沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料是一种由沥青、纤维稳定剂、矿粉及少量的细集料组成的沥青玛蹄脂，填充间断级配的粗集料骨架间隙而形成的眼挤型密实结构混合料。SMA改性沥青及SMA路面是一种新型的路面结构，改性沥青及SMA混合料冷却后非常坚硬，强度高。本文结合上海城市外环线(浦东段)环南一大道工程的施工，谈谈如何对改性沥青及SMA路面的施工进行控制。
一、工程综述
本工程北起张扬路立交东至环东一大道，路幅红线宽度100米，为城市Ⅰ级主干道，双向8车道，总长2387米。车行道结构形式为沥青柔性路面，结构层组成为路基+15厘米砂砾垫层+40厘米二灰碎石基层+15厘米三层式沥青混凝土面层。面层组合如下：表面层为改性沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料（SMA-16）4厘米；中面层为中粒式改性沥青砼（LH-25）6厘米；底面层为粗粒式改性沥青砼（CLH-35）6厘米；下封层1厘米。
二、改性沥青施工质量控制的难点
1.改性沥青混合料粘度较高，各工序的施工温度均比普通沥青混合料的施工温度要求高，贮存、运输期间的降温不应超过10℃，生产厂至施工现场的距离较长，上海交通繁忙，气候变化大，混合料贮藏温度控制难。
2.沥青路面施工质量与摊铺机械的性能密切相关，沥青摊铺机械型号多种，性能不一。如何选择性能良好的施工机械，是工程质量控制的重点。
3.沥青摊铺时，必须均匀、连续，工人素质必须高，要能正确判断摊铺界面。
三、SMA沥青的拌合及施工
1.沥青混合料拌合。由于SMA与普通密级配沥青砼最大不同之处是SMA为间断级配，粗集料粒径单一、量多、细集料很少，矿粉用量多。细集料包括石屑和砂一共只需15%左右，给混合料的供料拌和带来不少困难。为此，料斗、料仓要重新安排，增加粒径为5～10毫米的骨料仓，以保证冷料数量，而细集料用量很少，冷料仓门开启很少，供料过程中要保持细集料干燥，以保证细集料顺利供料。主皮带把粗配料送入滚洞，通过燃烧器对骨料加热，有热电偶检测料温，自动调节燃烧器的风油比，使骨料温度达到190℃～200℃。热料经提升机进入振动筛，把热料按目标配合比的规格要求分筛到不同的热料仓（筛网尺寸可根据要求更换），有计算机控制各热料仓拉门，按输入的生产配合比自动配料、计量，由于SMA粗料粒径单一，细料很少，热料可能会发生粗集料仓经常不足（亏料），而细集料仓经常溢仓的不正常情况，控制室的操作人员不可调整放料的数量，使SMA的配合比不准。然后将木质素纤维加入到搅拌锅与骨料共同进行干拌，再添加经计算机控配比控制计量的石粉及沥青，拌和后，完成成品料的生产。SMA的干拌时间为4秒～5秒，湿拌30秒～45秒。
各种材料加热温度控制：沥青加热温度160℃～165℃，现场制作温度165℃～170℃，加工最高温度175℃，集料加热温度190℃～200℃，混合料出场温度175℃～185℃，混合料最高温度（废弃温度）195℃，摊铺温度不低于160℃，初始开始温度不低于150℃，复压最低温度不低于130℃，碾压终了温度不低于130℃，开放交通温度不高于60℃。
2.运输。由于SMA沥青混合料的沥青玛蹄脂的粘性较大，运输车的车厢底部要涂较多的油水混合物，而且为了防止运输车表面混合料结成硬壳，运输车运输过程中必须加盖油布，同时车量要适当增加。
3.摊铺。沥青必须缓慢、均匀连续不间断地摊铺。摊铺过程中，不得随意变换速度或中途停顿，摊铺速度应根据拌和机产量，施工机械配套情况及摊铺层厚度、宽度确定。摊铺速度为3.5米/分钟。
4.碾压。碾压过程是面层施工中的重要环节，碾压SMA的八字方针为“紧跟、碾压、高频、低幅”，并合理地选择压路机组合方式及碾压步骤。
5.接缝。
（1）纵缝：根据本工程特点，我单位在沥青混合料摊铺过程中采用一台德国产ABG423摊铺机并排摊铺，采用此方式可以一次整幅摊铺，纵缝热接提高了路面的平整度，美化了路面的视觉效果。
（2）横缝：SMA路面的接缝处理要比普通混合料困难一些，因此，摊铺时在边部设置挡板，也可以在沥青SMA层每天施工完工后，在其尚未冷却之前，即切割好，并利用水将接缝冲洗干净。第二天涂刷粘层油，即进行摊铺新混合料。
6.SMA沥青混合料施工中容易产生的问题：
（1）过碾压：由于SMA路面的集料嵌挤作用，压实程度不大，压实度较易达到，但是随着碾压遍数的增加，集料不断地往下走，玛蹄脂一点点地向上浮，造成构造深度减小。在碾压过程中，特别注意表面构造保持在1～1.5毫米，以便有适宜的构造深度。
（2）出现油斑：SMA路面通车后出现油斑也是常见的一种病害，这是由于SMA的纤维拌合不均匀造成的。因此在拌合时，要严格控制纤维的投放数量和投放时间，并延长干拌时间，确保纤维拌合均匀。还要注意储藏期间纤维干燥，防止纤维受潮成团。
（3）碾压成型温度不够高是常见的毛病。SMA在130℃碾压的效果就很差了。在低温时碾压，容易出现不平整。在行车过程中出现车辙，是因为碾压不足造成的。
Asphalt of Stone Mastic is a mixture of asphalt from the fiber stabilizing agent, slag and a small amount of the fine aggregate composed of lipid Mastic Asphalt, filled with intermittent level of coarse aggregate skeleton space formed by squeezing eye-density Structure mixture. SMA modified asphalt road and SMA is a new type of pavement, and SMA modified asphalt mixture cooled very hard, high strength. Based in Shanghai, Link (Pudong), a South Central Avenue construction project, talk about how the modified asphalt road construction and SMA control.
I. Review of projects
The project has publicized the North Road interchange east to Central Avenue East a road width of 100 meters pieces of red, as cities Ⅰ-level main road, two-way lane 8, the chief of 2,387 meters. Carriageway of the form of flexible asphalt pavement, structural layer of gravel for the roadbed +15 cm layer of grey rubble +40 cm grassroots +15 cm three asphalt concrete surface. Surface composition is as follows: for the modified asphalt surface layer of Stone Mastic mixture (SMA-16) 4 centimeters of the surface of tablets for-modified asphalt concrete (LH-25) 6 centimeters for the bottom layer Coarse-modified asphalt concrete (CLH-35) 6 centimeters under the closure of one centimeter.
Second, the modified asphalt construction quality control difficult
1. Modified asphalt mixture viscosity higher, the process of construction than the general temperature of the asphalt mixture of high-temperature requirements, storage, transportation during the cooling should not exceed 10 ℃, manufacturing plant to the construction site of the long distance Shanghai heavy traffic, climate change, mixture storage temperature control difficult.
2. Asphalt road paving machinery and construction quality is closely related to the performance, a variety of types of asphalt paving machinery, mixed performance. How to choose the good performance of construction machinery, is the focus of project quality control.
3. Asphalt paving, it must uniform, continuous, workers must be of high quality, must be able to correct judgement paving interface.
3, SMA asphalt mixing and Construction
1. Asphalt mixture mixing. As with the SMA Miji with ordinary asphalt concrete is the biggest difference between the SMA for intermittent graded, coarse aggregate single particle size, quantity, fine aggregate small amount of slag and more. Stone Chip fine aggregate and sand, including a total of only around 15 percent, to the mixture of materials for mixing brought about many difficulties. To this end, the hopper, silo to re-arrangements, to increase the diameter of 5 to 10 mm aggregate positions, to ensure that the expected number of cold, fine aggregate amount of very few, very few cold silo door open for materials to maintain the course of Fine Aggregate drying, to ensure smooth for fine aggregate materials. The main ingredients into the thick belt of the roll-through on aggregate heating burner, a thermocouple detection feed temperature and automatically adjust the oil burner than the wind so that the aggregate temperature reaches 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃. Heat expected to enter the elevator shaker, thermal materials on target to meet the specifications than the sub-screen to a different thermal bin (screen size can be replaced upon request), a computer control of the Silo flamenco, according to enter the Auto production mix ingredients, measuring, as a single SMA rough material particle size, small little material, thermal materials may be rough sets in less than regular hopper (deficit expected), while small-hopper often overflow warehouse is not the normal situation, control Room operators can not adjust the amount of discharge, the SMA not allowed to mix. Lignin fiber and then added to stir the pot with the aggregate common dry mix, then add the computer-control measures the ratio of powder and asphalt, mixing, the expected completion of the finished product. SMA mix the dry time of four seconds to five seconds, 30 seconds wet mix to 45 seconds.
Heating temperature control of various materials: asphalt temperature 160 ℃ ~ 165 ℃, the temperature at the scene produced 165 ℃ ~ 170 ℃, the highest temperature of processing 175 ℃, aggregate heating temperature 190 ℃ ~ 200 ℃, the temperature mixture out 175 ℃ ~ 185 ℃ , The highest temperature mixture (abandoned temperature) 195 ℃, paving the temperature of not less than 160 ℃, the initial starting temperature of not less than 150 ℃, repressing the lowest temperature of not less than 130 ℃, RCC ended temperature of not less than 130 ℃ Open transport temperature no higher than 60 ℃.
2. Transportation. As SMA asphalt mixture of asphalt Mastic more viscous resin, the carrier at the bottom of the compartment to the oil-water mixture Tu more, and in order to prevent the carrier surface mixture form a hard shell, the carrier during transport to be decked Tarpaulin, it is necessary to appropriately increase the volume of cars.
3. Paver. Asphalt must be slow, even for uninterrupted paver. Paving process, not free to transform the speed or stop half-way, paving the speed of production should be based on mixing, matching and construction machinery paving thickness, width identified. Paving a speed of 3.5 m / min.
4. RCC. RCC is the process of construction of an important link in the RCC SMA eight-character principle for the "keeping up, rolling, high-frequency, low-rate" and a reasonable choice roller composition and RCC steps.
5. Joints.
(1) longitudinal seam: According to the engineering features, I unit in the asphalt paving mixture used in the course of a Germany-ABG423 paver paving side-by-side, this method can be a whole paver, longitudinal seam to increase the heat The smoothness of the road and beautify the road of visual effects.
(2) Joints: SMA road handling the joints than ordinary mixture difficult, therefore, paving set at the edge of the baffle, can also SMA layer of asphalt a day after the completion of construction, not yet in its cooling, That is, cutting good, and joint use of water will be clean. The next day Tushua viscosity of the oil, that is paving the new mixture.
6.SMA asphalt mixture construction of the easy questions:
(1) the RCC: As the road aggregate SMA embedded crowded, not degree of compaction, the degree of compaction easier to achieve, but with the RCC to increase the number of times, the aggregate continue to go down, Mastic A little bit of fat to the floating, resulting in reduced structural depth. RCC in the process, with particular attention to the surface structure remained at 1 to 1.5 millimeters in order to have appropriate structural depth.
(2) in the oil spot: SMA opening of the road after the oil spot is a common disease, which is due to the SMA fiber caused by uneven mixing. Therefore, in mixing, it is necessary to strictly control the number of fibers running and running time and extended dry mix, to ensure uniform mixing fibers. We must pay attention to storage during the dry fiber to prevent the fibers exposed to moisture into college.
(3) RCC forming a high enough temperature is a common illnesses. SMA in the 130 ℃ RCC effect on the poor. In the low temperature at RCC, is not prone to the formation. In the lane in the process of rutting, is inadequate because of the RCC.
你可以试下这个《road and bridge》——美刊
可以看一些行内的核心期刊，比如《中国公路学报》《力学》等，也可以看看各个学校的学报，比如《同济大学学报》《哈工大学报》《长安大学学报》等，或者有些教材也可以作为参考文献。
没有想象中的那么难。
在还没有发英文的文章前，总觉得写一篇英文的文章是艰难万分，再加上道听途说，听那些有经验的人说审稿周期多长啦，审稿意见多难回答啊，整个过程多么复杂啊，所以对发英文SCI文章总是有一种恐惧感。有一段时间都心里安慰自己，这辈子就发发中文的文章吧，只要研究结果好，中文的照样可以引起别人的关注。再后来，身在国外，不得不用英文写文章，一段时间下来才发现，其实发英文文章不难，完全没有想象中的那么难。
请看在下的分析:
首先，大部分的英文期刊（在英国、美国出版的）都是被SCI收录的，这个要比入选SCI的中文期刊占所有中文期刊的比例大很多，所以在投稿的时候，基本上是不用考虑所选的英文期刊是不是被SCI收录的。只要是经常看的文献所在的期刊，基本上都是的。
在国内，有中文核心期刊跟科技核心期刊，中文核心要比科技核心层次上高一点。中文核心有一部分是SCI收录的，而科技核心的期刊给收录的非常少。那么换成英文期刊，就成了高影响因子的SCI期刊跟低影响因子的SCI期刊，只存在期刊水平的差别，不存在SCI跟非SCI的差别。
SCI一共收录3700多种期刊，所以按照研究领域划分的话，一篇文章可以找到几十个个可供投稿的期刊。如果是跨领域的文章，适合投稿的期刊的数量更多。反观中文的期刊，每一个领域一流的期刊的期刊也就是4-5个的样子。每期刊登的文章的数量受限，于与此同时，国内很多单位都有发文章的要求。在这种科研人员数量众多，一流期刊数量有限的僧多粥少的局面下，文章录用率是大大降低的。因此还不如主动出击，直接投英文的期刊。写英文的文章刚开始的时候是苦了一些，但是换来的将是更宽广的道路。
在审稿周期上，综合上看英文期刊的审稿周期反而是要比中文的短。当然，这里比较的是普通的SCI期刊跟国内一二流期刊的比较。国内的一些二三流的期刊的以收版面费为生。对文章的质量控制不严格，编辑觉得差不多的文章就录用了，文章的修改主要靠作者完成，这样的审稿周期确实很短。但是国内一流期刊的审稿周期都比较长，主要也是因为学术能力强的学者通常都兼带一些行政职务，平时都比较忙，审稿的事情自然是拖得比较久一点。
在审稿意见上，国外的审稿意见的确是要更加专业一些，要更难回答一些。但是从另外一个角度，这何尝不是一个提高自己能力的一个好机会。一个一针见血的意见要比那种笼统的审稿意见好多了。而且国外期刊的审稿意见基本上是不会出现同行相轻的恶意评价。
再说了，这些投稿步骤，都可以交给专业的论文公司如英论阁 www.enago.cn 处理。总结来说, 发表英文论文没有想象中的那么难。
可以看看这个 呵呵 是 土木专业英语上的课文
building types and design
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .
Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
翻译：
建筑类型和设计
建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。
根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。
工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。
民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。
在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。
在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。 “夜间”房间包括卧室、客房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室 ，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。
此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。
尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。
