论文摘要:生态文学批评作为一种新兴的理论话语和批评 方法 正日趋成熟。本文旨在采用生态批评视角,重新审视D.H.劳伦斯的《蛇》中体现的人与自然的关系,并从“征服、统治自然观”与“生态整体观”两个方面,探索《蛇》中蕴涵的生态思想和劳伦斯对人类生存前景的终极关怀。
论文关键词:《蛇》;生态文学批评:人;自然
深受浪漫主义思想影响的现代主义作家D·H·劳伦斯于192年完成的诗集《鸟·兽·花》以隐喻和象征的手法勾勒了大量丰满的动植物形象,其中的树木、花草、家禽、野兽均富于情感和灵性劳伦斯赋予自然以生命的血肉,通过将自然人格化,发现人与自然神秘的联系方式。其中的名篇《蛇》寓言般地讲述了文明人面临大自然的困惑与踌躇,初始本能的敬畏与随后心中敌意的“教化之声”形成本诗的张力,诗人最终在赎罪与自省中呼唤与大自然和谐共存关系的建立。历来评论家已采用原型批评和弗洛伊德心理分析等方法分析过该诗。本文采用生态批评视角,重新审视《蛇》中体现的人与自然的关系,并引发对人类文明与人自身的 反思 ,从而挖掘出劳伦斯对“征服、统治自然观”的批判和“生态整体观”(hoistithought)的呼唤。
20世纪60年代,美国生态运动的导火索《寂静的春天》(1962出版了,这本绝不“寂静”的书,引发了美国当代轰轰烈烈的群众性环境保护运动。1972年,约瑟夫·米克(Joseph Meeker)在《生存的喜剧:文学生态学研究》(TheComedyofSurvival:StudieinLiteraryEcology)中提出“文学生态学”的概念,即“对出现在文学作品中的生物主题进行研究”。到1993年,生态文学研究成为公认的批评学派。九十年代中期以后,一些生态文学批评的专著相继出版。1996年佐治亚大学出版社出版了格罗费尔蒂和费罗姆主编的《生态批评读本:文学生态学的里程碑》(Ecocriticism Reader:LandmarksinLiteraryEcology),并在前言中指出生态批评“作为一种批评立场,它一只脚踩着文学,另一只脚踩着土地;作为一种理论话语,它协调着人类与非人类的关系”。国内学者则进一步诠释为:“作为一种文学和 文化 批评,生态批评的主要任务是通过文学来重审人类文化,进行文化批评,探索人类思想、文化、社会发展模式如何影响甚至决定人类对自然的态度和行为,如何导致环境的恶化和生态的危机。并最终以弘扬关怀自然,与自然和谐相处的思想为归宿。
英国著名的生态文学研究者乔纳森·贝特在《大地之歌》中指出“环境已经完全变了,我们必须再次提出那个老问题:我们究竟从哪里开始走错了路?”‘全球性生态危机的出现,具有深刻的认识论和价值论的思想根源。”海德格尔便把拯救地球生态危机、拯救人类社会的希望寄托在文学艺术上。在他看来,重整破碎的自然与重建衰败的人文精神是一致的。而D.H.劳伦斯早在诗篇《蛇中对陷入迷途的人类文化发出了相同的探寻,并呼唤自然与人和谐关系的建立。
一、《蛇》中的人与自然
《蛇》作于1920年7月意大利西西里岛,是根据劳伦斯个人的真实经历写成。在一个炎热夏日的午后,蛇与“我”都前往“我的水槽”找水喝。他先到达,安静、惬意地先喝起来,“我”站在一旁静静地等待。“我”很喜欢“他”,像一位安静的客人;来“我的水槽”喝水,“这是我的荣幸”。而“我”的耳边却不断地响起“教化的叮嘱:“一定要杀死它!”,因为西西里岛金黄色的蛇是有毒的尽管“他”举止温和,这条毒蛇仍可能威胁“我”的生命。当“他抽身离去时,“我”捡起一块木材“啪地一声砸向水槽”。变调的暴力之声划破了午后的寂静,也打破了“我”与蛇之间的默契。“他闪电般地缩进了“黑洞”里,留下“我”为自己的卑鄙行径忏悔、祈祷。劳伦斯的《蛇》寓言般地道出了人与自然的关系,并企图唤醒人类及早为自己对自然犯下的“罪行”赎罪。
“蛇”在诗中是一个神秘、安宁、沉静、优雅、有王者风范的“他者”,从“燃烧的大地内部钻出来的“他恰恰象征着大自然披着大地的色泽,“他从暗处土墙的裂缝中爬下,/拖曳着黄褐色的松弛的软肚子”,“他像土地一样发褐,像土地一样金黄,”,“黄褐色”“发褐”、“金黄”,这是大自然的颜色。他“拖曳着”松弛的肚皮来做客又“拖曳长长的、绕成曲线的躯体”而去,悠闲且自在;“轻柔地啜饮着”水,“静静地流入”长长的躯体,“沉思了一会儿又俯身去喝了一点”,“安静地来到这儿做客,……然后平静地、温和地离开”,宁静而优雅;“慢悠悠地转动脑袋,/慢悠悠地,慢悠悠地”,“不慌不忙地进入黑暗”,“对我不予理睬”,“像目空一切的神”,庄严、冷漠、神秘。“他”正体现了大地、大自然的特征,沉静又玄秘蛇与“我”同前往“我花园里的“水槽”喝水,仿佛伊甸园里的“蛇”和亚当一同前去领受“上帝的恩赐”。“蛇”与“我”到达“水槽”的先后关系正与上帝造物顺序的先后相对应:“我”只是一个后来者,先有大自然,再有了“我”——人类。上天的恩泽是赐予大自然与人类双方的,本应当像“蛇”那样恬静、知足地享用甘泉,而狭隘自私的人类“教化”遮蔽了人们的天性,置上天的恩惠(“水”)于不顾,-,只想消除“异己”,甚至不惜将恩赐与“他者”一同破坏。“我环视四周,放下水罐/我捡起笨重的木材/啪地一声砸向水槽”。因而,《蛇》中反映的“我”与“蛇”的关系正隐喻了人与自然万物的生存与利益关系——人类在征服、戕害大自然的同时也辜负了上苍的恩泽。
全诗共有74行,l9小节;前l2节的节奏和谐、自然流畅,是大自然的韵律;第13节到l6节峰回路转变得突兀、急促,是阴谋凶杀的变奏:结尾的3节在“我”的孑然而立中变得低调、阴郁。可即使在娓娓道来的前12节中,“我”内心仍然充满了“杀还是不杀”(又一个哈姆雷特式的问题)“蛇”的冲突。人类的常识和“教化之声”扰乱了、打破了、直至最终征服了“我”发自天性的对自然的友善和敬畏。“但我必须承认,我非常喜欢他”;“然而,又传出了声音:‘假若你不害怕,你就得把他处死!”’;“是否出于懦弱,我不敢把他杀死?/是否出于堕落,我盼望与他交谈?/是否一种羞辱我竞感到光荣?/我感到如此光荣”。心中的两个声音在交战,“我”在踯躅、迟疑中被撕裂,举棋不定。然而,对不能征服自然的恐惧最终占了上风,诱使“我”在“他”转身离去时,放下“水罐”,拾起“木材”,“啪地一声砸向水槽”。目睹无辜的客人仓惶而逃,“我的良知受到了极大的谴责,并意识到自己的“卑贱”、“粗暴”和“低劣”。在塞缪尔·柯勒律治《古舟子吟》中,老水手因宰杀了自然的象征一“信天翁”,致使全船遭到灭顶之灾。“我”的恐惧与悔恨正是源于老水手的教训。“我”意识到“自己的行为和老水手宰杀信天翁、背叛神圣的自然之神是多么的类似,而老水手的悲惨遭遇极有可能会降临到自己身上。”…
“我”的困惑和挣扎源于内心深处两种截然不同的声音即两个自我的冲突,“自然和谐的真我”最后还是被“独尊文化的俘虏”说服了。在《蛇》中,开始“我”手持“水罐”,后来拿起“木材”(我环视四周,放下水罐/我捡起笨重的园木),“木材”和“水罐”,实际上象征着人在处理自身和大自然的关系中两种不同的认识论与价值观。从生态文学批评视角看,即征服、统治自然观与生态总体观
劳伦斯是西方文学史上最具有影响力的作家之一,同时他又是一位最有争议的作家。对于他究竟是女性主义作家还是强调男性霸权的作家,评论界众说纷纭,莫衷一是。虽然在他的整个写作过程中他对于女性和女性解放的观点是不断变化和发展的,但是毫无疑问劳伦斯在他的作品中表达了对女性深切的同情和关心。正是基于这些认识,本文追寻劳伦斯关于女性解放观点不断变化、发展和成熟的这一过程,力图对劳伦斯所谓的女性主义做一个较为全面和完整的理解。本论文在第一章首先对前人关于劳伦斯的研究做一个简要的回顾,进而提出本文的主要观点。笔者认为从男女不平等的历史现实来讲,劳伦斯确实具有女性主义倾向,但是对于整个人类解放和发展的历史来看,劳伦斯更是一位人文主义作家。他强调人性的解放、男女的和谐互补以及人与自然的平衡共存。第二章、第三章与第四章是本论文的主体部分,分别论述了劳伦斯关于女性问题的探索和见解。第二章,他对维多利亚时代的伦理观和宗教观进行了无情的鞭策。劳伦斯认为维多利亚的伦理观和清教徒思想严重压抑了人性,特别是女性的解放与发展,为此他提出了“血的意识”的理论来寻求人性的解放与发展。第三章,在爱情婚姻方面,劳伦斯积极提倡建立一种新型的...
D. H. Lawrence is an influential but controversial writer who is believed to be a feminist to some researchers but a male chauvinist to others. Although he has an increasingly changing attitude towards women and women's liberation throughout his writing career, Lawrence has shown great sympathy and much concern for them. Based on this awareness, I present my thesis in the hope of getting a full and complete understanding of his "feminism". This thesis sets out to give a general retrospection of ot...
下面是劳伦斯在过去35年里发表的论文。本目录并不详尽。ecent important referencesContributed Chapter 4 on Fats and Oils in the diet inEssentials of Human Nutrition, Oxford University Press, Mann and Truswell ,(2012)Contributing author to “Avocado Oil’ in text book Gourmet and Health Promoting Specialty Oils, edited R.Moreau, AOCS press ,2008Contributing author to Olive and avocado Oil in the textbook, Green Vegetable Oil Processing, editor W.Farr and proctor, AOCS Press (2012)Processing Oils and Fats in New Zealand, Chapter in Handbook of Australasian Edible Oils, Page 214, Published by the Oils and Fats Specialist Group,(2007)The Composition of Titoki Oil Paper presented to the IUPAC Conference on the Chemistry of Natural Products - Dunedin (1976)The Importance of Tallow to New Zealand Paper presented to Society of Chemistry and Industry UK (1979)Gas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Oils and FatsChemistry in New Zealand (1979)Oil from Deep Water Fish Species (Orange Roughy)J American Oil Chemist Association (1982)Industrial Aspects of Fat Nutrition in New ZealandProceedings of the First International NZ Fats Conference Duromark (1983)A Chemical and Commercial Background to Evening Primrose OilChemistry in New Zealand, April (1984)Industrial Aspects of Fat Nutrition, Published in the Proceedings of Fats for the Future,Auckland (1983),contains a section on infant formulae.The Management of Frying FatsPaper presented to NZ Food Technology Conference (1985)Maize. Nutritious and VersatileFood Technology in New Zealand March (1987)Milk Fat: Product DevelopmentLipid Technology. Vol 1. No 1 August (1989)Tailored Food Ingredients from Milk FatPaper presented to Food Ingredients Conference London (1988)Linking Product Development with the MarketplaceFats for the Future (IUPAC) Ellis Horwood (1990)Section on infant formulae on page 245 of this text.Compares Human milk fat with fatty acid compositions of infant formulae.Handling and Processing Shark Livers for the Recovery of Squalene and Diacyl Glyceryl Ethers(Co-Author) DSIR Crop Research - Seafood Report No 1 (1990)Inflammable and Toxic Gases OffshoreIndustrial Fire Journal March (1993)Supplementary PublicationsNew Zealand Tallow as a Raw Material for Several Manufacturing IndustriesPaper presented to NZIC Annual Conference (1977)Edible Fats and Oils in the New Zealand Food IndustryChapter of “Chemical Processes in New Zealand”Edited by J.E. Packer, NZIC (1978)Storage of Bakery Fats“Food Technology in New Zealand”, May 1984, P. 27Fats in Cake and Biscuit ManufacturePaper presented at a seminar, “Baking Ingredients, Processing and Products”Massey University, May 22nd-23rd (1984)A Guide to Deep Fat Frying for Abels Ltd 1984(Produced an authoritative booklet)Fats, Oils and Waxes: Functional Components of Cosmetic PreparationsL. Eyres and D.M. FentonPaper presented to Australian and New Zealand Societies of Cosmetic ChemistsRotorua, 16 March 1985Tallow, the Ideal Frying Fat“Food Industry”, (1986)Food Ingredients - Composition, Utilisation and EffectivenessPaper presented at Foodtech 86, Auckland, 1986Paper Presented to Australian Cosmetic Conference on Orange Roughy OilSydney, 1986Career Choices for ChemistsAddress to 7th Form Students at University of Auckland (1987)Pork Nutrition and Innovative CuisineProfessor J.A. Birkbeck and Dr. L. EyresPaper presented to 22nd Annual Conference of the Nutrition SocietyDunedin, 1987Market Development of Milk FatPaper presented to 36th Annual Conference of Dairy ManagersPalmerston North 10-12th May 1988Chapter on Milkfat Innovation in, Fats for the Future, (1989) editor, R.C. Cambie, Ellis Horwood.IUPACIndustrial Fat Products - Downstream ProcessingPaper presented to the 57th Annual Conference of Dairy ManagersPalmerston North, 13-16th June 1989Applications, Requirements and opportunities for Milkfats in the Food IndustryPaper presented to AFISC Seminar, Melbourne 1995Critical Issues and Solutions for the Edible Oils and Fats IndustryDavid Allen, Kurt Berger, L. Eyres, P. Barnes, F.D. Gunstone, M. Gurr and F.B. Padley“Prepared Foods”, June 1996, P. 36; and“Lipid Technology Newsletter”, December 1996Career Planning for Food TechnologistsAddress given to a seminar, Foodtech 98, October 1998Fear of FatPaper presented to a Crop and Food Symposium in Wellington (1999)Fear of FatThe NZ Food Journal 29 (4), P. 143 (1999)The Changing Diet of New ZealandersPaper presented to NZ Nutrition Society Annual Conference November 2000Avocado Oil - A New Edible Oil from AustralasiaLipid Technology (2001), P. 84-89Potential of Squalene as a Functional Lipid in Foods and CosmeticsLipid Technology (2002), P. 104-109Adventures with Lipids (2002)The J.C. Andrews Awards Address given to NZIFST Conference Palmerston NorthWhat is the Optimal Dietary Lipid Intake?Paper published June 2003 - Britannia Oils WebsiteAnchor - The Dairy Icon in New Zealand (2003)Paper presented at NZIFST ConferenceAdventures with Lipids, paper presented to NZIFST, JC Andrews award lecture (2002)Industry adoption of Nutritional Guidelines, Paper presented to CAPS conference, Dunedin (2011)Extracurricular Activities in ScienceRecipient of J.C. Andrews award (NZIFST) 2002.Member of Editorial Board of Food New Zealand (Previously Food Technologist) and Lipid TechnologyPast President NZIFST (1989)Chaired four international conferences on Oils and Fats - 1983-2010Chairman NZIC Oils and Fats Specialist Group (1983-2010)Chaired many seminars and courses over the last 30 yearsPresented a course in marketing for Diploma in Business, University of Auckland (1994-1995)MORST grant to attend Institute of Directors course 1998Member of Nutrition Foundation Scientific Advisory Board and Council (2000-Present)Retired Director of FSANZ (2004-2010)Managing Editor of Handbook of Australasian Edible Oils (2007)Member of Pick the tick panel for the Heart Foundation.
基本解释
①戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(davidherbertlawrence,1885-1930)。英国作家。当过会计、雇员和教师。曾在国外漂泊十余年。写有长篇小说《儿子与情人》、《虹》、《恋爱中的女人》、《恰特莱夫人的情人》等。②欧内斯特·奥兰多·劳伦斯(ernestorlandolawrence,1901-1958)。美国物理学家。南达科他大学毕业。耶鲁大学博士。伯克利加利福尼亚大学教授。美国全国科学院院士。从事加速器技术、核物理研究。创建磁共振加速器,为此获1939年诺贝尔物理学奖。建成一系列回旋加速器,用以研究原子结构、元素嬗变,并用放射性治疗疾病。