Human resource plays the pivotal role in social economy development increasingly. 5P model is regarded as a very important model in human resource management, while it delivers the huge purpose and instant effect. But we have to realize that the application of 5P needs to one environment that cooperation of every department and plan the relevant policies, therefore enterprises utilize 5P model depending on practical situation. This anticle tries to realize the huge effect of 5P model very well through both discussing the content of 5P model and 洛北春酒业集团`s suessful experience.
是翻成英文吗 Civil service system is the embodiment of the management system of personnel administration regularity, is promoting the modern government and the development of administrative system of anization design, it is perfect with innovation, related to the government administration quality and efficiency improvement. China in 1993 adopted the national civil service system, began to enter the modern government personnel management track. But overall, pared with foreign countries, the civil service system of our country is still relatively primitive, theoretical research is still relatively weak, and there are many aspects need reform and innovation. Therefore, the reform of the civil service system in China has bee an important task. This paper will be based on the civil service system on the basis of theoretical study, through to the Chinese and foreign civil servants system recorded in the annealing preferred, incentive coordination, the protection mechani *** of the three major aspects of the public servant system at home and abroad, to reveal the similarities and differences, to draw lessons from foreign civil servant system beneficial experience to perfect our civil servant system design. 我只把你摘要的发来了
Abstract The core petitiveness of enterprises is the basis of the sustainable development of enterprise and the source of petitive advatages. As a growth point of China's national economy, Real Estate directly affects the national economic development and the people's livelihood. Therefore, the construction of real estate enterprises'core petitive ability should be paid profound attention. Depending on a bination of core petence theory, this paper is in view of the status quo of the estate enterprise'core petitive ability in China,then bines the author's opinion under the help of the related books,documents and the teacher, and finally turn out the means of the construction of enterprises'core petitive ability . Keywords The Core Competiveness of Enterprises Brand Strategy Enterpise Culture
Urban vulnerable groups is in the interests of the economic system transformation relative damage, marginalized groups, with social transformation, economic restructuring and social factors such as industrial restructuring, urban vulnerable groups is being increasingly prominent, and has affected our economy development and social equity. Based on the situation of vulnerable groups of urban studies, that the size of the vulnerable groups in recent years in increasing the survival of the city status of vulnerable groups have not been effective improvement, therefore, an urgent need for government-led, to establish and improve various policies and mechani *** s to protect the basic rights of vulnerable groups in order to achieve the goal of building a well.
Along with continuous development of market economy and intensive structural reform of publish industry, financial management play a more and more important role on the development and management of publishing enterprise. Publishing enterprises must change their concepts and pay attention to financial management, building and insisting on the sense of innovation and human-oriented financial management, actively exploring and building a sound financial management system which is adaptive to market economic management system and operation mechani *** . Publishing enterprises must try a variety of ways and means to resolve the outstanding issues in financial management, making effort to improve the qualities of financial workers, strengthening the informational construction of financial management, realizing continuous innovation on financial centralized management and aounts receivable management, so as to promote the publishing industry develop in a healthy and good direction.
Abstract: The woman known as half of the sky in an era of growing concern in the feminist context, hold up half the sky in other men - their pressure, their difficulties, their sad, seems to have been used to And even taken for granted. But Chili as one of the representatives of women writers, she works in many men have expressed the concern of this group. Loss of life, questions of love, of self-worth of confusion, as the mon challenge facing the hero. Thus, character. environment. the fate of one man without the image of the intersection in question to the reality: our way is, Where is tomorrow? 摘要还必须包括关键词的。
英文摘要可以用百度翻译,然后复制上去,目录设定很简单,在word或者wps里面有目录设定,选中目录点选那个目录设定可以来设定是一级目录还是二级目录的。
[Abstract] In the 1980s and 1990s last century, the economy developed at a high speed with the sacrifice of damaging the environments which caused serious environmental problems and social problems. Gov and society began to think about it, therefore in the process of production and manufacturing, enterprises should take the corporate social responsibility (CSR). With the improvement of social system, many enterprises have realized the problem of social responsibility. More and more enterprises find that it is not contradicted beeen achieving the individual economic goal and fulfilling the social goal. To enhance the consciousness and initiative of fulfilling the social responsibility, enterprises should fulfill the social responsibility to convey related information to the society. It plays a key role to develop the social responsibility and social responsibility investments because it can better bring in the public opinion pressure and Gov supervision. High moral standards aord with the enterprises’ long-term benefit which will help gain reputation and trust in the daily operation and long-term cooperation. Enterprises can really catch the advantage of taking the social responsibility, the policy and regulation that push the enterprises to fulfill the social responsibility so that to find appropriate conduct system. Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility, corporate obligation, significance of social responsibility, harmonious society
This thesis presents a detailed *** ysis of the current situation of the private enterprises of Chaoshan, gave emphasized *** ysis on both the advantage of its development and problems lied in, and found out the advantages as well as limitations of the district of Chaoshan. On the basis of this, this thesis also studied on the New Wenzhou Mode, while in the meantime proposed advices on the future development of private enterprises of Chaoshan district in view of strategy.
摘要的英文是abstract。
例句:
1、请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
2、他把那些论文都读了一遍并做了内容摘要。
He read through the papers and made an abstract of their contents.
重点词汇:
papers 论文 ; 文件 ; 报纸 ; 纸 ; 文献 ; 纸张 ; 贴壁纸 ; paper的第三人称单数和复数。
made …制造的 ; 制作…的 ; 制造 ; 做 ; 组装 ; 写 ; 出产 ; 制订 ; 铺床 ; make的过去分词和过去式 ; …制的 ; 拼成的 ; 虚构的 ; 体格…的。
abstract 摘要 ; 抽象派艺术作品 ; 概要 ; 抽象的 ; 纯理论的 ; 把…抽象出 ; 提取 ; 抽取 ; 分离。
their 他们的 ; 她们的 ; 它们的 ; 在提及性别不详的人时,用以代替his或her。
contents 目录 ; 内容 ; 所容纳之物 ; 所含之物 ; 目次 ; 主题 ; 知足 ; 使满意。
或者像大家说的网上免费的翻译平台,搜狗翻译、谷歌翻译这些也可以,但是免费的机器翻译的结果目前来说准确率还不是很高,你的是学术论文,建议还是找人工翻译比较好,我论文翻译找的是北京译顶科技,那边都是人工翻译
论文用到的专业性词汇比较多,很多时候在写英文的时候可能会感到困难,我用过的是这个,你看一下吧。
第一步,在首页三大板块中点击【文档翻译】。
第二步,点击【选择文件】,从电脑中选中文件(注意这篇文档里只放论文摘要部分),点击【打开】。
第三步,文件上传之后,看到翻译语种选择,设置为【简体中文】转换【英语】,点击右下角【立即翻译】。
第四步,等到翻译完成,屏幕上会跳出温馨提示,点击【查看文件】,就能找到保存在电脑上已经翻译成英文的论文摘要了。
毕业论文摘要怎么放入目录 插入-引用-索引和目录- 选择目录 点确定即可 。 不行,就是你大纲分级有问题 。切换到大纲视图 ,选中摘要,将摘要设置为1级 ,摘要的内容设置为正文级别。 满意望采纳 , 不懂再追问 谢谢 毕业论文自动生成目录,摘要的具体内容出现在目录里,如何解决?word20 检查一下: 1、“摘要”标题后要用回车换行,不要用手动换行(就是向下的箭头); 2、摘要的内容是不是设置了标题样式。解决方法: 1、保证“摘要”标题后为回车换行,然后选中包括“摘要”标题及内容的全部,设置为正文(开始--样式--正文); 2、选中“摘要”标题,设置标题样式,开始--样式--标题X,X为标题级别,根据实际确定; 3、按论文要求,设置摘要内容的格式; 4、更新目录,右击目录,全新域,“更新整个目录”。 word文档目录自动生成以及添加摘要 15分 如果你的正文已经编辑好,那就这样设置吧,视图选项卡里进入大纲视图,然后将要在目录显示的内容设置成各级标题,设置好后,引用选项卡——插入目录,目录即生成了。 word2007/2010/2013,都可以这样设置。 Word中论文的摘要无法生成目录,只能生成正文目录 5分 建议看下: 可以的话采纳一下。。。 怎样生成目录时不要摘要 顺便说说目录生成详细步骤 word的目录制作一般经过2个步骤:1、先设置word内容的标题:单击进入大纲视图→设置一级标题、二级标题,只需将光标点到标题行(每个标题均分别单击),然后提升标题,降级标唬,逐个设置好了。再生成目录。 弄好了,切换到页面视图 。如果有的标题的字体、字号、行距不符合要求,最好切换到大纲视图选择显示级别到最低标题级别,然后直接看标题修改即可,这样最快捷。2、然后插入引用→索引和目录→目录,选择一种格式。如果目录生成后,正文的标题或内容有修改,导致页码有变化了,可通过更新目录来实现标题和页码的更新,单击目录区域右键--更新域--更新页码(如果只有内容的增减,无标题的变化),更新整个目录(标题和页码均有变化)。这样目录就彻底做好了! 大侠在线 联系邮箱[email protected](账号满员,不加好友) 摘要不上目录,不设置其标题 ,保留原来的正常样式即可。 论文的摘要如何添加到目录中,具体点 在引用那里,有目录,,你要拖黑“摘要”,然后选1级目录,将摘要设置为1级 ,摘要的内容设置为正文级别,更新目录,这样就可以了,不懂可以继续追问。。打字挺辛苦的 wps自动生成目录时摘要必须单独成行吗 可以用[插入目录]对话框中选项里面的‘目录项域’ (前提:需要在摘要后面插入一个‘目录项域’) 注:目录项域,类似一个隐藏的标签;它可以被目录检索到;不足之处,它不会跟随文字变化。 #急#word2010生成目录时,摘要的内容都录到目录去了, 10分 编辑文本编辑文本,格式布局。1选择所有级别的标题;2在格式工具栏左侧,“样式”列表和点击\\标题“1 \\”按照要求设置标题的1格式;步骤1,2后设置两个或三个标题格式为标题2,标题。请注意,英文摘要和摘要摘要应设置为第一级。二,自动生成目录第一步:第一字左光标定位到正文第一页(后面的英文目录应该在身体;前2)执行菜单命令“插入\/引用\/索引和目录”对话框打开目录索引;3在对话框框中,单击目录选项卡中进行相关设置,点击OK,目录的自动生成。 word文档怎么才可以 自动生成 目录 和自动提取摘要? 如果是office2000的word,那么只要点工具栏里的插入索引/目录就ok了,当然,在这之前,必须要设置好你的文档里文字的格式,通常word是默认把标题看作是建立目录的对象的,所以,就需要把文件中的章节、标题啊,大的题目套用为相应的“标题1”“标题2”等等 如果是office2003那么就插入域,然后选择索引和目录,确定。其他设置和2000雷同 请问WPS中生成目录不包含摘要怎么办 自动生成目录的原理是WPS提取相应大纲级别的文字进行排列。自动生成的目录里没有出现,说丁这段文字的大纲级别不够。 解决方法是:选中“摘要”,右键菜单中选择“段落”,将“大纲级别”调整到【一级】(这个视你目录要求而定,对论文来说一般如此),然后更新目录即可。 对于WPS 2012界面来说更简单,选中“摘要”二字,在“引用-->目录"子菜单下,选择”目录级别“即可。
1、如下图,目录没有摘要和参考文献;
2、在文章中找到摘要标题,选中后点击显示“段落”对话框;
3、在段落对话框中的大纲级别选择“一级文本”,参考文献标题也做同样设置;
4、设置完成后回到目录页,点击“更新目录”;
5、选择“更新整个目录”,点击确定;
6、设置完成,可以看到摘要和参考文献都在目录中出现啦。
选定要设定为上标 (上标:比同一行中其他文字稍高的文字,如脚注引用标记。)或下标 (下标:比同一行中其他文字稍低的文字。下标通常用于科学公式中。)的文字。 在“格式”选单上,单击“字型”,然后单击“字型”选项卡。 选中“上标”或“下标”复选框
方法/步骤 1、点选word上方的引用下的,脚注尾注下的小图示,进行如图所示的操作 2、点选需要插入尾注的地方,点选“插入尾注,或者使用快捷键alt+ctrl+D,这是文中游标定位的地方出现,尾注上标 1,然后依次插入所有尾注,直到全部完成。 3、尾注插完后,需要将尾注开头的上标1改为正常体的[1]。将游标定位在尾注的任意地方,点选替换, 4、在替换介面,查询内容框中输入“^e”,点选“更多”→“格式”→“字型”, 勾选“上标”,点选确定。(注,游标要在“查询内容”里面) 5、在替换为框中输入“[^&]”,点选“格式”→“字型”,使“上标”前面的勾处于未选中状态,点选确定。(注,游标要在“替换为”里面) 6、这时,替换对话方块介面如图所示,点选“全部替换“,尾注替换成如图所示。 7、将论文正文中的尾注1,替换为上标[1]。替换前文中的尾注如图所示。将游标定位正文的任意位置,在查询替换对话方块中,点选替换为框,点选”格式“→”字型“,勾选“上标”,点选'确定"。 8、完成上述操作后,查询替换介面的内容如图,点选”全部替换“。文中的尾注改为如图。
选单:插入——特殊符号——数字序号,里面有的。 ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ 标在右上角:就把这些符号在文字格式里设为上标就好了。 毕业论文的注释不是你说的那样吧? 我要求学生做的就是:在论文中对某个词进行注释,在这个词的右上角标注①②③这样的符号,具体的注释内容是放到论文的结尾,或者放著页尾。
插入--特殊符号--数字序号,可以新增圆圈注释符号。也可以用输入法软键盘--数字序号输入 上标的方法是,选中要上标的字,格式--字型--中间靠左有个“上标”,把前头的方框打上勾就行。 上标就是比一般字型小的。你想弄大它,选中上标的字放大字号就行了。WORD里输入小字的问题也捆饶了我很久了 后来我看过很多老师这样做! 于是我终于明白了: 格式-字型-上(下)标 上标是使你打的1、2....在字的上面 下标就是在下面 需要注意的是,你选定你的游标就在上面了
正常插入尾注 格式用1、2、3、4,全部弄完后 在word-编辑-替换里面,“查询”里填 ^e ,“替换”里面填 [^&](注意查询时让“不限定格式”按钮为灰色 替换时不能勾选“使用万用字元”选项)
插入\引用\脚注和尾注… 在开启的对话方块中的格式项的 自定义标记右边的符号按钮上点选 选出左右中括号 点插入按钮即可
用公式编辑器可以, 1、工具>自定义>命令>类别里选插入>在命令里把公式编辑器拉到工具栏的任一地方>点选图示编辑公式,进入公式编辑。 2、在公式编辑器中选围栏模板,选大括号,在大括号右边方框打上A后在打个回车再打B,依次就可以了。
在CSS档案中插入注释有下面两种方法: 1 /* 注释内容 */。注释是以“斜杠+星号”开始,“星号+斜杠”结束,需要注意是注释字元均为英文半形小写。 2 。
你选择“格式”下面的,“中文版式”,带圈字元,选正方形的就可以了。 另外一种方式。在插入里点符号然后字型选普通文字,子集选标点和符号里面就有勾勾了。复制一下就好。 建议以后做这种东西最好用复选框来做,点选“检视”然后“工具栏”“web工具箱”,弹出“web工具箱”的工具栏,里面有个带√复选框,然后点选插入到表格文件中。用复选框做出的方框,好处就是一点就有勾勾不用自己去找。
首先,插入——图片——自选图形,选择大括号在页面中绘制一个大括号 选择 插入——文字框——横排,插入一个文字框,编辑需要的文字就可以了 打字不易,如满意,望采纳。
【电脑还是手机,电脑在特殊符号有,手机中文符号就有】
【】是么。把输入法切换到中文然后按"P"右边的两个按键试一下。
【】搜狗输入法P键右侧的两个键
英语论文摘要怎么写?英语论文摘要格式模板(附范例)
英语论文摘要
英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写
英文论文摘要怎么写
怎么写好英语论文摘要
……
这些都是百度知道中网友们提出来的热点话题,在此我为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法,英语论文摘要的格式参考,并附上范例一则,希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式
中英文摘要对应,内容要基本保持一致;中文在前,英文在后。字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要
①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)
②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要
①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)
②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(Times New Roman小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四,倍行距,两端对齐)
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”( Times New Roman 小四号加 粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,Times New Roman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma
(空1行)
Abstract
(空1行)
Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion.
After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others’ mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma’s self-knowledge.
(空1行)
Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge
范例:
A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and English
Abstract
Word is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part of culture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in many countries. As a symbol system, "English" is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of "English" and "English" is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants of the worldwide English, which is British English and American English. With the development of their own language, their own characteristics of the formation, and there are differences between. In American English and British English, is concerned about the characteristics of the "norms" word. In this paper, the British and American English in origin and development of a simple introduction, the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of language study and to explore differences in the two English-speaking characteristics and differences, the right to express and enrich the relevant knowledge of English, improve application English ability.
Key word: dependent; culture; atmosphere
中西方文化差异
摘要
词是社会的的结晶,是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识,历史文化,风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体,词汇是文化信息的浓缩,是语言的重要组成部分,它反映着文化的发展和变化,同时也直接反映着文化的差异。我们都知道中西方有着不同的文化氛围。中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。英语在当今世界政治、经济、文化等领域发挥着暂时无其他语言可以替代的作用,英语除了是一些国家的母语之外,还作为第二语言或通用外语在许多国家使用。作为一种符号系统,“英语”是一种语言,就其使用情况而言,当今世界存在着各种各样的“英语”,“英语”这个名称事实上只是一个简单的称呼,我们不能望文生义地认为它是一种单一的,同质的现象;它是在世界各地和各种不同情况下使用的许多英语变体的集合。但是由于地理、历史、文化、社会习俗等不同因素的影响,当今的英语之行演化成为家具有广泛影响的两种世界性的英语变体,那就是英国英语和美国英语。随着语言本身的发展,它们之形成各自的特点,并且相互间存在差异。在美国英语和英国英语方面,关注的特点在于“规范”两字。本文对英、美英语的起源和发展简单介绍后,就英、美语在词汇方面的差异研究并探讨这两种英语的特点及其差异,有利于正确地表达、丰富相关的英语知识,提高运用英语的能力。
关键词::独立;文化;氛围
怎么写SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea).2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点:(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.(4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文. 第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B.给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8) 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步:修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
怎么写SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea).2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点:(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.(4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文. 第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B.给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8) 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步:修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
论文摘要包括:目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
1、目的
简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。
2、方法
简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。
3、结果
简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。
4、结论
简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。中、英文摘要前需标明中、英文文题,作者姓名(至多3名)及作者单位(邮政编码)。英文摘要应隔行打字,以便修改。
写作要求:
1、摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
2、不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
3、结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。摘要慎用长句,句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词,但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文,电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。
以上内容参考:百度百科-论文摘要
那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words: