呼啸山庄论文提纲
《呼啸山庄》是一出爱情悲剧，作者的全部心血凝聚在希思克厉夫和凯瑟琳形象的塑造上。《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家艾米莉-勃朗特唯一一部小说。在这本小说中，作者向读者讲述了以希思克利夫与凯瑟琳的爱情为主题的复仇故事。
《呼啸山庄》是英国文学史上的一朵奇葩，具有很高的文学价值和艺术成就。这部小说写的是荒野山地里两个家族，及呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两个家族前后半个世纪的恩怨纠葛，体现了强烈的爱情悲剧和反抗精神。小说中，以主人公希斯克利夫的爱和恨而展开，他深爱女主人公凯瑟琳，却被无情抛弃，在绝望中他离开山庄。
三年之后回到呼啸山庄时，自己深爱的女人为了名利嫁给了别人，他的爱慢慢转化为一种被扭曲了的爱，就是恨。为了爱，他展开了疯狂的一系列报复行动，在报复中，告诉自己很满足，但内心却依然很孤独，最后他为爱慢慢放下了复仇，灵魂继续追随他的爱人凯瑟琳而去，得到了解放。
希斯克利夫的一生是悲剧的一生，他的人生经历了强烈的爱----疯狂的恨----爱的复归.作者塑造了一个一直被认为是恶魔般的主人公希斯克利夫，渴望爱却被爱和社会无情伤害，集爱与恨于一生，是一个“谜”一样的男人。作者塑造这样一个被社会迫害和扭曲而反抗的人物形象，既寄托了自己对现实社会的愤慨，也表现了19世纪资本主义社会中个人的精神压迫和矛盾冲突。
通过三个多月的查找工具书和知网、期刊里的各类文献，我的论文大致结构除了绪论和结论外，主体共有两章，第一章：可悲的受害者与可感的爱情者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫被命运、社会所迫害和他可歌可泣的爱情来展开叙述。第二章：可憎的复仇者与可叹的救赎者两方面，分别从希斯克利夫对曾经伤害过他的人无情的报复和他人性的解脱来展开叙述。最后进行总结，折射出当时社会的现状和可悲性。
摘 要：女性作家艾米莉・勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》以深刻的主题、诗化的语言、生动的人物形象受到了读者的喜爱，除此之外，小说独特的叙事手法也是作品获得成功的因素之一。《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的交错叙述为主;在叙事时间上适当地加快或放慢，拿捏精准;通过自然，推动了故事情节的发展。
关键词：《呼啸山庄》;叙事主体;叙事时间;自然
《呼啸山庄》是女性小说家艾米莉・勃朗特的传世之作，是她唯一的一部小说，在英国文学史甚至世界文学史上都占有重要一席。该部小说问世于1847年，以希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情故事为主线，向读者展示了复杂的人性和扭曲的社会。在《呼啸山庄》发行之初，评论家曾质疑其纷乱且不成体统，鉴于此，本文以其叙事特色为主题，从叙事的主体和时间、自然三个方面探讨这部小说的创作手法，解读《呼啸山庄》的独特魅力。
一、叙事主体的交错
《呼啸山庄》以女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德的叙述为主，交叉转换，小说中的人物也参与叙述，打破了以往小说中惯用的呆板乏味的套层结构，从不同叙述层面展开，小说由于多个叙述者的叙述，呈现出立体化的效果，小说结构紧凑，并且增加了故事的真实性，从而使整部小说显得扑朔迷离，新奇而独特，引人入胜。
作者艾米莉・勃朗特别具一格地塑造了两位主要的叙述者，分别是呼啸山庄的女管家纳莉和房客洛克伍德，两位叙述者的身份不同，视角不同，带给读者的感受也不同，可以使读者感受到主人公丰富的情感和故事情节的曲折迷离。《呼啸山庄》一共有三十四章，不同章节的叙事主体如下图所示：
小说以洛克伍德的`叙述开篇，通过他的日记，为读者展示了呼啸山庄以及山庄里的人和事，在他的眼里，似乎一切都不正常，对山庄他也充满了疑虑，从而引出了纳莉的叙述。由他的好奇心引起了读者的好奇心，作者在小说中巧妙地设计了许多悬念，围绕着这些悬念的解开，小说情节和人物也逐渐清晰起来。
纳莉是与世隔绝的理想避难所――呼啸山庄的历史见证人，山庄的人世浮沉、兴衰起落都在她的的眼前发生。纳莉在小说中具有双重身份，她不仅是事件的参与者，也是事件的旁观者，事件的边缘人物，从而使她的叙述也呈现出独特的优势，她不但可以进行主观叙述，描述事件的发展过程，记录她的所见所闻，同时也可以置身事外，对发生的事件进行评价，加入自己的内心感受和情感体验。她目睹了呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的人和事，包括主人公希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳跌宕起伏的爱情故事，希刺克厉夫身上的变化，听闻了凯瑟琳的内心感受，但她的身份注定她不能左右事情的发展，无法真正地走入人物的内心世界。这样的叙述视角使小说的发展浑然天成，不带任何的牵强附会，真实而又自然，在娓娓道来中道出了人物的命运。
二、叙事时间的跳跃
“小说是以叙述性方式，在一定环境中通过情节侧重塑造人物形象的文学形式”。[1](87)作者在讲故事，而读者在听故事。小说的文本时间为1801年――1802年，主要为房客洛克伍德的见闻;故事时间为1784――1801，1771――1784，前一段时间为第二代女主人公凯蒂的故事，后一段时间为第一代女主人凯瑟琳的故事，打破了传统的单纯的以时间或事件发展顺序进行叙述的方式，使故事的发生呈现出非确定性的状态，吸引读者的阅读，同时又不离小说的主题，不失小说的思想性。
(一)叙事顺序的复杂
小说《呼啸山庄》的叙述顺序在复杂中体现了作者创新性的叙事策略，采用了欧洲剧作家的常用手法，从故事中间讲起，采用了倒叙。艾米莉・勃朗特将最激烈的部分置于小说的开头，女管家纳莉在巨大暴风雪夜晚说的一句：“十八年了，先生”，道出了无尽的沧桑和遥远的距离，可以激起读者强烈的兴趣去了解故事发生的缘由和进展，作者通过这样的叙事手法，将小说中故事的过去，现在和将来巧妙地融合在一起，可以使读者感受到故事的完整性和统一性。
小说《呼啸山庄》中，还运用了预叙的叙事手法。作者通过预叙，给读者以强烈的心灵感受，让读者在小说的发展中不断获得感悟。当希刺克厉夫获得庄园的财产时，物质上应该说获得了极大的财富，复仇也可谓成功，然而随着纳莉的叙述，他最后却选择了死亡，巨大的反差会吸引着读者找出其中的原因，当明白希刺克厉夫的死亡是因为凯瑟琳后，读者也深刻地体会到他们之间爱恨交织的感情。预叙的运用还可以改变文章的感情基调。《呼啸山庄》给人的整体感觉是灰暗的，在各个人物经历了爱恨情仇之后，山庄里只剩下无可皈依的灵魂。在小说的结尾，作者却给读者留下了一个温暖而充满希望的结局：第二代人物哈里顿和小凯瑟琳即将结婚。这样的结局诠释了爱情是永恒的这样一个主题，也给了读者以无限的遐想。
(二)叙事步速的精妙
作者艾米丽・勃朗特不仅设计了复杂的叙事时间，而且在控制叙事步速方面也有着不俗的能力。她能收放自如地控制叙事时间，懂得如何加快或放慢叙事步速，从而使整个故事扑朔迷离，也从另一个方面体现了小说内涵的丰富性。加快叙事速度是指用简短的话语叙述长时间内发生的故事，省略是其中最主要的方式。作者将几周、几个月、几年内发生的事情一笔带过，让读者充分地感受到了时间的无情和飞逝，生与死的边界在读者头脑里也模糊起来。艾米丽・勃朗特写到：“凯蒂在画眉田庄住了5个星期，一直到圣诞节。到那时，她的脚踝已痊愈，举止也大有改进” [2]63;消失了3年之久的希刺克厉夫“在九月一个月圆的晚上”[2]118 突然回到了山庄。对于希刺克厉夫离开山庄这3年的生活，作者也只是轻描淡写，留给读者以丰富的想象空间，正如洛克伍德所猜测的那样，读者也会跟着他的描述，自然地被带入小说中，生出疑问，他是去了欧洲还是美洲?他是做了绅士还是魔鬼?放慢叙事速度是指用较长的话语叙述短时间内发生的故事。这样的叙述可以将所要描述的事情细节放大，使事物的每个细微发展淋漓尽致地展现在读者面前，时间仿佛凝固。作者艾米丽・勃朗特在小说中浓墨重彩地描述了一些场景，强化了事件本身的重要性，也充满了戏剧效果。她大量地描述了林顿太太生病时的场景以及大病中凯瑟琳的联想，对洛克伍德的噩梦进行了再回放，表现了凯瑟琳对于死亡的态度，对于她而言，死亡是一种安慰和解脱，升华了小说的主旨。
三、自然的映射
同托马斯・哈代以家乡多塞特郡作为小说的主要背景一样，作者艾米丽・勃朗特也将《呼啸山庄》的写作背景放在了家乡约克郡，家乡的一切自然景物都成了作者创作的源泉，反映在了其作品中。通过自然景物描写所反映出来的纵横交错的时间及故事的发展，成为了小说的另一个叙事特色。云、风、大雪、大雨等各种意象恰到好处地出现在了小说的合适位置上。山庄的那篇沼泽地随着季节的变换，带着各种心情，透过作者的描述，呈现在读者的眼前。随着读者对自然景色的唤醒，读者也被卷进呼啸山庄和画眉山庄两代人的爱恨中。
《呼啸山庄》中独特的叙事方式为作品增加了无限的魅力，作者艾米丽・勃朗特在作品的创作中，巧妙地使用叙事主体、叙事时间和自然，使小说的叙事更加多元化，人物形象更加真实、立体，作品更具审美意义和现实意义，对后世现实主义作品的创作也产生了一定的借鉴意义。
参考文献：
[1] 刘甫田， 徐景熙. 文学概论[M]. 北京： 高等教育出版社， 2007.
[2] 艾米莉・勃朗特.呼啸山庄[M]. 王蕙君， 王蕙玲， 译. 奎屯： 伊犁人民出版社， 2001.
《呼啸山庄》英文 读后感
The whole story make people’s mood heavy. Fortunately, the end is happy.
The author Emily Bronte lived an eccentric, closely guarded life. She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte—the author of Jane Eyre and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author. Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised the Bronte children after their mother died, was deeply religious. Emily Bronte did not take to her aunt’s Christian fervor, the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunt’s religiosity. The Brontes lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors. These wild, desolate expanses—later the setting of Wuthering Heights—made up the Brontes daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life. She died in 1848, at the age of thirty.
I like this book because it rest on the unforgettable characters. Wuthering Heights is based partly on the Gothic tradition, a style of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear. I would like to recommend this book to other readers.
呼啸山庄英语读后感
wuthering heights was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author emily bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. it was not until 1850, when wuthering heights received a second printing with an introduction by emily's sister charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. and from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of english literature.
even so, wuthering heights continues to divide readers. it is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. it is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. and yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written.
the novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. after a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from nelly deans, a servant who introduces us to the earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as wuthering heights. it was once a cheerful place, but old earnshaw adopted a gipsy child who he named heathcliff. and catherine,daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion:wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. but although catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. she instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all.
《呼啸山庄》英文读后感
Thoughts or reflections on reading Wuthering Heights
The book was written by Emily Bronte, it published in 1847.But at that time, it seemed to hold little promise, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews. I found this in our school library, I chose this book because the title attracted me. The book is structured around two parallel love stories, the first half of the novel centering on the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, while the less dramatic second half features the developing love between young Catherine and Hareton. In contrast to the first, the latter tale ends happily, restoring peace and order to Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. In the story, the two houses, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, represent opposing worlds and values.
I spent twenty days reading this book. After reading this book, I felt for Heathcliff at first. Heathcliff begins his life as a homeless orphan on the streets of Liverpool, and then he tyrannized by Hindley Earnshaw. But he becomes a villain when he acquires power and returns to Wuthering Heights with money and the trappings of a gentleman. His malevolence proves so great and long—lasting. As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella—his wife is purely sadistic, as he amuses himself by seeing how much abuse she can take and still come cringing back for more.
《呼啸山庄》英文读后感
Catherine represents wild nature, in both her high, lively spirits and her occasional cruelty. She loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. However, her actions are driven in part by her social ambitions, which initially are awakened during her first stay at the Lintons, and which eventually compel her to marry Edgar. Catherine is free—spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant, she is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her both of the men who love her. The location of her coffin symbolizes the conflict that tears apart her short life. She is buried in a corner of the Kirkyard. In contrast to Catherine, Isabella Linton—Catherine’s sister—in—law represents culture and civilization, both in her refinement and in her weakness. Ultimately, she ruins her life by falling in love with Heathcliff. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a meretool in his quest for revenge on the Linton family.
Just as Isabella Linton serves as Catherine’s foil, Edgar Linton serves as Heathcliff’s. Edgar grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man. He is almost the ideal gentleman. However, this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized virtues, proves useless in Edgar’s clashes with his foil. He sees his wife obviously in love with another man but unable to do anything to rectify the situation. Heathcliff, who gains power over his wife, sister , and daughter.
《呼啸山庄》英文读后感
wuthering heights is a bit difficult to get into; the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. but they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. catherine and heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other.
as the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction,and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: heathcliff,driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. yes, this is madness, insanity,and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond。
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】：《呼啸山庄》已被公认为世界文学史中的经典之作。长期以来,她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,人们视作者为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。《呼啸山庄》男主人公希斯克利夫的心灵世界谜团重重,情感汹涌起伏,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论。
本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析学中“防御机制”的理论来解析和阐释希斯克利夫的内心世界及其在小说中的作用,同时着力探讨希斯克利夫的心理活动,及其对其他人物和小说结局的影响。本文分为五个部分：绪论、主体(三个章节)及结论。
“绪论”部分简要论述了艾米莉·勃朗特的生平、创作、《呼啸山庄》的批评史,并着力论述了国内外相关文献的基本观点、本文的批评视角及其理论。
第一章主要从内外两个方面来探讨希斯克利夫心理防御机制的形成：作为外部因素的维多利亚时期的社会、文化氛围,与作为内部因素的主人公自身的苦难经历。两种因素合谋,决定了希斯克利夫的防御机制,其基本特点就是一旦受到侮辱,即刻进行报复。第二章仔细分析了希斯克利夫心理防御机制的表现形式：没有其他发泄途径时,否认、压抑、复仇等就都成了他防御机制的作用方式。第三章进一步阐释了希斯克利夫心理防御机制与其悲剧的关系,认为他的悲剧是其另一个自我(凯瑟琳)的死亡及其心理防御机制的崩溃的必然结果。
最后,“结论”部分指出希斯克利夫的悲剧源自其心理防御机制的畸形发展,及这类机制在敌人不存在时表现出的疯狂。可以说,希斯克利夫的疯狂和死亡是艾米莉无意识中对爱情的忧虑的外化。
