人食五谷杂粮，总会有生病的时候，这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的关于医学方面的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于医学方面的英语文章
Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black comedy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel.
Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage.
Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels.
Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take.
In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of combat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out.
One more bit of information about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22.
Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning.
The most common kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A (or classic hemophilia) and hemophilia B (or Christmas hemophilia), which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B.
Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease.
Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes.
However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求
I.格式
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)
(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版http://www.icmje.org)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分：
1.Title 7. Acknowledgements
2.Abstract 8. References
3.Introduction 9. Legends
4.Materials and Methods 10. Figures
5.Results 11. Tables
6.Discussion 12. Plates and Explanations
II.要求
1.标题
A. 标题的要求
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)
(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.
The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters
China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words
要求：
(1) Short and concise(简明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系
(2)Informative(信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上
(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词，它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词，要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法，研究对象，研究目的或效果，一般为名词，名词短语，分词短语或动名词短语。
例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术
Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退
美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是：
1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature
2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read
3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)
4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations
5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:
So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”
6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同， 一般有两种形式：
1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases
2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver
标题中冠词的用法:
1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock
2). Carcinoma of the anal canal
Running title
B. 标题的结构
标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型，这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义，有时也用完整句，以陈述句较多，偶尔也用疑问句。例：
Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症
Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥
表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构
这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例：
Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎
Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法
(药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)
A in the treatment/management of B;
treatment of B with A;
use of A in the treatment of B;
A therapy/treatment of B;
2012年02月13日 09时56分，《英语:英语论文：医学英语英译汉常见错误分析及对策[1]》由liuxue86.com英语我整理.
P> 1.6THAT的误译
that可作连词，引导各种从句;也可作指示代词和关系代词。翻译时容易造成误译。60~100mL/kg/day of water will maintain urine osmolarity at approximately that of serum.误：60~100毫升、公升、天的水可维持尿渗透量约近于血浆。正：60~100毫升、公升、天的水可维持尿渗透量接近于血浆渗透量。分析：句中的that是代词，用来替代前面出现过的名词osmolarity，以避免重复，翻译时，通常要把它所替代的词译出。
1.7作定语和状语用的分词误译
One of the most striking characteristics of modern science has been the increasing trend towards closer cooperation between scientists and scientific institutions all over the world.误：现代科学最显著的特点之一就是增加的全世界科学家于科学机构之间较密切合作的倾向。正：现代科学最显著的特点之一就是全世界的科学家与科学机构日益趋向更密切合作。分析：increasing这一分词作定语，修饰名词trend，翻译时，如果机械地译为“增加的”，放在所修饰的名词前，译文就不通顺，词不达意。译为“日益”即把increasing这一词意表达了，译文也合乎汉语习惯。
论文论文参考网
1.8定语从句误译
定语从句误译问题常出在关系代词与其先行词的关系上。Rigors do not last long-usually a matter of a few minutes after which the temperature falls,the shivering ceases and there may be profuse sweating.误：寒战不会持续很长时间——通常在体温下降后几分钟就消失，颤抖停止，大量出汗。正：寒战时间不长，通常只是几分钟，此后，体温下降，颤抖停止，大量出汗。分析：which的先行词是a few minutes;after which=after a few minutes,这一介词短语在从句中作时间状语。
1.9同位语误译
在医学英语中，同位语是常见的语言现象，值得我们注意。it is seldom necessary to treat temperature itself unless it is very high,for it is an indication that the patient is putting up a good resistance to the disease.误：如果热度不是很高，往往不需要治疗，因为发热是病人在与疾病进行斗争的一个很好的标志。正：如果热度不是很高，往往不需要治疗，因为发热表明病人在与疾病进行的斗争中有很好的抵抗力。分析：indication起修饰作用的同位语，后跟由that引导的同位语从句。误译的原因是没有把同位语从句的意思译出。
1.10被动语态误译
被动语态句子在英语中的使用大大多于汉语中的使用，尤其是在英语科技书刊更是如此。在汉译过程中，遇到英语谓语的被动语态时，不能全都译为汉语的被动结构，要视情况而定。例如，The patient was advised by the nurse to take the medicine.此句译为主动句比被动句更符合汉语表达。
2对策
产生上述错误主要有以下几个原因：缺乏医学英语翻译技巧的基本常识;词义、语法、句型不熟悉;基本语法概念模糊;对句子结构不会分析等。针对这些原因，应采取下列对策。
2.1掌握医学英语翻译技巧的基本规律
2.1.1根据词类定词义 翻译时首先应该正确判断一个词在句中的作用，看是属于哪一词类，判明之后，再确定词义。
2.1.2搭配关系定词义 一个词在句子中的基本含义是大致一样的，但具体到每篇文章其具体含义则可各有不同，必须细心观察，准确译出。
2.1.3有些词无适义，需要前后看关系;有一些词在词典上不一定能找出适当的词义，这时就把它跟上下文联系起来看，从该词的本义推出中心意思，加以引申或应用转义的方法翻译出来。
2.1.4为使译文和原文达到最大程度的等值，在翻译时借助一定的变动和补偿手段是必不可少的。例如，增译法
1．标题
Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么）
要求：
1） Short and concise（简明扼要）：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.;
2） Informative（信息丰富）：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;
3） Indexing（便于索引）：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the “Key Words” section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title.
示例：（请根据上述原则说明以下标题的修改的理由）
1） 视网膜小血管变化是冠状动脉疾病的一个指标
Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease
Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease
2) 用大剂量氨甲喋呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步体会
Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL
Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia
3) 关于饮食中钾含量与血压关系的研究
Original: A study of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure
Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure
为了满足标题写作的上述，有时对较长标题可采用副标题（subtitle）处理，如出现：
1) 病例数时，如：对急症室连续170例腹痛病例的回顾性研究
Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room
Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases
2) 研究性质/方法时，如：用磁共振成象术对正常怀孕期间垂体增大进行活体内研究
Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy
Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging
3) 并列结构时，如：军队卫生防疫工作中出现的问题、原因与对策的初探
Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA
Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures
