本毕业设计课题是属于教师拟定性课题，主要是研究基于单片机的对步进电机的有效控制。步进电机是一种能将数字输入脉冲转换成旋转或直线增量运动的电磁执行元件，每输入一个脉冲电机转轴步进一个步距角增量。电机总的回转角与输入脉冲数成正比例，相应的转速取决于输入脉冲频率。
步进电机是机电一体化产品中关键部件之一，通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步进电机惯量低、定位精度高、无累积误差、控制简单等特点。广泛应用于机电一体化产品中，如：数控机床、包装机械、计算机外围设备、复印机、传真机等。
Abstract
This article mainly elaborated has been hanging the movement control system merit, introduced was hanging the movement control system function, the principle and the design process. Is hanging the movement control system is one of in control engineering domain important applications, its main target is to is controlled the object the movement condition, including path, speed and position implementation check. The movement control system compares with other control systems, has the system model simply, the check algorithm is unitary, also not complex characteristic and so on non-linearity and coupling situation. Also is precisely because the movement control system can implement to the path, the running rate, the pointing accuracy as well as the repetition precision accuracy control requirement, has the broad application foreground in each category of control engineering, therefore the movement control system has at present become in the check study application domain very much significant the research direction. Through the monolithic integrated circuit to stepping monitor check, implemented the motor-driven to cause the object at on the board which inclined the movement, The control section is the SST89E52 monolithic microcomputer which SST Corporation produces primarily, with when the 1602LCD liquid crystal screen and according to turned has implemented with the user interactive, through the keyboard entry different control command, the liquid-crystal display was allowed to display the setting value and the run the coordinates. The electrical machinery control section used LM324N four to transport puts and is connected the electronic primary device voluntarily to develop the 42BYG205 stepping monitor actuation electric circuit to implement the electrical machinery accuracy control. The algorithm partially for will suit the monolithic integrated circuit system to operate carries on optimizes many times, will reduce the microprocessor the operand. Has completed the object voluntarily the movement and according to the different setup path movement.
Key words Magneto; 1602LCD; LM324N; Drive circuit
选择步进电机时，首先要保证步进电机的输出功率大于负载所需的功率。而在选用功率步进电机时，首先要计算机械系统的负载转矩，电机的矩频特性能满足机械负载并有一定的余量保证其运行可靠。在实际工作过程中，各种频率下的负载力矩必须在矩频特性曲线的范围内。一般地说最大静力矩Mjmax大的电机，负载力矩大[1 ]。
选择步进电机时，应使步距角和机械系统匹配，这样可以得到机床所需的脉冲当量。在机械传动过程中为了使得有更小的脉冲当量，一是可以改变丝杆的导程，二是可以通过步进电机的细分驱动来完成。但细分只能改变其分辨率，不改变其精度。精度是由电机的固有特性所决定。
选择功率步进电机时，应当估算机械负载的负载惯量和机床要求的启动频率，使之与步进电机的惯性频率特性相匹配还有一定的余量，使之最高速连续工作频率能满足机床快速移动的需要。
基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统，具有硬件电路结构简单，精确度高，抗干扰性强等优点。
1.2 课题目的
培养综合运用四年大学所学知识去分析问题和解决实际问题的能力。在实践中检验所学知识,从而加强理论与实践的相结合。 体验一个科研项目开发的全过程，学会单片机开发应用方法,锻炼应用能力,动手能力。本课题设计是具有一定难度的基于单片机的应用系统开发项目，培养学生创新精神和创新能力。通过这次毕业论文及设计，检验的综合素质和专业教育的培养效果，并且使学会阅读、利用英文文献资料，阅读并翻译外文资料的能力，学会设计报告和论文。
1.3 课题意义
随着社会的发展、科技的进步以及人们生活水平的逐步提高，各种方便于生活的自动控制系统开始进入了人们的生活，以单片机为核心的自动门系统就是其中之一。同时也标志了自动控制领域成为了数字化时代的一员[ 3]。它实用性强，功能齐全，技术先进，使人们相信这是科技进步的成果。它更让人类懂得，数字时代的发展将改变人类的生活，将加快科学技术的发展。
通过对“微机控制自动门系统”的研究和设计，精心撰写了微机控制自动门系统论文。本论文着重阐述了以单片机为主体，LED点阵显示芯片及步进电机为核心的系统。
本设计主要应用SST89E58作为控制核心，LED点阵显示芯片、步进电机、压力传感器、电位器相结合的系统。充分发挥了单片机的性能。其优点硬件电路简单，软件功能完善，控制系统可靠，性价比较高等特点，具有一定的使用和参考价值。
1.4 应解决的主要问题
在基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统中，主要分三个部分设计，一个是输入和键盘显示模块；另一个是步进电机驱动模块；第三个是最小系统和输出模块设计。主要解决的问题是：
1. 单片机最小系统硬件设计；
2. 步进电机驱动模块设计；
3. 输出部分的软硬件设计；
4. 主程序设计；
5. 绘图板的设计。
1.5 技术要求
设计一电机控制系统，控制物体在倾斜（仰角≤100度）的板上运动。
在一白色底板上固定两个滑轮，两只电机（固定在板上）通过穿过滑轮的吊绳控制一物体在板上运动，运动范围为80cm×100cm。物体的形状不限，质量大于100克。物体上固定有浅色画笔，以便运动时能在板上画出运动轨迹。板上标有间距为1cm的浅色坐标线（不同于画笔颜色），左下角为直角坐标原点。
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文献1:
This project aimed to develop a wireless system to detect and allow only the authorized persons. The system was based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a passive RFID tag. The passive micro transponder tag collects power from the 125 KHz magnetic field generated by the base station, gathers information about the Tag ID and sends this information to the base station. The base station receives, decodes and checks the information available in its Database and Manchester code was used to send those information. The system performed as desired with a 10cm diameter antenna attached to the transponder. The Base Station is built by using the Popular 8051 family Microcontroller. It gets the tag ID and if the tag ID is stored in its memory then the microcontroller will allow the person inside.
RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but the most common and widely used Reader frequency is 125 KHz.
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文献2:
Choose controller according to your requirements of program memory(flash), RAM, ADC, EEPROM. 16kB of flash is sufficient to implement floodfill algorithm. If you are thinking of implementing floodfill algorithm then 256 bytes are required to store Map of the maze and 512 bytes are required for processing so you need atleast 1kBRAM to implement floodfill. ATmega16,32 and PIC18f452 are some controllerspopularly used in micromouse. If you are thinking of building just a wall follower then simple 8051 based controller likeAT89s52 can also be used. Stepper driving:Please read a step by step stepper motor guidefirst. There are two types of motors a) unipolar b) bipolar. Unipolar stepper motors can be used as bipolar steppers so prefer unipolar whilepurchasing stepper. You can use simple ULN2803 IC the circuit can be found in 8051 microcontroller by Mazidi. ULN2803 has eight darlington pair in a single package. It hascurrent carrying capacity of 500mA. so it will get heated up frequently will get damaged.So two ULN2803 can be connected in parallel to fix the problem but this is a chalta haiway of driving stepper.
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Stepper Motor Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
1. The rotation angle of the motor is
proportional to the input pulse.
2. The motor has full torque at stand-
still (if the windings are energized)
3. Precise positioning and repeat-
ability of movement since good
stepper motors have an accuracy of
3 – 5% of a step and this error is
non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4. Excellent response to starting/
stopping/reversing.
5. Very reliable since there are no con-
tact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is
simply dependant on the life of the
bearing.
6. The motors response to digital
input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler
and less costly to control.
7. It is possible to achieve very low
speed synchronous rotation with a
load that is directly coupled to the
shaft.
8. A wide range of rotational speeds
can be realized as the speed is
proportional to the frequency
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