论药对与方剂配伍的关系 药对，也称对药，是指临床上常用且相对固定的中药配伍形式，是方剂配伍的一种特殊形式，为方剂的最小配伍单位。药对并非两味药物的随机组合，也并非是两种药效的单纯累积相加，而是历代医家积累临证用药经验的升华。 1药对的沿革 人类在长期的生活与劳动实践中，从简单的用药知识中不断总结归纳，逐步产生了药性理论，继而在临证实践中形成药对理论的雏形。其内容散见于历代文献，如《内经》即有半夏与秫米配伍治疗失眠的记载，秦汉时期的《神农本草经》首次提出了“七情”理论，成为药对理论形成的基础。仲景颇得药对使用之心得，《伤寒杂病论》中有许多应用药对治病的经验，成为后人研究药对的基础。早期以药对命名的文献，如《雷公药对》、徐之才《药对》等皆已亡佚，仅能从现存的其它医著中见到部分内容。现代医家施今墨先生善于运用对药，创制了许多现代药对。当代许多医家纷纷著书立说，更促进了药对理论的完善。由此可知，药对的雏形源于生活实践；其理论的形成脱胎于《神农本草经》；而将其灵活运用与发展的是《伤寒杂病论》。药对理论源于一部药学专著，发展于一部方剂专书，注定了药对理论与中药学和方剂学有着难以割舍的关系。 2药对的组成方式 药对的组成并非两药的随意组合，而是以中医基本理论为原则，依据一定的病证而选取特定的治法，针对治法选择性地应用与之性味、功用相匹配的两味中药。 2．1药性配对 药性，即中药的性能，它包括四气、五味、归经、升降浮沉、毒性等。①四气配对：如同为寒凉之性的金银花、连翘合用以加强清热解毒之功属于寒凉配对；附子和干姜皆具辛热之性，二药合用属于温热配对。②五味配对：如酸收的白芍与甘缓的甘草合用，酸甘化阴，共奏补虚缓急之功，属酸甘配对；桂枝辛甘而温，常用于表证，甘草甘平健脾益气，二药合用，专行营分而走里，有辛甘养阳之力，属辛甘配对。③升降浮沉配对：如同趋向的升麻和柴胡，二者皆有向上的作用趋势，共奏升阳举陷之功；异向作用趋势的如桔梗与枳壳，一升一降，开宣肺气。④归经配对：如天门冬和麦门冬，天门冬善人肾经，麦门冬善人肺经，二者配对，既可润肺，又可滋肾。⑤毒性配对：如半夏和生姜配对，生姜可杀半夏之毒等。 ． 2．2按七情和合配对 七情和合理论是临证用药的一般原则。除单行外，其余六种即相须、相使、相畏、相杀、相恶、相反皆蕴含着药物的配伍关系。此种药对组成方式古今文献书籍论述颇多，故不赘例。 药对的形成及其临证运用，促进了药对理论的发展。而且，其组成的方式也具有多样性，甚至是交叉存在的。如天门冬和麦门冬属于按归经配对，二者皆属寒凉之品，适用于阴虚有热者，故又属按四气配对；若从功用而论，二药合用，共奏润肺滋肾之功，又属相须配对。一般而论，药对的组成方式实际上是两药药性在某种程度上的吻合，进而在临证应用中形成一种较为固定的组合形式。在一首方剂中，较为固定的配伍是药对，而其它药物的组合，则是一种配伍关系，但未必是药对。如麻黄汤中的桂枝和麻黄皆为辛温之品，二药同用，相须而成发汗解表之药对，但麻黄和甘草则不属药对，二药属于一种配伍关系。 3药对的组方及临证价值 药对的临证价值主要是通过组成一定的方剂而实现。如银翘散中的金银花与连翘，五苓散中的泽泻与茯苓；补中益气汤中的黄芪与人参等。而且，药对本身亦可独立成方。如六一散、当归补血汤、枳术丸等。此外，尚有多个药对组成一首方剂。如黄芪与白术药对补肺益卫、健脾利湿；黄芪与防风药对固表祛风；防风与白术药对健脾疏肝，益卫固表。三对药对合而成玉屏风散，共奏益卫固表，祛风止汗之功。又如大承气汤中大黄和芒硝共奏泻下攻积之功，枳实与厚朴合用理气导滞，同时依据配伍规律我们知道行气有助于泻下，泻下又有助于行气，两个药对又是相互促进的。可见，药对可以使方剂的配伍更加合理，功效更加明晰。 药对均具有比较固定的功效，若其作为方中的主要部分，则使方剂的组成更具针对性，重点更突出。但这种固定功效是单纯指两味中药而言。在一首方剂中，药对这种固定功效的发挥，则是以方剂配伍为前提的。如桂枝汤中的桂枝和白芍的功用是调和营卫，但在桂枝茯苓丸中，在大对活血化瘀药作用下，桂枝取其温通经脉而行瘀滞之功，白芍则为和血养血之用，二药在本方中虽然也有一定的调和气血作用，不能仅从药对自身来理解二药在方中的作用。药对在方中发挥何种作用，其作用大小等，是以方剂的配伍为前提的。因此，我们在临证处方时，既要灵活而充分地运用药对，同时又要遵守方剂的配伍规律。 4药对对于方剂配伍研究的引导价值 药对理论的研究，对于理解中药复方的治病原理，进一步开展中药复方研究工作，都有着非常重要的意义。药对理论对于方剂配伍研究有着很高的引导价值。以药对为切入点，按方剂配伍规律，将一首方剂分为若干个药对，进行整方拆方的逐层分析，从而更明晰地阐述方剂的配伍规律。值得注意的是，不能随意将方剂中任意两药随机拼凑为药对，应该在遵守方剂配伍规律的基础上，灵活运用。 在中药复方有效成分研究日益兴盛的今天，充分利用药对理论的引导价值，将执简驭繁。单味中药的有效成分比较复杂，而影响中药复方药理作用的因素则更加多样和不确定，这给研究工作带来了相当大的阻力。如能运用药对理论的引导价值，在所研究方剂中提取出核心配伍部分，进行有效点的成分研究，将化繁为简，成为事半功倍的一条捷径。在此基础上，再结合其它配伍研究方法，相互促进，最终必将可以阐明中药复方作用的实质。此外，药对理论的形成是一个循序渐进的过程，而理论一旦形成，必然反过来指导临床用药。可以针对一些药对在方剂中作为主要成分，而使方剂功效更为突出这一特性，依据不同证候，以此药对为基础，加减变化，归纳出一组类方，以适应同一病症不同证型的病人。 药对理论有其比较完善的理论体系，灵活地将药对理论应用于中药复方的现代研究中，对于理解中药复方治病原理，丰富和发展中药复方的临证应用都有着非常重要的意义与作用。当然，无论是进行何种方剂配伍研究，应用药对时都必须遵循方剂配伍理论的自身规律。药对理论虽然有着自己比较完整的理论体系，但它与方剂有着密不可分的联系。它只要存在于方剂之中，就必然遵守方剂的配伍规律。如果违背这种规律，僵化的运用药对理论，这就会成为制约药对理论发展的瓶颈。总之，药对可以说明一定的配伍关系，但它代替不了方剂的配伍关系。
Traditional Chinese medicine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please improve this article if you can. (November 2008)
This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling.
You can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2008)
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Alternative medical systems Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Ayurveda • Chiropractic • Herbalism • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Neural therapy • Osteopathy • Traditional medicine (Chinese • Tibetan)
NCCAM classifications
Whole medical systems • Mind-body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies
See also
Alternative medicine • Glossary of alternative medicine • List of people in alternative medicine
This box: view • talk • edit
Traditional Chinese medicine/dried goods shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong KongTraditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.
TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.
TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient (classical) TCM history
1.2 Timeline
2 Theory
2.1 Basic theory and model of the body
2.2 Modern TCM theory
3 Diagnostics
3.1 Techniques
4 Methods of treatment
5 Branches
6 Scientific view
6.1 Efficacy
6.2 Safety
6.2.1 In Practice
6.2.2 Allergy
6.2.3 Toxins and contaminants
6.2.4 Lack of standardization
6.2.5 Vague naming
7 Relationship with Western medicine
8 Animal products
9 Opposition
10 Modernization
11 See also
12 Footnotes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Online databases
[edit] History
[edit] Ancient (classical) TCM history
Yin-yang symbolMuch of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that Taoist and Buddhist philosophies are based on, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[1] It has also been noted that early traditional Chinese medicine stemmed from Taoist masters who had an extraordinary sense of the body and its workings through their many hours of meditation. This may be why TCM also inherited many of the principles inherent to Daoism (Taoism).
During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 B.C, as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (《内经·素问》) or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years ago.
During the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景/张仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙经/甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD.
There were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]
Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of pharmaceuticals.
TCM of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence;[8] any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"[10]
The term "TCM" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.
[edit] Timeline
Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, iguana, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi'an.The history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and books.
Unknown, Huángdì nèijīng (黄帝内经/黄帝内经) (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn (素问/素问) and Língshū (灵枢/灵枢). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present.
Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (足臂十一脉灸经/足臂十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (阴阳十一脉灸经/阴阳十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s.
Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD):
Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (针灸枕中经/针灸枕中经) (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó (华佗/华佗).
Shanghan zabing lun (伤寒杂病论/伤寒杂病论), which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn (伤寒论/伤寒论) ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue (金匮要略) ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng (张仲景/张仲景).
Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (针灸甲乙经/针灸甲乙经) (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì (皇甫谧/皇甫谧).
Tang Dynasty (618–907)
Beiji qianjin yaofang (备急千金要方/备急千金要方) (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (千金翼方) (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo (孙思邈/孙思邈).
Waitai miyao (外台秘要/外台秘要) (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao (王焘/王焘).
Song Dynasty (960 – 1279):
Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng (铜人腧穴针灸图经/铜人腧穴针灸图经) (Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī (王惟一).
Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī (十四经发挥/十四经发挥) (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu (滑寿/滑寿).
Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few:
Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (针灸大全/针灸大全) (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐凤).
Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī (针灸聚英发挥/针灸聚英发挥) (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ (高武).
Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (针灸大成/针灸大成) (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu (杨继洲/杨继洲), completed in 1601.
Běncǎo gāngmù (本草冈目/本草纲目) (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn (李时珍/李时珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578).
Wenyi lun (温疫论/温疫论), by Wu Youxing 吴有性 (1642).
Qing Dynasty (1644-1912):
Yizong jinjian (医宗金鉴/医宗金鉴) (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan (吴谦/吴谦) under imperial commission.
Zhenjiu fengyuan (针灸逢源/针灸逢源) (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan (李学川/李学川).
Wenre lun (温热论/温热论), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/业天士).
Wenbing tiaobian (温病条辨/温病条辨) (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.[11]
[edit] Theory
This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page references.
You can improve this article or section by introducing citations that are more precise.
Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried lingzhi, snake, turtle plastron, Lou han fruit, and species of ginseng.The foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be influenced by Taoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.[12]
Since 1200 BC, Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the I Ching and other Chinese literary and philosophical classics, Chinese writers described general principles and their applications to health and healing.
Porkert, a Western medical doctor, placed Chinese medical theory in context as:
Chinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.[13]
[edit] Basic theory and model of the body
An old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians
Interactions of Five Chinese Elements - Cycles of Balance and Cycles of ImbalanceMain article: TCM model of the body
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in TCM model of the body.
Traditional Chinese medicine is largely based on the philosophical concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of yin and yang is considered with respect to qi ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), blood, jing ("kidney essence", including "semen"), other bodily fluids, the five elements, emotions, and the soul or spirit (shen). TCM has a unique model of the body, notably concerned with the meridian system. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and studying.
There are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and theory.
Theories invoked to describe the human body in TCM include:
Channels, also known as "meridians"
Five elements
Qi
Three jiaos also known as the Triple Burner, the Triple Warmer or the Triple Energiser
Yin and Yang
Zang Fu theory
The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao (Triple warmer) theories are more specific.
There are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the Four stages theory of the progression of warm diseases, the Six levels theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the Eight principles system of disease classification.
[edit] Modern TCM theory
This section needs more detail, citations, better links, or all three. Also : How widespread is the belief that TCM and fractals are somehow interconnected? Someone must have come up with the idea, who was it?
Third philosophy: Fractal (similar) view[14]
Qi is the `information - energy - material' mix unity flow [15], Qi sets, qi element, sub-Qi sets.
Mathematics physics Yin or Yang
TCM fractal sets[16]
Fractal Yin Yang sets: Df=1.
Fractal Five elements sets: Df=1.4650, Yin Yang Five elements sets Df=2.0959.[17]
Fractal Zang Xiang theory:[18] the heart series, the liver series, the spleen series, the lung series, the kidney system.
Fractal Channel ( Meridian (Chinese medicine) Jingluo),CHANNELS AND MESH-NETWORK,NO VESSEL. TCM channel is fractal, complex, pluralistic, rough, not smooth, non-tube dissection structure.[19]
[edit] Diagnostics
张仲景为人谦虚谨慎，提倡终身坚持学
习。他在序文中说:“孔子曰:生而知之者上,
学则亚之，多闻博识，知之次也。余宿尚方
术，请事斯语。”张仲景引用孔子语录，在
于说明自己不是天才，只能靠刻苦努力学习
来获得知识。他特别表明自己从青少年时期
就热爱医学，请允许他扎扎实实地按照孔子
的话去做，因为医学没有止境，必须终身坚
持学习，活到老，学到老。
张仲景为后人树立了淳朴无华、勤恳踏
实的学风。《伤寒杂病论》著述风格朴实简
练，毫无浮辞空论，对后世中医著作影响甚
大。他诊病和学习时遇到一丝一毫的疑问，
即“考校以求验”，绝不放过，一定要弄清
楚是怎么回事。
张仲景是一位具有朴素唯物主义思想
无神论思想的医学家。
发表文章近20篇：《慢性肝病胃黏膜病变与胃泌素、胃动素的关系》中华传染病杂志2005年2期、《脂多糖被动血凝试验快速诊断伤寒的价值》中华传染病杂志95年4期，《肾上腺皮质激素治疗高胆红素血症疗效观察》遵医学报93年1期，《细胞凋亡与肝脏疾病》华中医学97年5期，《干扰素抗体对干扰素治疗慢性乙肝疗效的影响》现代医药卫生杂志2000年5期，《光量子血疗治疗肾综合征出血热部分机制探讨》现代康复98年1期，《肝复乐治疗慢性乙肝患者的疗效观察》药品评价杂志2007年3期，等等。参加《临床消化病理生理学》的编写、《实习医师手册》传染病的编写（95年贵州科技出版社出版），参加《传染病学》教材案列版的编写（2008年5月科学出版社出版）。申报课题《乙肝病人血清IL-2及可溶性IL-2受体检测及临床意义探讨》95年获院内科研基金2000元，《慢性乙肝胃粘膜病变与胃肠激素的关系》2000年获省教委科研基金2.4万元，2005年申报课题二项《伤寒、副伤寒快速、特异诊断方法的探讨》（主持）、《HBV基因型与乙肝临床及拉米夫定疗效的关系》（第二主持）各获卫生厅基金5000元，正在申报省长基金《慢性乙型肝炎患者药物干预前后外周血及肝组织中TCR CDR3谱系漂移的特征探讨》（第二主持）。1988年《EHF临床研究》获省科技成果三等奖（参加者）。98年《脂多糖被动血凝试验快速诊断伤寒临床推广应用》获贵州省卫生厅科技成果一等奖（主持）。《重型肝炎的基础研究》获贵州省科技成果二等奖（排名第五）。正在申报省科技成果《肝损伤合并胃黏膜病变的机制——临床及实验研究》。近30年来一直在临床一线工作，尤其擅长病毒性肝炎、伤寒、流行性出血热等常见传染病的诊断及治疗。率先于88年在本地区开展了肝穿技术；并引进氟嗪酸、甘利欣、干扰素、拉米夫定等药物用于伤寒、肝炎的治疗；开展了人工肝—血浆置换、转输胎肝技术治疗重肝，开展了血疗仪、肝病治疗仪治疗出血热、肝炎的工作。
食物相克表
1、猪肉与豆类相克：形成腹胀、气壅、气滞。
2、猪肉与菊花相克：同食严重会导致死亡。
3、猪肉与羊肝相克：共烹炒易产生怪味。
4、猪肉与田螺相克：二物同属凉性，且滋腻易伤肠胃。
5、猪肉与茶相克：同食易产生便秘；
6、猪肉与百合相克：同食会引起中毒。
7、肉与杨梅子相克：同食严重会死亡。
8、猪肝与富含维生素C的食物相克：引起不良生理效应，面部产生色素沉着。
9、猪肝与番茄、辣椒相克：猪肝中含有的铜、铁能使维生素C氧化为脱氢抗坏血酸而失去原来的功能。
10、猪肝与菜花相克：降低人体对两物中营养元素的吸收。
11、猪肝与荞麦相克：同食会影响消化。
12、猪肝与雀肉相克：同食会消化不良，还会引起中毒。
13、猪肝与豆芽相克：猪肝中的铜会加速豆芽中的维生素C氧化，失去其营养价值。
14、猪血与何首乌相克：会引起身体不适。
15、羊肉与栗子相克：二者都不易消化，同炖共炒都不相宜，甚至可能同吃还会引起呕吐。
16、牛肉与橄榄相克：同食会引起身体不适。
17、牛肝与富含维生素C的食物相克：猪肝中含有的铜、铁能使维生素C氧化为脱氢抗坏血酸而失去原来的功能。
18、牛肝与鲇鱼相克：可产生不良的生化反应，有害于人体。
19、牛肝与鳗相克：可产生不良的生化反应。
20、羊肉与豆酱相克：二者功能相反，不宜同食。
21、羊肉与乳酪相克：二者功能相反，不宜同食。
22、羊肉与醋相克：醋宜与寒性食物相配，而羊肉大热，不宜配醋。
23、羊肉与竹笋相克：同食会引起中毒。
24、羊肉与半夏相克：同食影响营养成份吸收。
25、羊肝与红豆相克：同食会引起中毒。
26、羊肝与竹笋相克：同食会引起中毒。
27、猪肉与鸭梨相克：伤肾脏。
28、鹅肉与鸡蛋相克：同食伤元气。
29、鹅肉与柿子相克：同食严重会导致死亡。
30、鸡肉与鲤鱼相克：性味不反但功能相乘。
31、鸡肉与芥末相克：两者共食，恐助火热，无益于健康。
32、鸡肉与大蒜相克。
33、鸡肉与菊花相克：同食会中毒。
34、鸡肉与糯米相克：同食会引起身体不适。
35、鸡肉与狗肾相克：会引起痢疾。
36、鸡肉与芝麻相克：同食严重会导致死亡。
37、鸡蛋与豆�嗫耍航档腿颂宥缘鞍字实奈�章省?
38、鸡蛋与地瓜相克：同食会腹痛。
39、鸡蛋与消炎片相克：同食会中毒。
40、鹿肉与鱼虾相克：癌症患者不宜同食。
41、兔肉与橘子相克：引起肠胃功能紊乱，导致腹泻。
42、兔肉与芥末相克：性味相反不宜同食。
43、兔肉与鸡蛋相克：易产生刺激肠胃道的物质而引起腹泻。
44、兔肉与姜相克：寒热同食，易致腹泻。
45、兔肉与小白菜相克：容易引起腹泻和呕吐。
46、狗肉与鲤鱼相克：二者生化反应极为复杂，可能产生不利于人体的物质。
47、狗肉与茶相克：产生便秘，代谢产生的有毒物质和致癌物积滞肠内被动吸收，不利于健康。
48、狗肉与大蒜相克：同食助火，容易损人。
49、狗肉与姜相克：同食会腹痛。
50、狗肉与朱砂与鲤鱼相克：同食会上火。
51、狗肉与狗肾相克：会引起痢疾。
52、狗肉与绿豆相克：同食会胀破肚皮。
53、狗血与泥鳅相克：阴虚火盛者忌食。
54、鸭肉与鳖相克：久食令人阳虚，水肿腹泻。
55、马肉与木耳相克：同食易得霍乱。
56、驴肉与金针蘑相克：同食会引起心痛，严重会致命。
57、鲤鱼与咸菜相克：可引起消化道癌肿。
58、鲤鱼与赤小豆相克。
59、鲤鱼与猪肝相克：同食会影响消化。
60、鲤鱼与甘草相克：同食会中毒。
61、鲤鱼与南瓜相克：同食会中毒。
62、鲫鱼与猪肉相克：二者起生化反应，不利于健康。
63、鲫鱼与冬瓜相克：同食会使身体脱水。
64、鲫鱼与猪肝相克：同食具有刺激作用。
65、鲫鱼与蜂蜜相克：同食会中毒。
66、鳝鱼与狗肉相克：二者同食，温热助火作用更强，不利于常人。
67、鳗鱼与牛肝相克：二者起生化反应，不利于健康。
68、黄鱼与荞麦面相克：同食会影响消化。
69、虾与富含维生素C的食物相克：生成砒霜，有剧毒。
70、虾皮与红枣相克：同食会中毒。
71、虾皮与黄豆相克：同食会影响消化。
72、螃蟹与梨相克：二者同食，伤人肠胃。
73、螃蟹与茄子相克：二者同食，伤人肠胃。
74、螃蟹与花生仁相克：易导致腹泻。
75、螃蟹与冷食相克：必导致腹泻。
76、螃蟹与泥鳅相克：功能正好相反，不宜同吃。
77、螃蟹与石榴相克：刺激胃肠，出现腹痛、恶心、呕吐等症状。
78、螃蟹与香瓜相克：易导致腹泻。
79、螃蟹与地瓜相克：容易在体内凝成柿石。
80、螃蟹与南瓜相克：同食会引起中毒。
81、螃蟹与芹菜相克：同食会引起蛋白质的吸收。
82、海蟹与大枣相克：同食容易患寒热病。
83、毛蟹与泥鳅相克：同食会引起中毒。
84、毛蟹与冰相克：同食会引起中毒。
85、海味食物与含鞣酸食物相克：海味食物中的钙质与鞣酸结合成一种新的不易消化的鞣酸钙，它能刺激肠胃并引起不适感，出现肚子痛、呕吐、恶心或腹泻等症状。含鞣酸较多的水果有柿子、葡萄、石榴、山楂、青果等。
86、海带与猪血相克：同食会便秘。
87、蛤与芹菜相克：同食会引起腹泻。
88、海鱼与南瓜相克：同食会中毒。
89、鳖肉与苋菜相克：同食难以消化。
90、鳖肉与鸭蛋相克：二物皆属凉性，不宜同食。
91、鳖肉与鸡蛋相克。
92、鳖肉与鸭肉相克：同食会便秘。
93、田螺与香瓜相克：有损肠胃。
94、田螺与木耳相克：不利于消化。
95、田螺与冰制品相克：导致消化不良或腹泻。
96、田螺与牛肉相克：不易消化，会引起腹胀。
97、田螺与蚕豆相克：同食会肠绞痛。
98、田螺与蛤相克：同食会中毒。
99、田螺与面相克：同食会引起腹痛、呕吐。
100、田螺与玉米相克：同食容易中毒。
101、鱼肉与西红柿相克：食物中的维生素C会对鱼肉中营养成分的吸收产生抑制作用。
102、生鱼与牛奶相克：同食会引起中毒。
103、甲鱼与黄鳝与蟹相克：孕妇吃了会影响胎儿健康。
104、墨鱼与茄子相克：同食容易引起霍乱。
105、鲶鱼与牛肉相克：同食会引起中毒。
106、芹菜与黄瓜相克：芹菜中的维生素C将会被分解破坏，降低营养价值。
107、芹菜与蚬、蛤、毛蚶、蟹相克：芹菜会将蚬、蛤、毛蚶、蟹中所含的维生素B1全部破坏。
108、芹菜与甲鱼相克：同食会中毒。
109、芹菜与菊花相克：同食会引起呕吐。
110、芹菜与鸡肉相克：同食会伤元气。
111、黄瓜与柑橘相克：柑橘中的维生素C会被黄瓜中的分解酶破坏。
112、黄瓜与辣椒相克：辣椒中的维生素C会被黄瓜中的分解酶破坏。
113、黄瓜与花菜相克：花菜中的维生素C会被黄瓜中的分解酶破坏。
114、黄瓜与菠菜相克：菠菜中的维生素C会被黄瓜中的分解酶破坏。
115、葱与狗肉相克：共增火热。
116、葱与枣相克：辛热助火。
117、葱与豆腐相克：形成草酸钙，造成了对钙的吸收困难，导致人体内钙质的缺乏。
118、大蒜与蜂蜜相克：性质相反。
119、大蒜与大葱相克：同食会伤胃。
120、蒜与何首乌相克：同食会引起腹泻。
121、胡萝卜与白萝卜相克：白萝卜中的维生素C会被胡萝卜中的分解酶破坏殆尽。
122、萝卜与橘子相克：诱发或导致甲状腺肿。
123、萝卜与何首乌相克：性寒滑。
124、萝卜与木耳相克：同食会得皮炎。
125、茄子与毛蟹相克：同食会中毒。
126、辣椒与胡萝卜相克：辣椒中的维生素C会被胡萝卜中的分解酶破坏。
127、辣椒与南瓜相克：辣椒中的维生素C会被南瓜中的分解酶破坏。
128、韭菜与牛肉相克：同食容易中毒。
129、韭菜与白酒相克：火上加油。
130、菠菜与豆腐相克：菠菜中的草酸与豆府中的钙形成草酸钙，使人体的钙无法吸收。
131、菠菜与黄瓜相克：维生素C会被破坏尽。
132、菠菜与乳酪相克：乳酪所含的化学成分会影响菠菜中丰富的钙质的吸收。
133、菠菜与鳝鱼相克：同食易导致腹泻。
134、花生与毛蟹相克：同食易导致腹泻。
135、花生与黄瓜相克：同食易导致腹泻。
136、莴苣与峰蜜相克：同食易导致腹泻。
137、竹笋与糖浆相克：同食会引起中毒。
138、南瓜与富含维生素C的食物相克：维生素C会被南瓜中的分解酶破坏。
139、南瓜与羊肉相克：两补同时，令人肠胃气壅。
140、南瓜与虾相克：同食会引起痢疾。
141、西红柿与白酒相克：同食会感觉胸闷，气短。
142、西红柿与地瓜相克：同食会得结石病、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻。
143、西红柿与胡萝卜相克：西红柿中的维生素C会被胡萝卜中的分解酶破坏。
144、西红柿与猪肝相克：猪肝使西红柿中的维生素C氧化脱氧，失去原来的抗坏血酸功能。
145、西红柿与咸鱼相克：同食易产生致癌物。
146、西红柿与毛蟹相克：同食会引起腹泻。
147、洋葱与蜂蜜相克：同食会伤眼睛，引起眼睛不适，严重会失明。
148、土豆与香蕉相克：同食面部会生斑。
149、土豆与西红柿相克：同食会导致食欲不佳，消化不良。
150、毛豆与鱼相克：同食会把维生素B1破坏尽。
151、黄豆与酸牛奶相克：黄豆所含的化学成分会影响酸牛奶中丰富的钙质的吸收。
152、黄豆与猪血相克：同食会消化不良。
153、红豆与羊肚相克：同食会引起中毒。
154、梨与开水相克：吃梨喝开水，必致腹泻。
155、醋与猪骨汤相克：影响人体对营养的吸收。
156、醋与青菜相克：使其营养价值大减。
157、醋与胡萝卜相克：胡萝卜素就会完全被破坏了。
158、先放盐与菜相克：使炒出的菜无鲜嫩味，肉质变硬。
159、早放姜与鱼相克：应在鱼的蛋白质凝固后再加入生姜以发挥去腥增香的效能。
160、蜂蜜与开水相克：会改变蜂蜜甜美的味道，使其产生酸味。
161、蜂蜜与豆腐相克：易导致腹泻。
162、蜂蜜与韭菜相克：易导致腹泻。
163、红糖与豆浆相克：不利于吸收。
164、红糖与竹笋相克：形成赖氨酸糖基，对人体不利。
165、红糖与牛奶相克：使牛奶的营养价值大大降低。
166、糖与食铜食物相克：食糖过多会阻碍人体对铜的吸收。
167、红糖与皮蛋相克：同食会引起中毒。
168、糖精与蛋清相克：同吃会中毒，严重会导致死亡。
169、糖精与甜酒相克：同吃会中毒。
170、红糖与生鸡蛋相克：同食会引起中毒。
171、味精与鸡蛋相克：破坏鸡蛋的天然鲜味。
172、茶与白糖相克：糖会抑制茶中清热解毒的效果。
173、茶与鸡蛋相克：影响人体对蛋白质的吸收和利用。
174、茶与酒相克：酒后饮茶，使心脏受到双重刺激，兴奋性增强，更加重心脏负担。
175、茶与羊肉相克：容易发生便秘。
176、茶与药相克：影响药物吸收。
177、咖啡与香烟相克：容易导致胰腺癌。
178、咖啡与海藻与茶与黑木耳与红酒相克：同食会降低人体对钙的吸收。
179、豆浆与蜂蜜相克：豆浆中的蛋白质比牛奶高，两者冲对，产生变性沉淀，不能被人体吸收。
180、豆浆与鸡蛋相克：阻碍蛋白质的分解。
181、豆浆与药物相克：药物会破坏豆浆的营养成分或豆浆影响药物的效果。
182、鲜汤与热水相克：使汤的味道不鲜美。
183、开水与补品相克：破坏营养。
184、牛奶与米汤相克：导致维生素A大量损失。
185、牛奶与钙粉相克：牛奶中的蛋白和钙结合发生沉淀，不易吸收。
186、牛奶与酸性饮料相克：凡酸性饮料，都会牛奶pH值下降，使牛奶中的蛋白质凝结成块，不利于消化吸收。
187、牛奶与橘子相克：引起胃炎或胃蠕动异常。
188、牛奶与巧克力相克：牛奶中的钙与巧克力中的草酸结合成草酸钙，可造成头发干枯、腹泻，出现缺钙和生长发育缓慢。
189、牛奶与药物相克：降低了药物在血液中的浓度，影响疗效。
190、牛奶与菜花相克：菜花的含的化学成分影响钙的消化吸收。
191、牛奶与韭菜相克：影响钙的吸收。
192、牛奶与果汁相克：降低牛奶的营养价值。
193、酸牛奶与香蕉相克：同食易产生致癌物。
194、牛奶与菠菜相克：同食会引起痢疾。
195、冷饮与热茶相克：不仅牙齿受到刺激，易得牙病，对胃肠也有害。
196、汽水与进餐相克：对人体消化系统极为有害，使胃的消化功能越变越差。
197、酒与牛奶相克：导致脂肪肝，增加有毒物质的形成，降低奶类的营养价值，有害健康。
198、酒与咖啡相克：火上浇油，加重对大脑的伤害，刺激血管扩张，极大地增加心血管负担，甚至危及生命。
199、酒与糖类相克：导致血糖上升，影响糖的吸收，容易产生糖尿。
200、白酒与啤酒相克：导致胃痉挛、急性胃肠炎、十二指肠炎等症，同时对心血管的危害也相当严重。
201、白酒与牛肉相克：火上浇油，容易引起牙齿发炎。
202、白酒与胡萝卜相克：同食易使肝脏中毒。
203、白酒与核桃相克：易致血热，轻者燥咳，严重时会出鼻血。
204、烧酒与黍米相克：同食会引起心绞痛。
205、啤酒与腌熏食物相克：有致癌或诱发消化道疾病的可能。
206、啤酒与汽水相克：这样喝啤酒很少有不醉的。
207、啤酒与海味相克：同食会引发痛风症。
208、冰棒与西红柿相克：同食会中毒。
209、蜂蜜与大米相克：同食会胃痛。
210、果汁与虾相克：同食会腹泻。
211、蜜与毛蟹相克：同食会引起中毒。
这些是一些食物相克的，，，饮食注意的！！不过如果你是学营养的 你想你可以吧 2012哪个电影看完 然后你自己去写 比如 2012以前就好像人的身体一天一天的在变化 而很少有人关心，当你的身体发现变化的时候 你才来想怎么样可以补救？？那个时候就好像方舟一样了（方舟便是医院）~~ 这个可以参考下 我想写的 但是一直没时间 ~~~希望我的回答可以帮到你
