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议证类的比喻论证三层式。
套路特点：
通篇比喻三层分析
本式要求开篇使用日常生活现象来喻社会哲理，确立全文中心论点。然后使用正面实例来证明阐释比喻的喻体和本体各是什么意思。再针对社会现象分析，指出反面借鉴；进而联系实际，正面证明中心论点。最后总结全文的中心论点。
套路模式：
立——用常见现象，喻社会哲理，确立中心。
释——列举实例，正面证明中心，阐释出本体与喻体的含义。
析——反面举例，分析弊端。
联——联系现实，正面阐发见解。
结——深化中心论点，点明本文主旨。
套路口诀：
找准喻体才顺利，抓住“相似”好作比。一释二析三联系，深化做结见真谛。
阐释类的三元归一式。
套路特点：
三元归一假设说理
“三元归一”是指文题是由三个概念构成，它们之间在某一点上又必然能统一起来。如《立志·工作·成功》三个概念间凭着互相作用这一点统一起来，形成文章的中心论点。
套路模式：
总——分析概念，阐释关系，提出论点。
分——逐条证明前文阐释出的关系。
总——归结到一点上做结论。
解——解决问题，发出号召。
套路口诀：
开篇分析抓总提，分条证明抓统一。
归一作结要严密，号召一定扣主题。
评析类的开篇见旨条分缕析式。
套路特点：
开篇见义条分缕析
本式要求开门见山，亮出观点。然后一条一条地加以论述分析，即“条分缕析”。
套路模式：
述——简述评论对象，亮出观点。
评——恰当引用原句，逐条评析。
结——结尾引申，归纳出哲理。
批驳类的摆辩商榷式。
套路特点：
对友商榷互相切磋
本套路要求全文以“摆”、“辩”为主，语气要真切平和，虽自己所持观点鲜明，却带有商量探讨色彩。
套路模式：
摆——摆出对方观点，作为全篇商榷的内容。
辩——进行驳论剖析。这是文章主体，又可分如下几层：
引——引名言格言作理论根据。
归——通过归纳推理提出与对方相异的观点即全文中心观点。
演——运用演绎推理，由一般到个别，把自己的观点发散开去。
结——经过反复论证作出结论，使对方论点站不住脚，从而达到说服对方的目的。
启感式。
启是指启示类，感是指感想类。共同特点是先叙材料，后发感想。
读后感类可以边读边感，而启示类就不同，它要先引事，后发议。如给材料作文四步式，是由“引”、“证”、“联”、“结”四步构成。
引用材料要简。文章的观点必须从这三则材料中来。而引材料提观点这一大步就得用三小步走完：第一步是用三句话点明三个材料的含义，即最直接的道理；第二步是概括出三个材料的共同之理——都是说的外部环境的重要；第三步是进一步引申，提出全文的中心论点——在一定条件下外因起着重大作用，绝不可忽视外因。指导学生用三步引申法来提出论点，并限制文字，不得超过一百字，大约用一节课，大致可以攻下引用材料、提出论点这一关。
第二步是证明从材料中已提出的论点，这一步较容易，是议论文的共同课题。
第三步是联系实际。这一步主要突出文章的针对性，要阐明外因对青少年成才的特殊作用，指明社会对青少年成长担负着的纯洁环境的重要责任。这一步往往被习作者忽视或联系不准。指导时应审思慎导。
第四步是总结全文，作出结论，一方面全社会应为青少年成长创造一个好环境，另一方面青少年应努力培养辨识环境的能力，这样才能不堕入唯外因论的险境。
杂文随笔类的五字借题发挥式。
套路特点：
借题发挥，借甲说乙。抨击时弊，嘲讽歪风。
套路模式：
述——简述由头，点破文题。
例——举例证明，言在A，意在B。
析——分析例证，指出奥妙。
嘲——进行嘲讽、批评。
结——照应开端，讽嘲议论。
三大三小式
所谓“三大三小式”是就议论文的篇章结构而言。其中的“三大”，是说全文总体结构由三大部分组成，即引论部分、本论部分、结论部分；其中的“三小”，是说本论部分一般又由三小层组成，即从三个不同角度来证明中心论点。这样，全文就形成了匀称的五段式布局。
要真正用好“三大三小式”还涉及到相关的三个问题，即段头观点句的使用、观点句怎样确立和段内四层式等三个问题。
（1）三小层要使用段头段尾观点句。议论文是向人讲道理的。怎样才能使论点最鲜明呢？在结构上最好的办法是段头段尾采用观点句。所谓观点句，就是能将这一段，这一层或这一篇文章要说的观点概括起来的一句话。它要具有提领性、凝炼性和明了性的特点叫人看了这一句就知道这一段的中心。
段头观点句主要是用在“三小段”的开头。段尾观点句则是段头句的升华。段尾观点句不仅要和段头观点句在观点上具有一致性，不仅对全段要具有总结性，而且不能是段头句的简单重复，至少要变换一下语言形式，或是换一个新的角度去总结前文的论说。这就如同一束长长的竹竿子，只有头上捆一下，尾上捆一下，才搬运方便。而段头段尾观点句就像这束竹子两头的捆结，将全段提领收束在一起，形成一个不可分开的整体。所谓的结构紧密。就包括了这一层意思。
使用段头段尾观点句是名家常用之法，是论文的成功经验的总结。它不仅适用于平时应用性论文，更适用于各类考试论文。
（2）用分解法和分位法确立段头观点句。所谓分解，就是把中心论点分解成几个分论点。这几个分论点既互相联系，是中心论点的一个组成部分，又相互排斥，各说一个侧面。从上述举例可以看出，分解法是把中心论点拆开来看，它关联到哪些方面的问题，就可以从哪些方面确定分论点。所谓分位，就是变换一个角度，变换一个位置来看同一个问题。不论分解还是分位，都是在中心论点的制约下来确定分论点的方法。当然确立分论点的方法有多种。
（3）用段内四层式保证三小层的充实性。一篇习作有了全文的三大层和本论的三小层，这只是搭起了全文的架子，充实这个架子主要是在“三小层”上下功夫，即采用段内四层式。“三小层”的段头段尾已各有一个观点句了，这已是两层了。这两层是全段的“骨”，其余两层，才是这一段的“肉”。其余两层或举实例或打比方，或引用一句名言等等。
青少年犯罪是社会的棘手问题，对此你有哪些看法呢？下面我给大家带来雅思写作 范文 精讲：青少年犯罪。
雅思写作范文：青少年犯罪的根源
Task：Crimes committed by young people are increasing in major cities throughout the world. Discuss the causes and how to solve this problem?
思路解析：
青少年犯罪的根源1：媒体暴力的误导，让他们对于暴力产生崇拜，错误地认为通过犯罪来获取财富是合适的。
青少年犯罪的根源2：在经济萧条的大背景下，就业变得十分困难，很多年轻人被迫选择犯罪来谋生，或是报复社会。
解决之道：对于出版物进行审查和分类，这能把那些不良的信息过滤掉。还有就是免费的就业培训，这能让年轻人获取实际的技能，帮助他们在找工作中获得优势。
参考范文：
Nowadays, it has been reported that there has been an increasing number of crimes committed by youngsters in major cities all over the world. What causes this phenomenon and what people could do to resolve the problem have been widely discussed. In this essay, I would investigate the reasons and suggest some possible solutions accordingly.
There are two main reasons why this kind of crimes is on the increase. Firstly, violence on the internet, TV programs and video games is responsible for this situation. It is because youngsters, unlike adults, are lack of abilities to distinguish right from wrong. Therefore, too much violence in the virtual world could render young people aggressive. As a result, they, more often than not, consider violence as the main or even only way to solve problems, thereby leading to crimes. Secondly, low employment rate in many big cities around the world could be another major reason. Most countries are experiencing economic plateau or even backwards due to global economic crisis occurring a few years ago. Consequently, many businesses and factories have decided to cut off their staff or ten d to employ experienced workers over young graduates. This means some youngsters become jobless spontaneously once they graduate. Some of them even turn to commit crimes to make a living or get revenge on society.
In order to solve the problem, some main methods are advised accordingly. The first solution is to apply censorship and classification in issuing programs. This means governments or non-governmental organizations should censor the violent and prostitute contents of programs and label them such as "adult only" or "viewers excluded below 14" before programs are publicized. This would help to keep youngsters from too much violence on programs away. Another method is to carry out free job training programs designed closely related to the demand of the job market. After training, youngsters, more of ten than not, can expect better chances of being employed. Other ways could include tax-reduction policy for university graduates self-employment, providing paid social service positions for youngsters, etc.
To conclude, methods such as censorship on programs and free job training for youngsters are strongly recommended too much violence on programs and low employment.
(370 words)
雅思写作大 作文 高分范文：如何解决青少年犯罪问题
In some countries, a high proportion of criminal acts are committed by teenagers. Why has this happened? What can be done to deal with this?
雅思写作题目讲解
题目的类型属于report。 话题类别属于犯罪与青少年 教育 。在段落分配上，原因为一段， 措施 为一段，或者原因及其对应措施为一段。
范文主体思路分析：
原因一：不稳定的家庭因素导致，父母以暴力方式教育孩子给孩子留下不好的影响
对策一：父母改变沟通交流的方式，多和孩子交流互动，更多关心爱护孩子尤其是情绪上的需要
原因二：过度的媒体暴力，孩子们自制力的缺乏容易模仿荧幕里的英雄们的暴力行为
对策二：政府可以建立起荧幕审查与分级制度，控制荧幕上的暴力数量
雅思写作参考范文
In recent years, the proportion of crimes committed by teenagers has increased dramatically and this has caused a widespread discussion. Media violence and unstable family life may be the two main factors leading to adolescents’ criminal tendency. Both of them will be discussed in detail below, followed by solutions.
近年来，青少年犯罪的比例急剧上升，这引起了广泛的讨论。摘要媒体暴力和家庭生活不稳定可能是导致青少年犯罪倾向的两个主要因素。下面将详细讨论这两种 方法 ，然后是解决方案。
The lack of family life should take responsibility for juvenile delinquency. Most parents educate their children in an impropriate way like beating and abusing. Even now, may parents still hold a view that a good son is a product of the rod. This educational method will leave children a misleading impression about violence when they are very young, and they are more likely to become real offenders in the future. To solve this problem, parents should adjust parenting at home, interacting with their children more frequently and giving more attention and care especially emotional needs.
家庭生活的缺乏应该为青少年犯罪承担责任。大多数父母教育孩子的方式是不适当的，比如殴打和虐待。即使是现在，也许父母们仍然认为好儿子是棒子的产物。这种教育方法会让孩子们在他们还很小的时候就会产生一种对暴力的误解，而且在将来他们更有可能成为真正的罪犯。为了解决这一问题，父母应该在家里调整养育子女的方式，更频繁地与孩子互动，给予更多的关注和照顾，尤其是情感需求。
Excessive exposure to media violence also plays a big role in the increase of youth crime. As we all know, the violence shots are prevalent in many films and TV games, which affects young people the most. Teenagers who lack self-discipline tend to imitate their fantasy hero’s criminal behavior after watching action films in real situations. Actually, these teenagers are misled by their heroes. In this case, the government should set a rating and censorship system in order to control the amount of violence, threat and horror on screen.
过度暴露于媒体暴力中，也在青少年犯罪的增加中扮演了重要角色。我们都知道，暴力镜头在很多电影和电视游戏中很普遍，对年轻人影响最大。缺乏自律的青少年往往会模仿他们幻想中的英雄的犯罪行为，因为他们在真实的情境下看了动作片。事实上，这些青少年被他们的英雄误导了。在这种情况下，政府应该设置一个评级和审查制度，以控制屏幕上暴力、威胁和恐怖的数量。
In conclusion, family life and media violence are main triggers of juvenile delinquency. Parents should transform their ways to care and educate their children. Meanwhile, governments should provide a healthy environment on the screen.
总之，家庭生活和媒体暴力是青少年犯罪的主要诱因。父母应该转变他们的方式去关心和教育他们的孩子。与此同时，政府应该在屏幕上提供一个健康的环境。
雅思写作真题青少年犯罪问题 (2019年5月23日真题)
青少年犯罪问题
(2019年5月23日真题)
In many parts of the world, children and teenagers are committing more crimes. Why is this case happening? How should children and teenagers be punished?
参考范文：
A great number of countries are in the grip of a teenage crime wave in today’s world. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the precise causes of juvenile delinquency, from my perspective, there are three main factors contributing to this problem.
First and foremost, a minor who has a lower intelligence and who does not receive a proper education is more prone to become involved in delinquent conduct. Besides, at school, when teens are bullied, teased, or left out, they may resort to violence or join gangs, which will eventually lead to committing more crimes. Other individual factors including impulsive behavior and uncontrolled aggression can also result in a juvenile's involvement in harmful, destructive and illegal activities. What’s worse, adolescents suffering from a definable alcohol, drug, or mental disorder may take revenge on peer groups, friends, families even the society.
Furthermore, family factors such as a lack of proper parental supervision, ongoing parental conflict, neglect, abuse and so on, whether emotional, psychological or physical, are not only detrimental to children’s growth but also the inducements of teenagers’ crimes. Generally, those teens who display the weakest attachment to their parents and families are far more likely to engage in inappropriate activities.
In addition, there is no denying that the violence in the media can bring about an increase in the rate of youth crimes. To be specific, some violent TV programs and computer games may negatively influence youngsters' mental growth and development. Those who watch a large amount of simulated violence, particularly in video games, can become immune to it and more inclined to act violently.
How to punish those juvenile delinquents should depend on the specific situations. For example, for teenage minor crimes like vandalism, fighting, graffiti or theft, the law can compel these young people to repair damaged articles, make apologies or compensations, and do voluntary community services. Nevertheless, For serious crimes like homicides, those teens who commit felonies should be penalized severely as adults.
In conclusion, individual, family and social elements are significant reasons that cannot be ignored in juvenile delinquency. In reality, juveniles may be exposed to all the three factors above simultaneously. Therefore, punishments should be different in the light of factual conditions.
最新雅思写作语料库:青少年犯罪
A recent newspaper article reports that a 14-year-old boy seriously destroyed school got a punishment to clean streets instead of sending to prison. Do you think young criminals should be sent to jail? 报道显示:14岁的年轻人校园违规后会受到做清洁工作的处罚而非服刑，你认为少年犯是否应该被送进监狱?
【犯罪类】
1. Research suggests that majority of criminals who send to prison would commit crimes when set free, what do you think of this case? What can be done to solve this problem? 研究显示:大多数刑满释放人员会再次犯罪，原因何在，如何解决?
2. Some people think that sending criminals to prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training are better ways to help them. Do you agree or disagree? 有人认为:将犯罪分子送入监狱不是最好的解决犯罪问题的方法，教育和工作培训是更好的方法，是否同意?
【相关题目】
Some people think the only purpose of prison is to punish crimes, others think it has other functions. Discuss both views and give your opinion? 有人认为刑罚的唯一的目的是严惩犯罪，有人认为刑罚还有其他功能，讨论两种观点，给出你的意见? (2013年2月16日)
Some people think law-breakers should be sent to prison, however, others think that better talents among those should be made to work. Discuss both views and give your own opinion 有人认为违法者应该被送进监狱，有人认为有才艺的犯罪分子应该被鼓励去工作，讨论两种观点，给出你的意见?(2009年9月17日)
【头脑风暴】
有谁年少不痴狂，少年犯罪某种意义上是一种“激情犯罪。”少年犯罪更多的是冲动犯罪、过失犯罪、被诱导犯罪。 青少年涉世不深，模仿力强，定力不足，因此他们才常常有犯罪的“热血”和“冲动”。他们耍勇斗狠，争强好胜，风风火火闯九州，该出手时就出手，尤其是当一些少年犯来自暴力或单亲家庭，亦或是受到外界的不良影响之时。人言:“一失足成千古恨。”我说:“人生长路漫漫，只要你 反思 人生，向上向善，人生就还有峰回路转的余地。”
【立场】尚未成年者若仅是校园违规，鼓励他们服务社区或者做清洁工作是可取的，然而，对于惯性犯罪者，重罪轻罚是不可取的。
【思路拓展】
1. 商业化大众传媒的不良影响，暴力或单亲家庭的不良成长环境，或者，青少年本身的好奇心和模仿力强都是他们误迷途的根源，因此，对于初次犯罪者或者过失犯罪者，理应给予他们改过自新的机会，鼓励少年犯服务社区，清扫街道都不失为可行的措施。
2. 然而，对于少年犯罪，也不能固定刑罚。我们还应该考虑他们恶行的影响和动机，有些“性攻击”，“校园欺凌”类的少年犯已经给受害者带来巨大痛苦，造成严重的社会负面影响，因此，重罪轻罚亦不可取，只有适度量刑才能威慑潜在犯罪分子、体现法律公正、安慰受害者家属。
【范文赏析】
【首段】 背景介绍 + 作家立场
Alarmingly, various misdeeds among teenagers ranging from school bullying or sex assault are now becoming big headaches in manycountries. Juvenile delinquency not only afflicts the victims but also jeopardizes the community. Many efforts have already been made on how to crack down juvenile crime, but, the effect is far from satisfying. This essay aims to represent relevant measures of penalties.
【解析】
1. juvenile delinquency = teenage crime = youth crime n青少年犯罪
2. afflict = agonize = distress v 使痛苦
3. jeopardize the community = endanger the society v 危害社会
4. crack down juvenile crime v降低青少年犯罪
5. measures of penalty = measures of punishment n 惩罚措施
【二段】 对于初次犯罪者或过失犯罪者的处罚措施:
Nobody is innate perpetrator，during the journey of life，those who are in the formative years are，sometimes，derailed by manifoldcauses such as the negative influence of negative mass media, the disadvantaged family background or external factors. In this sense, stricter penalty for the first offenders, unintentional lawbreakers is far from rational, especially when taking the teenagers’ immaturementality into account. Virtually, appropriate punishment is commendable, to motivate those juvenile offenders to serve the community or sweeping the street can be reasonable measures.
【解析】
1. Nobody is innate perpetrator. 人性本善
2. In this sense, stricter penalty for the first offenders, unintentional lawbreakers is far from rational, especially when taking the teenagers’ immature mentality into account. 因此，对于初犯者或者过失犯罪者，重罚远非理性，尤其当我们考虑到他们不成熟的心智的时候。
3. To motivate those juvenile offenders to serve the community or sweeping the street can be reasonable measures. 鼓励少年犯服务社区或者清扫街道都是合理的措施。
【解析】sweep v打扫(尤其是用大柄扫把清扫街道)
【拓展】The economic crisis is sweeping across the world. 经济危机正在席卷全球。
【三段】 为何不能固定刑罚，其他处罚措施有哪些:
Notwithstanding all that，taking the effects of a misconduct and its motivation into consideration is a prerequisite for ensuring justice of the law. There should not be fixed punishment for all youth crime. Some misdeeds, for example, school bullying or sex assaults will inevitably distress the sufferers and endanger the society. Hence, light penalty for felony is unwise. Conversely, stricter punishment for hardened criminals will not only embody the justice of law but also exert a deterrent effect on those potential malefactors.
【解析】
1. a prerequisite n一种必要条件
2. Taking the effects of misconduct and its motivation into consideration is a prerequisite for ensuring justice of the law. 考虑到犯罪的影响和动机是缺乏法律公正的先决条件。
3. School bullying or sex assaults will inevitably distress the sufferers and endanger the society. 性攻击或校园欺凌会不可避免地伤害受害者，危及社会安定。
4. Light penalty for felony is unwise. 重罪轻罚是不明智的。
5. Stricter punishment for hardened criminals will not only embody the justice of law but also exert a deterrent effect on those potentialmalefactors. 对于重刑犯的严厉处罚不仅体现法律公正，而且，可以震慑潜在的犯罪分子。
【尾段】 总结 立场
To sum up，there is no simple resolution for such a complicate social problem，it is reasonable to expect that the combination of these suggestions may be needed. Custom-tailored penalty may be the best strategy for each teenage crime.
【解析】
Custom-tailored penalty may be the best strategy for each teenage crime 对于每一种少年犯罪行为的量体裁衣的处罚措施也许才是最好的策略。
【经典语料】
1. the custom-made penalty n量体裁衣的处罚措施
2. violate the law = perpetrate the law v违反法律
3. conduct ant-social offences v 做出反社会行为
4. arouse one’s violent impulse v诱发了人的暴力的冲动
5. enable those who are led astray to make compensation for their misconducts v使那些误入迷途者对于他们的过失做出补偿
6. reflect on their evil lives v反思他们罪恶的人生
7. As for those hardened teenage criminals, the government should be urged to impose stricter penalty on them so that other potential young law-breakers can be deterred. 对于青少年惯犯而言，政府应该加大惩罚措施，这样可以震慑潜在的犯罪分子。
8. So immature and inexperienced are some youngsters that they tend to blindly imitate what they have seen, especially when they expose to pornographic movies and violent on-line games. 一些年轻人是如此不成熟，缺乏 经验 ，以至于他们会盲目地效仿他们看到的一切，尤其是当他们接触到色情电影和暴力游戏的时候。
9. In this sense, their cause of committing crimes can be owed to the negative influence of the mass media. 因此，他们的犯罪原因可以被归结为商业化大众传媒的不良影响。
10. The young prisoners should be inspired and educated to serve the community to compensate for their misdeeds, sweeping the streetcan be a good in case in point. 少年犯应该被鼓励和教育去做社区服务，以弥补他们的犯罪行为，清洁街道也许就是很好的方法。
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