学术规范与论文写作要线下考试，《论文写作与学术规范》考试由各院(系)安排闭卷笔试,笔试时间地点等信息须在考试前提交至研究生院备案。
不管雅思考试还是未来出国之后的学术论文，对于学生开始了解和掌握一定的学术表达是必要的，所以写这篇文章的目的是开启学生对学术表大的一些基本认识和运用。每个人的情况不同，也可以登录文都国际教育官网进行一对一的咨询。
Formal writing - using noun phrases
如何使你的论文或报告更正式：
Academic writing frequently uses nominalisations; that is, the noun forms of verbs. （动词的名词形式）
The process of nominalisation turns verbs (actions or events) into nouns (things, concepts or people). （把动词变成名词）
重点：简单归纳 能用名词的动词则以名词用法为主
例子如下：
例子 Companies (subject) enter (verb) different markets to increase (verb) their revenues.
学术表达如下：Companies looking for an increase ( noun) in revenues become new entrants (noun) in different markets
回应雅思话题： 题目- the quality of life in large cities is increasing.
正式表达：The increase of living quality has become increasingly common.
回应雅思话题2：in many parts of the world, crime is increasing rapidly among teenagers and the public is becoming concerned
正式表达：the rapid increase in crime among teenagers has caused concern among the public.
简单总结如下：一个动词如果决定了一句话核心逻辑 把它用作名词或名词短语 (也就是说一篇好的文章，动词越少越好）
以下列出了一些常用的口语词用法和写作用法及区别：
Spoken English Formal Written English
Verb - to increase noun - an increase
Verb - to improve noun - an improvement
Verb - to educate noun - an education
Verb - to enter a placenoun - an entrant or an entry
Verb - to fly noun a flight
Verb → Noun Adjective→Noun
refuse refusal annoyed annoyance
extend extension difficult difficulty
investigate investigation different difference
react reaction valuable value
fail failure intense intensity
Sentences without nominalisation→
Sentences with nominalization
He failed, which angered his parents.→
His failure caused his parents' anger.
The police investigated but uncovered no evidence.→
The police investigation uncovered no evidence.
David loves junk food, which causes him to be obese.→
David's love of junk food is the cause of his obesity.
The professor refused to extend the deadline, which made the students feel annoyed. →
The professor's refusal of a deadline extension caused student annoyance.
The course was difficult, so many students performed poorly.→
The course's difficulty resulted in poor student performance
总结：当然这只是其中一种学术表达的体现在论文中，也同时为了出国后的学期论文如何呈现学术表达做了一些基础。
出国留学必须攻克的一关就是写作，很多学生来到国外大学后发现，这里有写不完的论文，因为所有的考核基本都是以书面形式完成，比如作业(assignment)、论文(essay),、毕业论文(dissertation)、考试(exam)等。所以拥有一系列英文书写技巧是通过这些考核并拿到高分的重中之重。今天，考而思来给大家分享英国大学学术论文的写作技巧。拥有超过五年英国留学经历的小管家强调，写作技巧和词汇量的大小是两个概念。 很多学生写得出很多漂亮甚至生僻的词汇却组织不出合理的句子和文章结构， 所以经常听学生谈起，为什么留学生看了那么多书引用了那么多观点却不如别人一个晚上赶出来的论文分数高。下面将要谈及的写作技巧不仅适用于大学，对于奋战雅思的考生同样适用。首先给出一个国外大学论文评分标准：整个论文评分标准很复杂而且不同学科标准不一，这里只列出了和本文相关的写作部分的给分准则，目的是让学生知道老师在marking的时候会手中都会有一个具体的给分标准表格，而且学生的很多分数在不经意间已经被老师扣掉了。
