幼儿园优秀游戏活动案例:“豆芽”的故事
导读:这是一个发生在娃娃家游戏中的系列故事，主人公是一个小名叫“毛豆”的女孩。让我们来看看这个女孩是怎样结合已有经验，生成这个游戏并推动游戏发展的，同时体会教师在游戏指导中是如何追随孩子的脚步，聆听孩子的想法，为孩子提供所需要的帮助的。
▌一、活动背景
这是一个发生在娃娃家中的故事，主人公是一个小名叫“毛豆”的六岁零两个月的女孩，游戏的内容和情节主要由幼儿生成及推动。在一个学期的角色游戏中，大班幼儿生成了许多不同的游戏内容和情节，它们相互交融，也相互影响。“豆芽”的故事正是在这样的游戏情境中不断丰富和发展的，它向我们展现了教师倾听幼儿声音、判断幼儿兴趣、尊重幼儿意愿、满足幼儿需要的重要意义。幼儿基于自己的已有经验生成新的游戏内容和情节，在教师的适当引导下不断巩固和提升新的经验，游戏水平也随之提高。
▌二、活动内容与过程
●故事一:“豆芽”出生了
一天，在娃娃家，孩子们一边布置环境，一边讨论宝宝是从哪里来的。毛豆说:“当然是妈妈生出来的!”说着，毛豆就把布娃娃塞进衣服，指着鼓鼓囊囊的肚子说:“我要生宝宝了。”(见图1)她用两只手捂着鼓起的肚子，慢慢地走向“医院”。“医生”正在忙碌着，没有注意到这个“特殊”的病人。毛豆拍打着鼓起的肚子，大声喊:“我要生宝宝了!”“医院”里所有人都围了过来，有的捂着嘴笑，有的伸出手轻轻抚摸毛豆的肚子，还有的在小声议论……毛豆把肚子挺得更高了，似乎在提醒“医生”“我要生孩子了”。头一次遇到这样的病人，所有“医生”都傻了，不知道怎么帮助她。毛豆只好推开“医生”，自己躺到了地垫上，一字一顿地说:“我、要、生、宝、宝、了!”“医生”们围了过来。“快开刀吧!”毛豆提高嗓门说。
图1 要生宝宝了
“医生”拿起塑料小刀在毛豆的衣服上划了一下(见图2)，毛豆提醒道:“你忘记给我吃药了。”“医生”立刻递给毛豆一个药瓶，毛豆接过药瓶假装喝药。这时随着药瓶倾倒，里面的彩色绉纸球(游戏时当作药丸用的)掉落下来。“医生”把绉纸球塞进毛豆衣服里说:“这个可以止血。”接着，“医生”从毛豆衣服里取出布娃娃。“宝宝生出来了!”所有人都拍手欢笑(见图3)。
图2 去医院生宝宝
图3 宝宝从肚子里生出来
毛豆躺在地垫上，“医生”把刚出生的“宝宝”放在小方桌上，三位“医生”全都站在桌子旁，有的给“宝宝”打针，有的用听诊器给“宝宝”检查身体。毛豆躺在地垫上喊:“我还躺在这里呢，你们没人来给我看病吗?”活动室里比较嘈杂，“医生”们继续围着“宝宝”忙碌着，没人回应毛豆。
游戏分享环节，毛豆借助我在孩子游戏时拍摄的照片，向大家绘声绘色地讲述着生孩子的故事。她还告诉大家:“我的宝宝叫豆芽。因为我是毛豆，毛豆的孩子就是‘豆芽’。”
从这一天开始，我的游戏观察记录本上就开启了对“豆芽”故事的连续记录。因为幼儿的学习就是以自己特有的方式与周围环境互动的过程，就是幼儿主动探索世界的过程，值得我们去记录、分析、反思。
教师的思考:
一、为幼儿提供充足的游戏时间。

有些幼儿从小班读到大班，游戏的水平还很低，游戏时间不足是其主要原因。有些孩子的性格比较孤僻，不愿参加游戏活动，许多幼儿在游戏快结束时才来参加，游戏时间导致低水平游戏的出现，限制了小组表演、角色游戏和积木游戏的正常进行。多年的实践观察表明：在短时间的游戏中，幼儿更多地表现为旁观行为、闲散行为、过渡性行为及一些实物游戏和模仿表演游戏，幼儿的想象力、创造力很难发挥。因而影响了幼儿游戏的质量。因此，每天宜为幼儿提供60分钟以上的游戏时间。另外，室内游戏时间不能代替户外活动时间，这两种活动会促进儿童不同方面的发展，都是不可缺少的。
二、创造条件为幼儿提供自由游戏的机会

游戏是孩子学习的好课堂，孩子可以玩很多东西，并通过游戏学习不少有关幼儿知识。幼儿园可以充分利用园内的户外场地为幼儿创设合理的游戏地，使幼儿的生活更加自然。如：户外大型积木是幼儿比较感兴趣的活动设施，利用率极高，因为这类游戏活动可使幼儿自由地操作，无拘无束地参与，更能启发他们的幻想力，搭建各种大型建筑，锻炼身体又有成就感。另外，还可以为幼儿提供一些攀爬架、平衡桥，使幼儿的游戏活动更加丰富多彩，这样既满足了幼儿的兴趣，又丰富了幼儿游戏的内容。
三、要珍视、保护幼儿自主、自发的自由游戏活动

幼儿园作为教育场所和集体活动场所，一日生活有着较为严格的秩序。各年龄段的幼儿都要按照一定的操作规范来进行活动。幼儿园应努力探索幼儿自主、自发性游戏的开展研究，教学计划及教育活动的安排应该增加弹性，为幼儿自发游戏开辟时间和空间。在游戏中，幼儿自主、自由，活动类型老师不做硬性安排，由幼儿自己选择，玩什么，怎样玩均由幼儿自己做主。幼儿在游戏中可以不受任何限制，尽情玩耍。老师只是作为游戏伙伴参加游戏，并以饱满情绪感染影响幼儿，对幼儿的活动表示支持、赞许。为幼儿营造宽松、民主、自由的游戏氛围，让游戏以生动活泼的方式流露出幼儿的真实感受。当然在游戏中，教师并非完全放任，而应做到心中有数。并依平时对幼儿活动特点的观察和了解。进行相应的指导。
3 Service QFD – the Starting Point for Internet Banking Services
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is one of the processes incorporated into the Total
Quality Management (TQM) concept. QFD is not only a methodological and statistical tool
designed for one use but an overall concept that provides a means of translating customer
requirements for each stage of product development and production [1]. It is a coherent
technique that analyses, prioritises, translates spoken and unspoken customer requirements
and involves everyone in an organization. QFD is a comprehensive technique of knowledge
processing that integrates all organizational know-how and even reveals internal company
knowledge hidden and badly communicated through the organizational structure. QFD
fundamentally supports decision making throughout an organizational structure. Once
implemented QFD improves team cooperation and promotes teamwork particularly between
research, development, and marketing/sales teams. By exploring the culture where teams must
cooperate, by understanding the tasks and publishing responsibilities, QFD improves levels of
trust and a pure and honest working environment in an organization.
The name Quality Function Deployment expresses its true purpose, which is satisfying
customers (Quality) by translating their needs into a design and ensuring that all
organizational units (Function) work together to systematically break down their activities
into finer and finer detail that can be quantified and controlled (Deployment) [8]. QFD dates
from 1966 (Yoki Akao) and its penetration into service industries started in the early 1980s in
Japanese companies. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a systematic matrix-based visual
approach for designing quality products and services. The best-known matrix is the first in the
QFD hierarchy, referred to as the House of Quality (HoQ). During the whole process,
different size matrices are being constructed (planning matrix/HoQ, concept selection matrix,
subsystem/assembly deployment matrix, process planning matrix).
Organizational
goals & Customer
segments Voice of
Customer
analysis
(Planning,
definition,
prioritisation)
Demanded
qualities & Quality
attributes
Quality attributes
& Functions
Functions &
New concept
Figure 1: The QFD Deployments applied to Internet Banking Services
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From the system implementation point of view the following deployments (Figure 1) have be
addressed and precisely analysed particularly in a service organization:
Organizational
Deployment:
To map the QFD steps to the different organizational functions; who is responsible
for what activities and when during the service planning and development process;
highly recommended that organizational deployment be done before QFD is
applied to a specific service;
Customer
Deployment:
The deployment of organizational goals into core competencies, into customer
attributes, into target customer segments. This helps “tailor” the services to the
needs of those customers who can best help achieve organization goals.
Voice of Customer
Deployment
(VOC):
VOC tables are used to record raw customer data, use characteristics for defining
quality requirements, and so separate the different types of service attributes. In
order to satisfy customers, it is important to understand how meeting their
requirements affects satisfaction and other specific aspects such as customer
involvement, customer preference, customer responsiveness, methodological items
of processing and prioritising client requirements.
Quality Deployment: Customer-demanded quality and priorities into measurable service quality
attributes.
Function
Deployment:
Used to identify functional areas of the organization, which are critical for
performing tasks that must achieve the quality attribute targets.
New Concept
Deployment:
Used in conjunction with Quality Improvement Stories (a structured problem-
solving approach), to select a new process that will best satisfy customers’ needs.
Task Deployment: Breaks down critical jobs into tasks and steps.
Reliability
Deployment:
Identifies and prevents failures of critical customer requirements.
4 Case study
The QFD application was carried out in cooperation with the Electronic Banking and
Development department of a Slovak bank in the period November 2002 - May 2003. The
bank has been operating in the Slovak financial market since 1993 and is well recognized as a
corporate and retail bank possessing an advanced technology platform, though not promoting
the quality of online services to a sufficient level. The preparation process included a series of
bank visits where the bank’s internal documents were provided. The deployment of the
‘Voice of the Customer’ and Quality Deployment (Marked in the Figure 1) were carried out
in the following sub-steps.
4.1 ‘Voice of the Customer’ Deployment
The first step of our case study was to identify the quality criteria the bank’s customers were
expecting from the Internet banking services. The data was collected in the form of an
unstructured customer survey, which included suggestions and ideas about the Internet
banking services. They were analysed in several steps:
§ Iterative completion of a list of all the suggestions
§ Suggestions’ clustering according to their affinities (23 clusters, frequencies)
§ Definition of demanded quality criteria
§ Clusters allocated among the demanded qualities - each cluster could have shared
more than one of the formulated service criteria allowing allocating frequencies for
each of the service criteria
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§ Prioritisation of service quality criteria
Refining the voice of the customer is often a demanding task and requires a systematic way of
common part of day-to-day management may be a difficult re-engineering task. QFD can be
perceived as constraining and often requires additional resources especially at the starting
level. By applying QFD we demonstrated the potential this technique has in defining
customer expectations and the translation of these expectations into the design specifications,
thus ensuring the customer’s satisfaction.
体育游戏论文(设计)开题报告
选题目的和意义：体育教学中合理安排体育游戏能提高体育课的教学效果，越来越被广大体育教育工作者重视。为了使体育课对学生产生吸引力，激发学生的思维和想象力，提高学生的兴趣使体育课上得更生动活泼、有实效，发展游戏者的体力和智力，或是为了娱乐增强学生的身心健康，同学们在游戏的运用过程中，可以创造性的发展游戏的内容,制定游戏新的规则,以及不断创造新的游戏,提高体育游戏的功能,增强学生体质使学生完全自觉地投入到学习中去，可以收到事半功倍的教学效果，改变传统的教学模式，更新教学观念方面有着重大意义。因此，重视和发展体育游戏是各个教育机构和体育教育工作者的光荣任务。本课题的研究能够为广大体育教师寻找学生缺乏体育兴趣的原因提供参考，以便于采取有效措施运用游戏来调动学生的.兴趣，达到老师教的好学生学的好的效果。
本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势：为了了解本课题同一领域的研究现状，把握其发展趋势，我们借助网络系统搜集了相关资料，我们发现，国外很多国家如美国、日本的研究，他们在教学策略、游戏内容等领域的研究取得了一定的成果，建立了适合本国国情的体育游戏教育理论体系和实践模式。在我国随着教育改革的深化、素质教育的全面推进、“健康第一”的指导思想的确立，人们对体育游戏的关注程度超过以往。我们感到前人的研究虽然都取得了重要的研究成果，然而，经过仔细的分析、比较，感到这些研究都还存在着一定的局限性，其主要表现为重游戏的生理功能，轻游戏的心理功能。目前，“心理健康教育”在学校教育中越来越显示出其的重要性，“心理健康”已被学校教育视为一个不可忽视的阵地，这方面同样可以使我们的研究大有可为。我国学者运用教学实验等不同手段探讨了体育游戏对学生身心发展的价值和作用。
主要研究内容：1、体育游戏的概念理解;2、体育游戏的重要性;2.1 体育游戏的特点;2.2 体育游戏的作用。3、体育游戏在体育教学中的应用;3.1 体育游戏在准备活动中的应用;3.2 体育游戏在基本技术技能教学中的应用;3.3 体育游戏在身体素质练习中的应用;3.4 体育游戏在结束部分中的应用;3.5 教学中运用体育游戏应注意的问题。4、结束语。
实验设计：本文通过文献资料法对体育游戏在体育教学中的应用和重要性进行分析，以及通过逻辑分析和现象学方法对体育游戏在体育教学中的应用和重要性进行探研，总结目前体育游戏在体育教学中运用所存在的问题，通过相关文献的查找，收集整理进行综合分析获得结论，咨询导师老师、有关老师对结论进一步讨论，最后撰写论文。
完成论文的条件、方法及措施：
条件∶运用学校电子阅览室等工具进行查阅。方法∶采用文献资料调研，逻辑分析和现象学方法去探研。措施∶通过查阅各种资料对论文进行分析，指导老师进行指点、修改，最后完成论文。
你的设计灵感，这是个什么职业的角色，角色的服装武器和身上的元素来自什么背景，是参考哪个游戏或者动画，为角色配一小段小故事。
