Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is often added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that can be as strong as the base material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
Some of the best known welding methods include:
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) - also known as "stick welding", uses an electrode that has flux, the protectant for the puddle, around it. The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric contamination.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) - also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas), uses a non-consumable tungstenelectrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as Argon or Helium.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) - commonly termed MIG (metal, inert gas), uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric contamination.
Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) - almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas, depending on the filler.
Submerged arc welding (SAW) - uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a blanket of granular fusible flux. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux blanket.
Electroslag welding (ESW) - a highly productive, single pass welding process for thicker materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or close to vertical position.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer space. Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.
Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and hammering. Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and electric resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like SMAW, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as GMAW, SAW, FCAW and ESW. Developments continued with the invention of laser beam welding, electron beam welding, magnetic pulse welding (MPW), and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century. Today, the science continues to advance.Robot welding is commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality.
焊接是一种制造或雕刻过程联接材料,通常是金属或热塑性塑料,通过使融合,这是从较低温度金属接合技术如钎焊和焊接,这不熔化的基体金属不同。除了熔化基础金属,填充材料通常加入到接头以形成熔融材料(熔融池),该冷却以形成一个接头,该接头可以是强如基材的池。压力也可结合使用热,或由本身,以产生一焊缝。
一些最好的公知的焊接方法包括:
保护金属电弧焊(SMAW) - 也被称为“粘焊接”,使用具有焊剂,防护剂为水坑,它周围的电极。电极支架保持电极,它慢慢地融化。渣保护不受大气污染熔池。
气体钨电弧焊(GTAW) - 也被称为TIG(钨惰性气体),使用非自耗钨电极以产生焊缝。焊缝区域由惰性保护气体如氩气或氦气免受大气污染。
气体保护金属极电弧焊(GMAW) - 通常称为MIG(金属惰性气体),采用的是送丝枪送线以可调速度,并在流动的氩基保护气体或氩气和二氧化碳(CO 2)的混合熔池,以保护它免受大气污染。
药芯焊丝电弧焊(药芯焊丝) - 几乎等同于MIG焊接除了它使用一种特殊的管状焊丝充满通量;它可以用于具有或不具有保护气体,这取决于填料。
埋弧焊(SAW) - 采用自动供耗电极和颗粒状熔通量一条毯子。熔融的焊接和电弧区域由下磁通毯被“浸没”被保护不受大气污染。
电渣焊(ESW) - 高生产力,单道焊接过程为1英寸(25毫米)12英寸(300毫米)在垂直或接近垂直的位置之间较厚的材料。
许多不同能源可用于焊接,包括一气体火焰,电弧,激光,电子束,摩擦,和超声波。而经常工业方法,焊接可以在许多不同的环境中进行,其中包括在露天,下水,并在外层空间。焊接是一个危险的任务和注意事项需要避免烫伤,触电,视力损害,吸入有毒气体和烟雾,并暴露于强烈的紫外线辐射。
直到19世纪末,唯一的焊接工艺是锻焊,这铁匠已经使用了几个世纪通过加热和锤击加入钢铁。电弧焊和富氧焊接是第一工序中,以晚在世纪发展,电阻焊接,随后不久之后。焊接技术在20世纪初快速推进第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战开了可靠和廉价的连接方法的需求。继战争,几个现代焊接技术被开发,包括手动的方法,如手工电弧焊,现在最流行的焊接方法之一,以及半自动和全自动过程,如气体保护焊,埋弧焊,药芯焊丝和ESW。发展继续与激光束焊接,电子束焊接,磁脉冲焊接(MPW)和摩擦搅拌焊接在世纪后半本发明。今天,科学不断前进。机器人焊接是司空见惯在工业环境中,研究人员继续开发新的焊接方法,获得的焊缝质量更深入的了解。
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结论这篇论文研究了复合焊接工艺中电弧特性的过渡机理、熔滴直径和熔滴过渡行为。电弧的能量决定了熔滴的过渡模式。当电弧的能量小于4KW时,熔滴的过渡形式为短路过渡或为粗滴过渡或介于两者之间。当电弧的能量超过4.68KW时,熔滴的过渡形式为喷射过渡。当电弧的能量小于4KW时,激光对电弧的引力及压缩力起着重要的作用,随着激光能量的增加电弧的平均长度增加。(When the arc energy less than 4 kW, the attraction and compressed of laser on arc plays an important role, which caused the average arc length increases with increasing laser power)当电弧的能量超过4.68KW时,电弧的平均长度随着激光能量的增加而变短。熔滴的直径和过渡速率的统计特点表明熔滴的过渡过程是周期性的。比较一系列的熔滴分离过程的视频图像,我们可以证明激光的能量对熔滴的直径和熔滴的分离速率有影响是对的。致谢:该项目的研究受到博士后基金(基金号:2011M500586)和吉林省科学技术部(201215140)的资助
不知道对不对 。
16Mn low-alloy steel structural steel, welding performance is very good, generally used by the J50 TIG welding wire, hand welding with J506, J507, J422, such as welding electrode.
Range
This technology is applicable to general industrial and civil construction projects in the steel structure production and installation of hand-Arc Welding works.
Construction preparations
2.1 materials and major equipment:
2.1.1 welding electrodes: its choice of models according to design requirements, we must have quality certificate. Welding, as required prior to baking. Prohibited the use of drugs shedding skin, core rusty welding electrode. No design requirements, welding steel Q235 to choose E43 series of structural steel welding rod, welding 16 Mn steel to choose E50 series of low-alloy steel welding rod, welding important structure to use low-hydrogen electrode (alkaline electrode). Brochures on the request of baking, Add to Baowen Tong, with the use of admission. Acidic and alkaline electrode electrode not mixed use.
2.1.2 arc plate: groove connection required arc plate, arc-type material and groove with the welding of the same.
2.1.3 major equipment: welding machine (TAC, DC), the welding line, welding clamp, face masks, Xiaochui, electrode oven, the electrode Baowen Tong, wire brush, stone cotton cloth, such as temperature dollars.
2.2 operating conditions
2.2.1 familiar with the drawings, done welding technology Jiaodi. 2.2.2 before welding welder certification should check the expiration date, should prove welder to take the welding work.
2.2.3 spot welding power supply should meet the electricity demand.
2.2.4 ambient temperature below 0 ℃, the preheating, after the hot temperature should be determined in accordance with technology test.
Operation of
3.1 Process
Operating ready → Arc Welding (-welding, welding, Wang welding, Yang welding) → weld inspection
3.2 arc welding steel structure:
3.2.1-welding
3.2.1.1 choose the right welding process, welding rod diameter, welding current, welding speed, the length of arc welding, welding technology through pilot certification.
3.2.1.2 liquidation Welded Joints: welding inspection groove, the assembly space to meet the requirements, positioning it firmly welding, weld around the oil pollution may be, of rust.
3.2.1.3 baking electrode should meet the required temperature and time, remove from the oven in the electrode, on the electrode Baowen Tong, with the use of admission.
3.2.1.4 welding current: According to the thickness of welding, welding level, electrode models, diameter, welder proficiency and other factors, select suitable welding current.
3.2.1.5 arc: Kok point arc welding ups and downs in the weld should end, to more than 10 mm, should not be casually playing arc, tinder-igniting immediately after the electrode from the seam zone will be opened so that the electrode and components Inter 2 ~ 4 mm to maintain a gap arc. Butt Weld and docking and the combination of angle to weld, located at both ends of the arc-welding leads and board, must arc welding to the board after the arc welding, half-way joint weld joints should be in the front 15 ~ 20mm igniting the tinder, welding pieces after preheating will return to weld electrode at the beginning of the pool to fill the requirements of thickness, before welding forward.
3.2.1.6 welding speed: isokinetic welding requirements to ensure that weld thickness, width uniform, masks, read from the pool of molten iron slag and maintain equidistance (2 ~ 3 mm)
3.2.1.7 welding arc length: electrode under different models identified, the general requirements of the same arc length stability, acid electrode is generally 3 ~ 4 mm, alkaline electrode is generally suitable 2 ~ 3 mm.
3.2.1.8 welding angle: According to weld the two pieces of the thickness determined that welding two 000-point, first welding electrode and the direction of the angle to 60 ~ 75 °; electrode and the second is the angle between two welding about the situation When welding pieces of equal thickness, the angle between the electrode and welding pieces are 45 °; When the thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side should be more than welding electrode and thinner pieces of angle between the side of .
3.2.1.9 to arc: each seam welded to the end, the hole should be filled arc, to welding direction opposite direction with arc, arc welding, Hang left inside to prevent the arc Hang bite of meat. Welding completed, should be used with arc-gas cutting and grinding formation, while the use hammer down.
3.2.1.10-Java: The whole of welding seam after removal of slag, the welder self-inspection (including the appearance and weld size, etc.) is no problem, before relocation to welding.
3.2.2 welding: basic operation and the process of welding the same level, but should pay attention to the following questions:
3.2.2.1 under the same conditions, welding power than small-welding current 10 percent to 15 percent.
3.2.2.2 use of short-arc welding, arc length is generally 2 ~ 3 mm.
3.2.2.3 perspective based on welding electrode thickness determined. Welding two pieces of equal thickness, the electrode and the electrode around the direction of both the angle between 45 °; two pieces of thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick pieces of angle between the side of the thin side should be larger than the angle. Electrode with the vertical plane formed 60 ° ~ 80 ° angle, slightly upward arc, toward pool centre.
3.2.2.4 to arc: When welding to the end, the arc of a row pits will fill the arc, the arc moved to the central pool stopped arc. Prohibited the arc Hang left side. In order to prevent bites of meat, should be suppressed transform arc welding rod angle so that the welding rod and welded pieces of vertical or slightly down from the arc blowing.
Wang welding 3.2.3: basic and same-welding, welding current conditions compared with the current small-welding of 10% to 15%, Arc-2 ~ 4 mm. Electrode perspective, Wang when welding electrode should Tilt Down, for their point of 70 ° ~ 80 °, to prevent hot metal falling. According to weld the two pieces of different thickness, can be properly adjusted electrode perspective, with the welding electrode to the direction of 70 ° ~ 90 °.
Yang welding 3.2.4: basic and welding, Wang welding the same, the electrode and welding pieces of angle and thickness of the welding, and welding electrode into the direction of 70 ° ~ 80 ° angle,宜用small current, short arc welding.
3.3 winter low temperature welding:
3.3.1 in the environmental conditions of temperature below 0 ℃ under the Arc, in addition to compliance with the relevant provisions of ambient temperature welding, welding process parameters should be adjusted so that the weld and heat-affected zone slow cooling. Wind over four, the wind should take measures to cool after welding of the joints, should be avoided encounter snow and ice.
3.3.2 welded steel structure in order to prevent cracks, should be preheated, preheat to control the temperature between layers. When the temperature in the workplace 0 ℃ below, the process should be carried out tests to ascertain preheating appropriate, after the hot temperature.
Quality Standards
4.1 ensure that the project
4.1.1 welding materials should be consistent with the design requirements and the relevant standards, should check the quality certificates and baking records.
4.1.2 The welder must pass the examination, inspection welder corresponding welding conditions of certification and testing dates.
4.1.3 Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld must be approved by the detection test, and should meet the design requirements and construction standards and inspection requirements, inspection Weld Inspection report.
4.1.4 Weld surface Ⅰ, Ⅱ-weld should not crack, of welding, Shaochuan, pits and other defects arc. Ⅱ-Weld may be the surface pores, slag, the arc pits, cracks, scratches and other defects arc, and weld Ⅰ level may be biting edge, not for welding defects.
4.2 basic items
4.2.1 Weld Appearance: Weld uniform appearance, welding, and welding, welding and smooth transition between the basic metals, welding slag and flying purge clean.
4.2.2 surface porosity: Ⅰ, Ⅱ-Weld does not allow; Ⅲ-weld seam length of each 50 mm in diameter, allowing ≤ 0.4 t; and ≤ 3 mm stomatal 2; ≤ 6 times the distance between stomatal aperture.
4.2.3 biting edge: Ⅰ-Weld does not allow.
Ⅱ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ 0.05 t, and ≤ 0.5 mm, for the length of ≤ 100 mm, and both sides of bite-chief of ≤ 10% weld length.
Ⅲ-Weld: bite-depth ≤ 0. Lt, and ≤ lmm.
Note; t joining the thinner the thickness.
4.3 to allow deviation project
Weld Ms high b <20 0.5 ~ 2 0.5 ~ 2.5 0.5 ~ 3.5
1 Butt Weld (mm) b ≥ 20 0.5 ~ 3 0.5 ~ 3.5 0 ~ 3.5 to <0.1 t and <0.1 t and <0.1 t and welding more than 2.0 of not more than 2.0 of not more than 3.0 welding angle size hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +1.5 weld seam 2 Kok (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 of Weld Ms high hf ≤ 6 0 ~ +1.5 Regulation (mm) hf> 6 0 ~ +3 seized three T-shaped joint weld combination , Cross joints, joint angle> t / 4 check welding angle from the size of the weight ≥ 50 t, mid-level working crane beam T-shaped connector t / 2 and ≯ 10
Note: b width for Weld, t joining the thinner the thickness, hf for welding angle size.
Product Protection
Not allowed to hit 5.1 hit after welding joints, not just to the End of steel welding on the water. Low temperature should take measures to alleviate the cold.
5.2 arbitrarily not be allowed outside the base metal in the weld on the arc.
5.3 various components correction may be good after welding, and not free to move Sizing Block and Kaju, a component size to prevent bias. Concealed parts of Weld must apply for concealed End acceptance procedures only after the next, hidden processes.
5.4 low-temperature welding slag not immediately clear, and so should cool down after the weld.
Should pay attention to the quality problems
Size exceed 6.1 to allow deviation: Weld length and width, width, thickness inadequate, the centerline offset, bending, and other deviations, should strictly control the welding parts of the relative position of size, rear-qualified welding, welding operation at carefully.
6.2 weld cracks: To prevent cracking, should be selected for the welding process parameters and welding procedures to avoid using high-current, do not suddenly off, weld joints should take 10 ~ 15 mm, welding in the wood allow moving, percussion welding Pieces.
6.3 surface porosity: electrode to the required temperature and time for baking, welding region must clean up, welding process of choosing the appropriate welding current, lower welding speed so that the pool of gas entirely escaped.
Weld slag 6.4: multi-layers of welding should be clean welding slag removal, transport operators should be correct, appropriate length. Note the direction of the flow of slag, a basic electrode, on the need to remain in the slog slog behind.
Records
焊接是一种连接金属或热塑性塑料的制造或雕塑过程。这是我为大家整理的材料焊接技术论文,仅供参考!
高强材料的焊接浅析
摘要:在现代工业中,高强材料越来越占有重要的地位,但其焊接时的焊接裂纹、脆化、软化等现象,给安全生产与产品的使用效率带来了隐患。为此,笔者根据自身学习与实践经历,就高强材料尤其是高强钢的焊接特性进行分析阐述。
关键词:高强材料;焊接;特性
一、高强材料概况
在当前的管道、容器中,高强材料越来越占有重要的地位。当中最重要的,是将钢里除碳意外添加一类或多类合金成分(合金成分的比例低于百分之五),用来加强钢的强度,将钢的强度提高到275MPa或更高,并产生更优的综合质量,此种钢被称为高强钢,它的基本优点为强度高、塑性与韧性也优于普通钢。根据钢的屈服强度的程度和热处理时的特性,高强钢总体上有两种。
热轧、正火钢,其屈服强度处于294Mpa~490MPa间,而利用状态是热轧、正火与控轧,在类别上是非热处理强化钢,该种钢的现实中使用的最为常见。
调质钢,其屈服强度处于490Mpa~980Mpa间,通常在调质状态中应用,在类别上是热处理强化钢。该种刚的特性是不烦强度高,而且塑性与韧性比较好,能够直接于调质时进行焊接。所以,这中调质钢在使用中越来越普及。
现在常使用的高强钢,钢板牌号包含以下几种:16MnR、15MnVR、13MnNiMoNbR、18MnMoNbR;锻件牌号包含以下几种:16Mn、15MnV、20MnMo、20MnMoNb。
二、高强钢的焊接特性
高强钢中碳含量通常不高于0.20%,合金成分的总量通常不高于5%。因为高强钢包含一些的合金成分,使它的焊接性和别的材料有一些不同,具体焊接特性有以下几点:
1、焊接时的焊接裂纹
(1).高强钢因为使用了让钢强度增加的碳、锰等元素成分,当焊接的时候往往产生淬硬,而产生的硬化部分往往很敏感,所以,当刚性过强与拘束应力较强的状态下,如果焊接方式有问题,就会造成冷裂纹。加上这中裂纹存在较长的延迟,容易造成较大的危害。
(2).再热裂纹为在焊作业完成后,慢慢去掉应力热的过程中,或较长时间在高温状态下于临近熔合线粗晶部位造成的沿晶开裂。通常认为,此类裂纹造成的原因,是因为焊接高温导致HAZ旁边的V、Nb、Cr、Mo等元素固溶在了奥氏体内,焊接完成后进行,但没有完全析出,而是在PWHT的时候呈弥散状态析出,所以强化了晶内,将应力在松弛的时候产生的蠕变变形汇聚在了晶界。
高强钢在焊接的时候,通常不会造成再热裂纹,例如16MnR、15MnVR之类。然而对Mn-Mo-Nb与Mn-Mo-V等类别的高强钢,因为Nb、V、Mo等成分比较敏感,是造成再热裂纹的常见因素,所以这些高强钢与焊接完成后实施热处理时,需要特别回避容易造成再热裂纹的温度范围,以免造成再热裂纹。
2、焊接部位的脆化与软化
(1).应变时效脆化。焊接部位于焊接前要进行各种冷处理(如钢板的剪切、管道筒罐的卷圆),材料会导致有所变形,要是变形的部位再收到200至450℃的热作用,可能造成应变时效,继而产生脆化,往往导致材料的塑性减弱,因此造成钢材的脆断。
PWHT能够减弱焊接时产生应变时效,将韧性一定程度上恢复。1998年制定的《钢制压力容器》中明确规定,筒状钢材的厚度要达到下列标准:碳素钢达到的的厚度不能低于圆筒内部直径的百分之三;别的钢的达到的厚度不能低于内部直径的百分之二点五。而且,那些冷成形与中温成形中制作的受压产品,要在成形之后实施热处理。
(2).焊缝与热影响区产生的脆化。对材料进行焊接时,加热与冷却往往不会十分均匀,便会产生不均匀的结构。焊缝与热影响区具有一定的脆性,这是是焊接接头里最薄弱的地方。焊接线的能量强度会对高强钢WM与HAZ性能产生较大影响,高强钢容易淬硬,线能量如果不高,HAZ会产生马氏体造成裂纹;线能量如果过高,WM与HAZ产生粗糙的晶粒,会造成焊接部位的脆化。线能量如果过高,调质钢而造成的HAZ脆化现象尤其明显。因而焊接作业时,要把线能量控制于合适的度量。
(3).焊接部位的热影响区产生的软化。因为焊接时的热作用,会造成部分地区强度降低,形成了一定的软化带。HAZ区的结构软化会因为焊接线热度的提升与预热温度的提升而恶化,不过通常的软化区的性能还是能够达到规定标准值的最低标准,因而这些钢材地热影响部位产生的软化现象,如果做到工艺合适,就不会降低焊接部位的正常使用。
三、当代新式高强材料的焊接特性
1、高强管线钢
高强管线钢指X70以上的钢级,至尽为止,X80是已建管线钢中使用的强度最高的管线钢。加拿大Ipsco钢铁公司在1998年年报中明确指出,该公司已成功进行了X90和X100SSAW钢管试生产,最终目标是生产各种规格的X100钢管。日本NKK、住友金属、新日铁、川崎制铁及欧洲钢管公司也相继研制成功X90和X100UOE钢管,正在研制X120钢管。
为保障管线的安全可靠性,在提高强度的同时,必须相应提高韧性。特别是高压输气用钢管,必须有很高的CVN。超贝氏体和超马氏体被誉为21世纪的管线钢,其钢级为X80~X100(贝氏体)、X100~X120(马氏体)。在成分设计上,大体上都是(超)的Mn-Nb-Ti系或Mn-Nb-V(Ti)系,有的还加入Mo、Ni、Cu等元素,因此,热影响区的韧性不会比较低强度的管线钢差,冷裂纹敏感性不大。对于强度高于600MPa的钢,焊接时要特别关注WM冷裂纹问题,尤其是现场对接环焊缝必须采用超低氢焊接材料。
2、超细晶粒钢
上世纪90年代,世界主要产钢国相继开展了新一代钢铁材料的研究,其中,尤以日本的“超级钢“计划、中国的“新一代钢铁材料重大基础研究”和韩国的“21世纪高性能结构钢”引起世界钢铁界的瞩目和热情参与。
在新一代钢铁材料的研究中,最引人注目的是超细晶粒的研究,通过超细晶粒(最小1mm)实现强度翻番的目标。超细晶粒钢焊接的最大问题就是HAZ的晶粒长大倾向,为解决这一问题,须采用激光焊、超窄间隙MAG焊、脉冲MAG焊等低热输入焊接方法。
参考文献
[1]王建利.高强钢的焊接工艺评定[J].云南水力发电,2007,(02).
[2]李明.高强钢的焊接[J].现代焊接,2005,(03).
[3]栗卓新,刘秀龙,李虹,李国栋.高强钢焊材及焊接性的国内外研究进展[J].新技术新工艺,2007,(05).
试论焊接技术
摘 要:焊接是一种连接金属或热塑性塑料的制造或雕塑过程。焊接过程中,工件和焊料熔化形成熔融区域,熔池冷却凝固后便形成材料之间的连接。这一过程中,通常还需要施加压力。焊接的能量来源有很多种,包括气体焰、电弧、激光、电子束、摩擦和超声波等。今天,随着焊接机器人在工业应用中的广泛应用,研究人员仍在深入研究焊接的本质,继续开发新的焊接方法,以进一步提高焊接质量。
关键词:焊接;金属;能量;技术
1、焊接技术概论
1.1焊接过程的物理本质
焊接是两种或两种以上同种或异种材料通过原子或分子之间的结合和扩散连接成一体的工艺过程.促使原子和分子之间产生结合和扩散的方法是加热或加压,或同时加热又加压。
1.2焊接的分类
金属的焊接,按其工艺过程的特点分有熔焊,压焊和钎焊三大类。
1.2.1熔焊是在焊接过程中将工件接口加热至熔化状态,不加压力完成焊接的方法。熔焊时,热源将待焊两工件接口处迅速加热熔化,形成熔池。熔池随热源向前移动,冷却后形成连续焊缝而将两工件连接成为一体。在熔焊过程中,如果大气与高温的熔池直接接触,大气中的氧就会氧化金属和各种合金元素。大气中的氮、水蒸汽等进入熔池,还会在随后冷却过程中在焊缝中形成气孔、夹渣、裂纹等缺陷,恶化焊缝的质量和性能。为了提高焊接质量,人们研究出了各种保护方法。例如,气体保护电弧焊就是用氩、二氧化碳等气体隔绝大气,以保护焊接时的电弧和熔池率;又如钢材焊接时,在焊条药皮中加入对氧亲和力大的钛铁粉进行脱氧,就可以保护焊条中有益元素锰、硅等免于氧化而进入熔池,冷却后获得优质焊缝。
1.2.2压焊是在加压条件下,使两工件在固态下实现原子间结合,又称固态焊接。常用的压焊工艺是电阻对焊,当电流通过两工件的连接端时,该处因电阻很大而温度上升,当加热至塑性状态时,在轴向压力作用下连接成为一体。各种压焊方法的共同特点是在焊接过程中施加压力而不加填充材料。多数压焊方法如扩散焊、高频焊、冷压焊等都没有熔化过程,因而没有象熔焊那样的有益合金元素烧损,和有害元素侵入焊缝的问题,从而简化了焊接过程,也改善了焊接安全卫生条件。同时由于加热温度比熔焊低、加热时间短,因而热影响区小。许多难以用熔化焊焊接的材料,往往可以用压焊焊成与母材同等强度的优质接头。
1.2.3钎焊是使用比工件熔点低的金属材料作钎料,将工件和钎料加热到高于钎料熔点、低于工件熔点的温度,利用液态钎料润湿工件,填充接口间隙并与工件实现原子间的相互扩散,从而实现焊接的方法。
1.2.4焊接时形成的连接两个被连接体的接缝称为焊缝。焊缝的两侧在焊接时会受到焊接热作用,而发生组织和性能变化,这一区域被称为热影响区。焊接时因工件材料焊接材料、焊接电流等不同,焊后在焊缝和热影响区可能产生过热、脆化、淬硬或软化现象,也使焊件性能下降,恶化焊接性。这就需要调整焊接条件,焊前对焊件接口处预热、焊时保温和焊后热处理可以改善焊件的焊接质量。另外,焊接是一个局部的迅速加热和冷却过程,焊接区由于受到四周工件本体的拘束而不能自由膨胀和收缩,冷却后在焊件中便产生焊接应力和变形。重要产品焊后都需要消除焊接应力,矫正焊接变形。
1.2.5现代焊接技术已能焊出无内外缺陷的、机械性能等于甚至高于被连接体的焊缝。被焊接体在空间的相互位置称为焊接接头,接头处的强度除受焊缝质量影响外,还与其几何形状、尺寸、受力情况和工作条件等有关。接头的基本形式有对接、搭接、丁字接(正交接)和角接等。对接接头焊缝的横截面形状,决定于被焊接体在焊接前的厚度和两接边的坡口形式。焊接较厚的钢板时,为了焊透而在接边处开出各种形状的坡口,以便较容易地送入焊条或焊丝。坡口形式有单面施焊的坡口和两面施焊的坡口。选择坡口形式时,除保证焊透外还应考虑施焊方便,填充金属量少,焊接变形小和坡口加工费用低等因素。厚度不同的两块钢板对接时,为避免截面急剧变化引起严重的应力集中,常把较厚的板边逐渐削薄,达到两接边处等厚。对接接头的静强度和疲劳强度比其他接头高。在交变、冲击载荷下或在低温高压容器中工作的联接,常优先采用对接接头的焊接。
搭接接头的焊前准备工作简单,装配方便,焊接变形和残余应力较小,因而在工地安装接头和不重要的结构上时常采用。一般来说,搭接接头不适于在交变载荷、腐蚀介质、高温或低温等条件下工作。采用丁字接头和角接头通常是由于结构上的需要。丁字接头上未焊透的角焊缝工作特点与搭接接头的角焊缝相似。当焊缝与外力方向垂直时便成为正面角焊缝,这时焊缝表面形状会引起不同程度的应力集中;焊透的角焊缝受力情况与对接接头相似。角接头承载能力低,一般不单独使用,只有在焊透时,或在内外均有角焊缝时才有所改善,多用于封闭形结构的拐角处。焊接产品比铆接件、铸件和锻件重量轻,对于交通运输工具来说可以减轻自重,节约能量。焊接的密封性好,适于制造各类容器。发展联合加工工艺,使焊接与锻造、铸造相结合,可以制成大型、经济合理的铸焊结构和锻焊结构,经济效益很高。采用焊接工艺能有效利用材料,焊接结构可以在不同部位采用不同性能的材料,充分发挥各种材料的特长,达到经济、优质。焊接已成为现代工业中一种不可缺少,而且日益重要的加工工艺方法。
1.2.6未来的焊接工艺,一方面要研制新的焊接方法、焊接设备和焊接材料,以进一步提高焊接质量和安全可靠性,如改进现有电弧、等离子弧、电子束、激光等焊接能源;运用电子技术和控制技术,改善电弧的工艺性能,研制可靠轻巧的电弧跟踪方法。另一方面要提高焊接机械化和自动化水平,如焊机实现程序控制、数字控制;研制从准备工序、焊接到质量监控全部过程自动化的专用焊机;在自动焊接生产线上,推广、扩大数控的焊接机械手和焊接机器人,可以提高焊接生产水平,改善焊接卫生安全条件。
2、焊接-工业艺术
焊接的出现迎合了金属艺术发展对新工艺手段的需要。而在另一方面,金属在焊接热量作用下所产生的独特美妙的变化也满足了金属艺术对新的艺术表现语言的需求。在今天的金属艺术创作中,焊接可以而且正在被作为一种独特的艺术表现语言而着力加以表现。本文对这一技术的出现与运用进行了分析。
2.1艺术创造与工艺方法永远是密不可分的。作为一种工业技术,焊接的出现迎合了金属艺术发展对新的工艺手段的需要。而在另一方面,金属在焊接热量作用下所产生的独特美妙的变化也满足了金属艺术对新的艺术表现语言的需求。在今天的金属艺术创作中,焊接可以而且正在被作为一种独特的艺术表现语言而着力加以表现。金属焊接艺术可以作为一种相对独立的艺术形式以分支的方式从传统的金属艺术中分离出来,这是因为焊接具有艺术性。
2.2焊接可以产生丰富的艺术创作的表现语言。
焊接通常是在高温下进行的,而金属在高温下会产生许多美妙丰富的变化。金属母材会发生颜色变化和热变形(即焊接热影响区) ;焊丝熔化后会形成一些漂亮的肌理;而焊接缺陷在焊接艺术中更是经常被应用。焊接缺陷是指焊接过程中,在焊接接头产生的不符合设计或工艺要求的缺陷。其表现形式主要有焊接裂纹、气孔、咬边、未焊透、未熔合、夹渣、焊瘤、塌陷、凹坑、烧穿、夹杂等。这是个十分有趣的现象 :焊接的艺术性通常体现在一些工业焊接的失败操作之中,或者说蕴藏于一些工业焊接极力避免的焊接缺陷之中。其次,焊接艺术语言是独特的。选用不同的金属材料,使用不同的焊接工艺,焊接的艺术性可以在不同的金属艺术形式中发挥得淋漓尽致。
在焊接雕塑作品中,焊缝和割痕不是作为一种技术加工的痕迹被动地存在,而是以一种精彩的、不可或缺的表现语言着力地加以体现的。一件焊接雕塑,粗的焊缝裸露在雕塑表面,各种不规则的切割痕迹也变成了艺术家优美的艺术语言在很多情况下,由于焊接雕塑所追求的粗糙质朴的风格,金属的锈蚀、瑕疵也大多根据作品的需要特意保留,因此,在焊接雕塑中常常可以感觉到一种非雕琢的、原始的美。雕塑下部的钢板拼接处的焊缝很粗大,从焊接工艺的牢固性来看,这显然不仅仅是出于对雕塑结实程度的考虑,在这件雕塑中,下部几条扭曲的焊缝已经作为雕塑整体审美的一个重要因素而成为其不可缺少的一部分。从雕塑整体来看,不论是上半部分的文字造型,还是下半部分的肌理处理,到处有扭曲的焊接痕迹的出现,整个作品达到了整体视觉语言的统一。 手工等离子切割的方法,利用切割时电流的热量,使切割边缘产生热影响区,这样就给亮白色的不锈钢“染”上了一圈略带渐变的色彩。同时,通过对焊接规范的调节,割枪喷出的强烈气流会在切割钢板熔化的瞬间在切割边缘“吹”起一圈随机形成的肌理,在切割完成金属冷却后,固化为一道美丽的割痕,与中间平坦光亮的不锈钢板材形成了质感的对比。这种随机效果的形成过程带有一定的偶然性,但又是在一定的焊接规范下必然产生的现象。从尺寸的角度考虑,尺寸较大的焊接艺术壁饰可采用半自动CO2气体保护焊,较小的可采用手工钨极氩弧焊。
如果把一幅壁饰作品看成一幅画的话,画面中的点、线、面、黑、白、灰甚至颜色的处理都可以通过焊接的方法来实现。各种型号、各种材质的金属丝,应用不同的焊接工艺会在画面上以不同的形式出现。不同金属的颜色不同,不锈钢的亮银色、铝材的亚银色、碳钢的乌亮色,钛钢、青铜、紫铜、黄铜而且就钢材来说,不同的钢材在高温受热时会出现不同的颜色变化,即焊接热影响区不同。另外,切割也是焊接艺术壁饰创作的方法之一,既可以与焊接结合使用,也可以单独使用,这完全取决于创作者的创作意图和对工艺与效果的掌握程度。以上所述的这些方法综合起来,变化的丰富可想而知。
3、焊接作业中发生火灾、爆炸事故的原因
3.1焊接切割作业时,尤其是气体切割时,由于使用压缩空气或氧气流的喷射,使火星、熔珠和铁渣四处飞溅(较大的熔珠和铁渣能飞溅到距操作点5m以外的地方),当作业环境中存在易燃、易爆物品或气体时,就可能会发生火灾和爆炸事故。
3.2在高空焊接切割作业时,对火星所及的范围内的易燃易爆物品未清理干净,作业人员在工作过程中乱扔焊条头,作业结束后未认真检查是否留有火种。
3.3气焊、气割的工作过程中未按规定的要求放置乙炔发生器,工作前未按要求检查焊(割)炬、橡胶管路和乙炔发生器的安全装置。
4、焊接作业中发生火灾、爆炸事故的防范措施
4.1焊接切割作业时,将作业环境lOm范围内所有易燃易爆物品清理干净,应注意作业环境的地沟、下水道内有无可燃液体和可燃气体,以及是否有可能泄漏到地沟和下水道内可燃易爆物质,以免由于焊渣、金属火星引起灾害事故。
4.2高空焊接切割时,禁止乱扔焊条头,对焊接切割作业下方应进行隔离,作业完毕应做到认真细致的检查,确认无火灾隐患后方可离开现场。
4.3应使用符合国家有关标准、规程要求的气瓶,在气瓶的贮存、运输、使用等环节应严格遵守安全操作规程。
4.4对输送可燃气体和助燃气体的管道应按规定安装、使用和管理,对操作人员和检查人员应进行专门的安全技术培训。
4.5焊补燃料容器和管道时,应结合实际情况确定焊补方法。实施置换法时,置换应彻底,工作中应严格控制可燃物质的含影实施带压不置换法时,应按要求保持一定的电压。工作中应严格控制其含氧量。要加强检测,注意监护,要有安全组织措施。
作为一种工业技术,焊接的出现迎合了金属艺术发展对新工艺手段的需要。而在另一方面,金属在焊接热量作用下所产生的独特美妙的变化也满足了金属艺术对新的艺术表现语言的需求。在今天的金属艺术创作中,焊接可以而且正在被作为一种独特的艺术表现语言而着力加以表现。
上述种种焊接缺陷的表现形式以及焊接热影响区,是通过一定规范下的焊接操作形成的,也只有通过焊接的方式才会产生这些艺术语言。焊接艺术作品的表面效果是其它金属加工工艺无法或者很难实现的,因而说焊接艺术具有独特的艺术性。