贸企业在签署合同以及进出口货物信用清算方面经验不足等方面导致。
（三）客户信息不完善，信用信息收集流于形式
外贸企业针对有意向签署合同的客户，在签订合同之前，企业的信用管理部门需要对海外客户信用进行评估，以充分调查海外客户的实际规模及性质，确保合同达成，但在实际的执行过程当中许多外贸企业在信息收集和资料整合以及对客户的评价等方面都缺乏真实性和有效性的，相关工作人员对信息采集评估工作不重视导致信息收集工作缺乏使用价值，使得评估信息采集工作流于形式，一些外贸企业的相关销售人员为了完成和提升个人的销售业绩甚至提供客户的虚假信息，徇私舞弊的行为往往忽略了信息收集的可靠性和真实性。另外，从相关人员角度来讲，由于销售人员缺乏财务知识，在与客户沟通时往往存在对客户提供的信息不敏感，捕捉不到有效信息也会直接导致企业获取的信息不准确，从而导致信息评估困难，企业对客户信用的分析和评估失真等问题出现。
（四）各部门之间缺乏沟通
应收账款管理是一个全方位、全过程管理，涉及部门多，企业内部门与部门之间的协调和沟通就显得尤为重要，企业经营过程中任何一个环节出现披露都有可能直接导致应收款项无法收回的情况发生。在日常经营管理中，好多外贸企业上到管理部门，下到职能部门相互之间的协调和信息沟通一旦缺乏准确性和时效性，都有可能影响到企业的正常运行，更严重的会直接影响应收账款的收回。
三、加强应收账款管理的'策略
（一）增强企业信用管理风险管理意识
1. 加强对信用风险的管理
外贸企业要加强对信用风险的管理，增强企业信用风险管理的意识，建立完善的信用风险管理体制，能够清楚的认识到国际贸易的复杂性和信用风险管理的重要性。在金融危机时代，外贸企业树立以“现金为王”的财务管理理念，企业需要完善和改进现金流量管理体系，对企业现金流进行动态监测，避免企业出现资金流断裂的情况从而导致企业无法正常的运行和经营，另外，外贸企业要想增强企业资金流动性，需要进一步加强与海关和国家外汇管理局部门的沟通协调等基础工作，从中获取相关政策信息，从而能够充分利用国家进出口优惠政策对价格风险的管理政策，也能够有效降低企业的管理成本和经营费用。
2. 新金融工具的使用能够有效降低应收账款的风险
新金融工具的使用可以有效地降低企业应收账款的风险，例如投保出口信用保险，首先，出口信用保险作为规避经济损失的有效手段，在出口贸易收汇有安全保障，出口信用报销在企业出口贸易发生损失时给与经济上的补偿，避免呆坏账发生；第二，出口信用保险可以为企业获得出口信贷融资提供便利；第三，可以提高企业的风险管理水平，投保的过程就是一个防范和控制风险的过程。通过投信用保险来保障收汇的安全，规避收汇风险。
（二）国际结算方式多样化
对于不同国家的客户，采用不同的结算方式。出口企业在选择国际贸易结算方式时应从安全收汇、资金占用、手续繁简和银行费用等方面综合分析。除了要考虑结算方式本身特点，还要考虑结算方式之外诸如出口产品特点、市场供求状况、贸易对象资信、运输方式、交易金额、汇率波动、国家政策等因素，力求选择最合适恰当的结算方式。企业为了保障出口货物与收汇安全应该对存在的结算风险做出进一步的改善策略，比如开证银行方面，需要选择资信评级好的银行开立，还要根据不同的情况采取不同的措施来防范开证银行风险。其次，规范出口合同，保证所签的外贸合同合法、有效；出口外贸合同中的项目内容和仲裁条款，违约条款等必须明确，保证外汇收汇的及时和安全。再者，认真、仔细地审核信用证，严格按照信用证规定交单，以保证在信用证规定的时间内能够收汇。
（三）完善客户档案管理，加强对客户的资信调查
针对特殊重要客户，企业可针对内部人员配置情况进行信用调查工作落实，也可委托第三方收集客户信用信息，对特殊重要客户的信用评级不容忽视，需建立专门的档案管理部门，根据往来业务收付款情况，对客户的付款和信用状况进行信用等级的设立和评定，在交易中，针对信用等级低的客户需要采取措施进行有效的风险规避，首先，可以限制交易产品数量。其次，交易付款条件需要严格设立。最后，发货应分批次进行，在上一批次货款未结清的情况下，禁止发下一批，有效避免公司损失。
（四）加强各部门之间的相互协调与沟通
外贸企业在应收账款管理过程中，涉及部门、环节和人员众多，首先要细化各部门的岗位职责和权限，确保各部门之间职责和权责明确，分工合理，信息畅通。在应收账款风险管理上，首先外贸企业应设置专门的资金管理工作组，指定完善的信用政策，同时，针对客户资金评级、付款方式等，需要加强监控，从而有效辅助业务部门加强应收账款风险管理。建立健全应收账款的监控体系、预警机制。应收账款的监控体系应包括赊销的发生、收账、逾期风险预警等各个环节。财务部门对应收账款的分析管理，计提坏账准备金，计入当期费用。财务部和销售部门也要及时和客户进行账款核对，保证应收账款的准确性。另外还需要内部各部门之间的共同努力，在管理过程中，要注意各部门之间的协调。做好合同签订与审核，有效规范合同格式，完善合同内容，有效避免部分客户利用合同漏洞，出现欺诈等行为，降低应收款项管理风险。
四、结语
本文对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行分析，首先阐述了应收账款的概念，接着讨论了外贸企业在应收账款管理中存在的风险管理问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了一些针对性的外贸企业应收账款风险管理改进措施。应收账款在外贸企业经营管理工作中占领重要地位，有效的应收账款管理体系能够保障外贸企业资金的有效回笼，是企业稳定发展的重要基石，尤其是针对海外客户，一般海外业务涉及的金额巨大，具有风险较高、回收成本高、程序复杂等特点，如果应收账款出现问题，将会严重影响企业健康稳定的发展，外贸企业要不断地通过实践经验，发现应收账款管理中存在的一系列问题，及时采取有效的措施应对，才能保证企业健康和稳定发展。
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