论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。
课题名称
An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese
试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异
课题来源
Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor
一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义）
Research Background:
A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture.
When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.
Research Significance:
As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.
二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 （课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）
Research Status:
Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..
Research Tendency:
21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.
三、研究内容及研究目标 （对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）
Research Contents:
A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms
1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified
1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit
1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death
2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate
2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful
2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger
B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky
1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty
2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms
2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor
2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid
C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity
2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.
2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss
D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms
1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble
1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative
2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease
Research Objectives:
I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.
四、预计的研究难点 （课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）
With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.
五、创新点 （选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）
The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.
六、进度计划 （根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）
1. Nov.16th — Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing
2. Nov.23rd — Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering
3. Dec.21st — Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline
4. Jan.11th — Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review
5. Feb.9th — Mar.14th, 2009 First draft
6. Mar.15th — Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft
7. Apr.11th — Apr.20th, 2009 Final version
8. Apr.27th — May 14th, 2009 Printing
9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate
七、资料来源 （指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）
[1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.
[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.
[4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.
[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.
[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.
[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.
[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.
[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．
[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.
[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．
[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．
[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).
指导教师意见：（对课题的认可意见）
指导教师
年 月 日
系（教研室）审查意见：
系（教研室）主任：
年 月 日
需要
认真看，但是毕竟语言不是特别流利，所以有时候理解文章意思就行，不用每个词都知道意思
第一阶段：判断这篇论文值不值得读按【读标题和关键词→读摘要→读结论】的顺序掌握论文的大概内容第二阶段：读论文1）读图表和数据→读引言2）深挖细节：读结果和讨论→读实验部分第三阶段：做笔记好笔记的标准：下次看笔记内容即可，无须重读这篇论文。
中国期刊全文数据库CNKI2011-10-24 20:001 CNKI中国期刊全文数据库可按学科分为 理工A、理工B、理工C、农业、医药卫生、文史哲、政治军事与法律、教育与社会科学综合、电子技术与信息科学、经济与管理等____10_____个专辑。 2注意标题=篇名=题名 3导师单位（作者单位）包括学位授予单位 4默认选择主题字段 5NOT>AND>OR
CBM： 1、CBM具有_____基本检索___、_____主题检索_____、____分类检索_______、______期刊检索______、_______作者检索_____等主要检索途径。 2、CBM收录文献的分类依据_____《中国图书馆分类法》_____的______R_____类。 3、CBM的分类检索中，可使用____分类号______和_____分类导航_______两种检索入口进行检索。 4根据美国国立医学图书馆《医学主题词表（MeSH）》，中国中医科学院中医药信息研究所《中国中医药学主题词表》，《中国图书馆分类法。医学专业分类法》对收录文献进行主题标引和分类标引，使文献内容揭示更加全面，准确。 5在中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）中，缺省字段是指中文标题、摘要、作者，关键词、主题词和刊名内容的组合。 6NOT > AND >OR 单字通配符（？） 任意通配符（%）
7注意点： 肺减容术 碎石术方法肺气肿 尿路结石 外科学阿司匹林 治疗应用高血压 药物疗法 8默认关键词 9疾病+仪器无用治疗，注意什么时候用治疗
文献考试题目（1）2011-10-24 18:44现代文献四要素：文献信息，文献载体，符号系统，记录方式。医学文献特点：数量庞大，载体多样化，多文种化，学科交叉.出版分散，知识信息更新加快，交流传播速度加快，电子化发展趋势。
文献检索广义：文献的存储和文献的检索两个过程。文献检索的类型：一：按照检出结果的形式分：书目检索，全文检索，引文检索。 二：从情报检索角度分：文献检索，数据检索，事实检索。 三：根据检索手段分：手工检索，计算机检索。文献的外表特征（自然标识）：标题，作者，来源，卷期，页次，年月，类型，号码，文种。 内容特征（人为标识）：主题词，分类号，类目名称，文摘。文献检索系统的组成要素：检索文档，技术设备，语言工具，人员。文献检索系统的内容结构：手工检索系统的内容结构，计算机检索系统的内容结构。文献检索系统的类型；目录检索系统：出版发行目录，馆藏目录和联合目录，资料来源目录 题录型检索系统： 文献型检索系统 全文型检索系统文献检索系统的评价因素：报道信息的准确性，报道信息的及时性，索引体系的完善程度，对信息标引的深度，查全率和查准率。查全率： 检出的相关信息量/检索工具中相关信息总量
查准率： 检出的相关信息量/检出的信息总量
按文献检索信息表现形式划分：文字型，视频型，音频型，数字型文献信息出版类型：图书，期刊（属于普通文献），政府出版物，科技报告，专利文献，会议文献，学位论文，标准文献，产品样品说明书，技术档案（属于特种文献）。文献信息载体形式：印刷型，缩微型，声像型，电子型
文献信息加工程度：一次文献信息，二次文献信息，三次文献信息，零次文献信息一次文献（直接记录）：公共出版的图书，期刊论文，科技报告，会议文献，学位论文，发明专利
二次文献信息：目录，文摘，索引等各种书目检索工具或数据库是二次文献信息的核心
三次文献信息：分为综述研究类和参考工具类。前者如动态综述，学科总结，专题述评，进展报告，后者如年鉴，手册，大全，词典，百科全书，指南
零次文献信息：文章草稿，私人笔记，会议记录，未经发表的名人手迹，口头讨论医学电子文献资源类型：参考数据库，全文数据库，事实与数值数据库，电子图书，搜索引擎/分类指南，网络学术资源学科导航，其他因特网电子资源
检索语言：检索标目和语法组成
检索语言逻辑关系：等同关系，从属关系，相关关系
检索语言受控情况分：规范语言，非规范语言
检索标识设置时间分：先组式语言（分类语言，标题语言）
后组式语言（叙词语言，单元词语言，关键词语言）检索语言所描述的信息特征划分：描述信息外部特征的检索语言 1书名。刊名，篇名 2著者，团体著者 3引文 4代码，序号 描述信息内容特征的检索语言：1，分类语言
2，代码语言
3，主题语言：1关键词语言（非规范）
2标题词语言（规范）
3单元词语言（规范）
4叙词语言（规范）文献检索基本方法：常用法（顺查法，倒查法，抽查法），追溯法，分段法
文献检索途径：分类途径，主题途径，著者途径，号码途径，其他途径文献检索基本步骤：分析课题，明确检索需求，选择检索工具和方法，选择检索标识和检索途径，执行检索，检索结果处理及获取原始文献
计算机文献检索方法和步骤：分析课题确定主题概念，选择检索方式和数据库，确定检索途径，编制检索策略，检索策略的反馈调整按照著录格式不同，可将检索工具划分为_目录型___、__文摘性___、_题录型、索引型、____、_、四种检索工具在机检中，逻辑运算符“AND”的作用是缩小检索范围、提高查准率护理学”的中图法分类号是.R47 医学文献只有经过 标引处理，才能存储到检索系统中，提供检索使用在机检中，逻辑运算符“OR”的作用是(扩大检索范围、提高查全率 .NEAR是位置运算符，“A NEAR3 B”表示AB两词之间可以插入几个其它单词2个 CBM数据库中的“基本检索”属于字词检索 .CBM有几个检索入口 5个 WITH是位置运算符，“A WITH B”表示AB两词同时出现在（A ）。 A．同一字段中医学文献只有经过下列哪一种处理，才能进入检索系统，提供使用( B)。 A．分类 B. 标引 C. 编排 D. 编号 .“内科学”大类的中图法分类号是（A ）。 A.R5
