我读过许多书，它们让我学到了许多知识，也让我懂得了许多做人的道理，其中有一本书，让我体会很深，它就是着名作家海明威写的《老人与海》。
《老人与海》这本书讲了这么一个故事，古巴老渔夫圣地亚哥连续八十四天没捕到鱼，被别的渔夫看做失败者，可是他坚持不懈，终于钓到了一条大马林鱼，大马林鱼将他的小船在海上拖了三天才筋疲力尽，被他杀死了绑在小船的一边，再归程中一再遭到鲨鱼的袭击，他用尽了一切手段来反击。回港时只剩鱼头鱼尾和一条脊骨。尽管鱼肉都被咬去了，但什么也无法摧残他的英勇意志。这本书向我们揭示了这样一个真理：人不是为了失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败。
以前，我做什么事只要有一点不顺利，就会退缩，有时还会说上几句垂头丧气的话。在学习上，我只要有几次考试不是很理想就没有信心，认为自己考不到好成绩。《老人与海》中，主人公与鲨鱼搏斗，鱼叉被鲨鱼带走了，他把小刀绑在桨把上乱扎。刀子折断了，他用短棍。短棍也丢掉了，他用舵把来打。这本书揭示出的真理，不就说明了人无论怎样，最怕的就是没有信心。信心就好比是汽车的马达，是人前进的动力。如果你做一件事有了信心，你就等于成功了一半。这本书中主人公充满信心、锲而不舍的精神，不正是我所缺少的吗？
自从读了这本书之后，我知道了自己的不足，学习上不再因为一两次不顺利而失去信心，而是越考不好，就越要考好。在期末考试的那一天，上午的两门功课成绩，我没有班里的某一个同学好，但是我并不服输，反而信心倍增，决心打一个翻身仗。下午的语文考试，我做每一道题目都格外仔细。果然，我语文考试是班里的第一名，总成绩上，我也是第一名。
今后，我不管遇到什么困难，都要信心十足地去面对，坚持到底，决不退缩。我要感谢书，感谢它让我学到了那么多知识，感谢它让我懂得了那么多道理，感谢它让我知道自己的不足，及时改正自己的缺点，使我成为一个对社会有用的人。
《老人与海》中，孤独的老渔夫桑提亚哥已经不仅仅是条硬汉，他身上所体现的精神价值，完全是古希腊悲剧精神的现代回响。在《老人与海》中，海明威终于为他所钟爱的硬汉找到了灵魂，这灵魂就是人类亘古不变的永恒价值。因此，在《老人与海》中，硬汉桑提亚哥的刚毅性格，已经成为小说的表面。通过桑提亚哥硬汉性格来礼赞人类的永恒价值，才成为小说的真正主题。《老人与海》中展现了哪些永恒的价值呢？
首先就是人的自信。
桑提亚哥连续出海八十四天了，一条鱼也没捕到。可是，“那双眼睛啊，像海水一样蓝，是愉快的，毫不沮丧的。”原先跟随桑提亚哥出海捕鱼的小孩，谈到他爸爸把他叫到别的船上去，说道：“他没多大的自信。”“是的。”老头儿说，“可是我们有，你说是不是？”
桑提亚哥的自信是绝对自信，是不以环境变化而变化的自信，是不用与他人比较的自信。在桑提亚哥的生存哲学中，即使遭遇到了极点的背运，人也只能自信。
人活着，唯一能确定的必然，就是走向死亡。除此之外，没有任何必然的东西可以依靠。既然人是靠偶然活着的，那么支撑人生存勇气的，就只有自信了。如果丧失了自信，在持续那么多天的背运之后，桑提亚哥还有勇气和毅力出海捕鱼吗？因此人活着就必须自信，不自信是人消费不起的奢侈品。正因为桑提亚哥有着绝对自信，他对小孩被叫走，表示了完全的宽容和理解。在这里，海明威展现了自信与宽容之间的联系。《老人与海》的主要篇幅，是描写孤独的老渔夫桑提亚哥，在茫茫大海上和大马林鱼和各种鲨鱼纠缠、搏斗了三天三夜的经历。通过海明威淋漓尽致的描写，我们充分感受到了桑提亚哥与命运作殊死抗争的悲壮与崇高。老人最后拖回家的只是一副十八英尺长的鱼的骨架，骨架上唯一完整的是鱼头和漂亮的鱼尾巴。
从物质上来说，老人搏斗了三天三夜的结果是失败了；但从人的精神、从人的自信自尊，从人勇于和命运作竭尽全力的抗争来说，桑提亚哥取得了胜利。
说到底，人的真正胜利也只能是精神的胜利。人在物质上无论取得多大的成就，都不能赢得我们崇高的敬意。而只有精神和气魄的胜利，才使我们感动，才使我们和追随老人的孩子一样，为他的悲壮落泪。
第一次读《老人与海》，便觉得体内有一股冲动，有一种被长期束缚之后获得自由的快感。老渔夫圣地亚哥的硬汉子形象在我的心中留下了不可磨灭的印象。
他出海连续84天没有捕到鱼，后来斗智斗勇，终于捕到了一条大马林鱼，返航途中又一路与鲨鱼搏斗，结果，大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃掉了，最后只剩下一副鱼骨架——“足有18英尺长”。《老人与海》不是一般意义上的情节小说，更像是一部寓言小说。作者借助老人圣地亚哥的故事，表现的是在生与死的搏斗中的硬汉子精神。作者用富于象征的笔法将他的“硬汉子”送到大自然中，让他在海上与大马林鱼和凶恶的鲨鱼群进行惊心动魄的搏斗，以表现主人公“在重压下的优美风度”。
“打不垮”是硬汉圣地亚哥的表现，也是小说的主题之一。譬如说，他与大马林鱼相持一天半的时间，左手一直抽筋，像蜷曲的鹰爪，右手被绳子勒得出了血。他把手浸在海水里说：“不坏，痛苦对一个男子汉来说不算什么。”在与大马林鱼搏斗到最后关头，他头晕目眩，仍自言自语：“不过你吗，你是永远不会垮的。”海明威把世界看成一个竞技场，任何英雄的行为都是可以实现的。正如作品所说，人可以被消灭，但就是不能被打败。真正的硬汉是敢于向命运、向自然、向失败挑战的人。他可能在拼搏中一次次地失败，但他的精神是永远不会垮的。这就是人的尊严所在。人也只有在这种英勇的拼搏中超越自我，才能证明自身的价值。
读完小说，让我们回到现实中来。常听人说：现在的学生很累。不错，升学压力，社会压力，甚至还有家庭压力，被压得喘不过气来。因此，有人逃避了，退缩了，他们不是硬汉；有人在失败后痛哭流涕，甚至自寻短见，他们也不是硬汉；有些人侥幸成功了，便沾沾自喜，目空一切，他们更不是硬汉。真正的硬汉子是跌倒了爬起来，爬起来后更想跳起来的人。
在小说的结尾，作者故意安排了一个情节：老渔夫的孤独与失败被一个孩子所理解，老人留给孩子的是“打不败”的精神。这个结尾似乎有点儿凄凉，但小说带给我的那股冲动是抹不去的。做一个硬汉，我对自己说。
老人与海
每一本书，都有它自己的“灵魂”，当你阅读一本书时，自己也就在不知不觉当中，陷入了那个书中所构想的世界。 《老人与海》便是一本能让人了解，什么才是真正的人生，什么才是坚强的书，一本实实在在的好书。
它讲述了老渔夫圣地亚哥在连续八十四天没捕到鱼的情况下，出海三天三夜，终于捕到了一条大马林鱼，但在回港途中几次被鲨鱼袭击，使捕到的鱼只剩下头尾和脊骨。这是一曲英雄主义的赞歌。主人公老人圣地亚哥前八十四天没捕到一条鱼，认为“倒了血霉”，但他所追求的目的是绝不动摇的，什么也无法摧残他的意志。因此他在后面的三天里钓到大鱼。而独自与鲨鱼的搏斗更是十分艰难，这个老渔夫先用鱼叉扎鲨鱼，当鱼叉被鲨鱼拖走时，他又把刀绑在浆上扎，刀也被折断了，最后只能用短棍和舵把与鲨鱼搏斗。用尽一切手段进行反击，虽然回港时只剩鱼头鱼尾和一条脊骨，鱼肉都被咬去了，但什么也无法摧残他的英勇意志。
当我读到“老渔夫想：这里离海岸实在是太近了，也许在更远的地方会有更大的鱼……”时，我十分佩服这位老渔夫，因为他这时已经打到了一些鱼，但他没有安于现状，而是向着更大的目标前进。当我读到“大马林鱼开始快速地围着小渔船游动，将缆绳缠绕到了桅杆上，老人右手高举着钢叉，在它跃出水面的一瞬间，竭尽全力地向它的心脏掷去，一声哀鸣结束了大鱼的生命，它静静地浮在水面上……”时，我的心也像一块大石头落了地。我非常钦佩老人那种毫不畏惧、坚持不懈的精神，虽然知道对手实力很强，但他没有丝毫退缩，而是迎难而上。正因为有了这种精神，老渔夫才获得了这场生死较量的胜利。在读到大鱼的血腥味被一群鲨鱼嗅到了，争相游来抢食，老人的左手正好在抽筋，他只能使用右手，用木棒、捕到的剑鱼的嘴等一切可以用来攻击的武器自卫，并最终赶走了这群鲨鱼。但大鱼的肉已经被吃了一大半，而老人还风趣地批评自己的左手“该工作的时候却在休息”的时候，我也被老人乐观的精神所折服。最后，小说以一个少年看到老渔夫在度量足有十八英尺长的大马林鱼，再次描写了这条鱼的巨大，说明老渔夫所克服的困难之大，非比寻常。
显然，这是一个悲剧性的故事，却折射出一个 “ 英雄人物 ”—— 老人圣地亚哥。连续八十四天没有捕到鱼，在别人眼中他是一个失败者。因为作为渔夫，捕不到鱼，还能算是真正的渔夫吗？而可贵的还是他却能在第八十五天决心驶向远方的大海去钓鱼，那种 “ 知其不可为而为之 ” 的勇气，难道不令我们佩服吗？他的手已经沾满老茧，皮肤也已经被刺眼的阳光晒出斑点，那艘破烂的渔船也不能抵御什么风暴，自己那破旧的小屋也是外面下大雨里面下小雨的那种。但是，他没有放弃对生活的希望，他和那个小男孩聊棒球，去酒馆喝酒聊天，仍然天天早上迎着第一缕阳光出海捕鱼。无论有没有收获，他都会坚持出海捕鱼，这不只是因为他要依靠捕鱼谋生，而是捕鱼已经成为了他生活的一部分，他的一种记忆。在与海的搏斗中，不论是鱼叉，小刀，短棍。一次次被鲨鱼带走，他始终用尽一切手段进行反击，什么也无法摧残它英勇的意志。一句 “ 我跟你奉陪到死 ” ，夹杂在大海的咆哮声中，回响在我耳旁。一个人把生命都压了上去，与敌人做殊死的博斗，能不算英勇吗？我想鲨鱼正是宇宙间一切破坏性力量的化身，而老人正是正义的使者。
在现实生活中，我们会不断地受到挫折、失败还有许多负面的情绪，我们可能会因为考试的失利，而对自己失去信心。或者因为别人的批评，而自暴自弃。在那时候，想想这个坚强的老渔夫，他是如何面对生活的。自己的心，自然就会释然许多。
无论是与书中那个老渔夫相比，还是在现实生活中与那些艰难生活的人相比，我们的生活已经是很好的了，我们更应该热爱生活，并且学会坚强的面对一切的挫折。我们的路还有很长，在今后我们会遇到比曾经更加多的，更加严重的挫折与失败，但我相信，只要想到那个老渔夫，他的坚强和对生活的热爱。我们也会学着坚强，自己面对困难！
我们不可能像老人去一个苍茫的大海，不服输地和鲨鱼搏斗，但我们可以在摔倒后，珍藏那枚把我们绊倒的石头，然后带着它，负着伤，继续前行，同时等待天空中的云雾拨开。
不妨将鲨鱼看作打击，吃掉你的成功和幸福。但正如那孩子说的：“它没有打败你，它没有。”
一个真正的强者，只能被摧毁而不能被击败
永不言败——这就是《老人与海》告诉我们的。
永不屈服的灵魂——《老人与海》赏析
风吹向空寂的海面，一个孤独的老人拖着疲惫不堪的身子漂泊在茫茫的海面上活像个大战后的勇士。为了治服那条庞大的马林鱼，他已经费下了自己近乎所有的力气。而今，他带着自己捕获的大鱼航行回家，他希望运气的眷顾，可那些不断袭来的鲨鱼却让这个老人在疲累中一次又一次的奋力作战。他什么也顾不得了，他只是想保住他的鱼，哪怕剩下的再少。
海明威让这个老人具有了一种不可征服的精神力量。他一次又一次地用他那双伤痕累累的手将粗陋的武器刺进鲨鱼的头颅。即使最终的结果仍是只剩下那十八英尺的鱼骨架。从老人的身上，我们不难看出海明威想要传达给我们的那种灵魂的尊严。
曾经看过海明威笔下这位老人的原形——他在古巴的好朋友佛恩特斯的照片。他活到104岁，叼着雪茄的手宽大而沧桑，脸上皱缩而斑驳，但深邃的眸子却依然透露着硬朗与坚忍。书中的老人曾说：“人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。”这正是海明威借老人的口告诉读者的本书的主题吧，我想，从此看来这本书并不是什么寓言而是一部令人折服的现实主义佳作。
书中告诉了我们一个人的极限可以到达如此的程度，但海明威至始至终没有提醒我们他在表现渔夫的精神，赞美渔夫面对挑战从不屈服的灵魂，他是让我们自己去读懂他。或许每个人对这篇文字见解不同，就好像“一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”一样，但当我们翻开书的扉页，就好像打开一个尘封已久的木箱，里面尽藏着珍贵的古器，诉说着曾经的伟岸勇毅，使灵魂洗礼在充满力与美的殿堂中。
海明威曾说：“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写作。关于显现出来的每一部分，八分之七是在水面以下的，你可省略去你所知道的任何东西，这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。
这是个讲述发生在海洋上的故事，你不免会问，书中的老人，海洋，马林鱼又是代表什么呢？忖度你自己的那个冰山吧，我们每个人都在不断积累着水面以下那八分之七的冰山。随着年龄的增长阅历的增加我们逐渐体味着老人的故事，而今想来，或许我也像是那个漂泊在茫茫海上的老人，我的大海便是那无穷尽的知识的海洋，航行在课堂与图书馆间，而我所捉捕的马林鱼正是那一本本的书吧。有时有着孤立无助的悲凉，有时也有着孤身奋斗的快感。...《老人与海》写的是一个老人,却展现了一个世界。小说内容十分丰富,含义深刻,是一部现实主义的杰作,读后令人回味...
我不知道未来会怎样，我的航行究竟结果如何，但作为一个不被击败的人，你看那太阳总是要落下去的，但是明天——太阳照常升起！
评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法
Contents
Abstract
Abstract (Chinese).
Ⅰ Outline
Topic: Through The Old Man and the Sea display Hemingway unique writing style and technique.
< Ⅰ > Introduction
< Ⅱ > Language Style
1. Analyses of the language Style
2. The forming of the Language Style
3. The influence of the Language Style
< Ⅲ > The Way to Use Facts
< Ⅳ > Conclusion
Note
Bibliography
Abstract
Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style. Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique. The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. Sometimes the simple style is made a little different. The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial. The simplicity is highly suggestive, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Occasionally, the author uses some figures of speech. Hemingway’s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning from many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own. The influence of his style is great all over the world.
The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway’s own experience. So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. In the forepart of the novel, they are used to show the quality of Santiago’s life, and are narrated simply and naturally; while in the latter part of the novel, they are used from inside Santiago’s own consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel.
Keywords: Facts; Simplicity; Artificial; Iceberg Theory
中文摘要
在众伟大的美国作家中，海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中，《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁自然，其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分，作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活，而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。
《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。
关键词：
事实；简洁；加工；冰山理论
Hemingway’s Writing Style and Techniques in The Old Man and the Sea
Introduction
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) comes round at the finish of Hemingway’s writing career. With its vivid characterization, its simple language, and the profound implicating it carries, it stands out as one of the excellent books Hemingway’s former stature as the word’s preeminent novelist after Hemingway’s unsuccessful novel Across the River and into the trees (1950). The Old Man and the Sea earned its author the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later. It is a short novel about Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who has gone for 84 days without catch. Therefore the boy, Mandolin, who used to sail with him, is forced to leave him and catch in another ship. The old man insists on fishing alone and at last, he hooks an eighteen-foot, giant marlin, the largest he has ever known. But the fish is very powerful and disobedient. It tows the old man and his boat out to sea for 48 hours, with the old man bearing the whole weight of the fish through the line on his back. The old man, with little food and sleep, has to endure much pain and fights against his treacherous hand cramp. To his great excitement, on his third day at sea, he succeeds in drawing the weakened marlin to the surface and harpoons it. On his way home, he lashes marlin alongside his boat because it is too big to be pulled into the boat. But, unfortunately, the come across sharks in different numbers for four times. The old man fights to kill the sharks with as much might and many weapons as he can summon, but only to find a giant skeleton of his marlin left after his desperate defense. At last, Santiago, having lost what he fought for, reaches the shore and struggles to his shack. He falls into sound sleep, dreaming of Africa, and the lions again. His struggle wins him much respect.
Among many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his objective and terse prose style. As the last novel Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea typically reflects his unique writing style. This paper aims to discuss the writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea. Of course, Hemingway has used many techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc. And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel.
Hemingway is famous for his language. With much care and effort, he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style. “The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and The Sun also Rises, was almost too good. Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and conveying fresh insights through words.”1 Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style. Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness. This is because Hemingway always manages to choose words “`concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational.” 2 He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax. Hemingway’s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life. Where he does not use a simple and short sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”.
In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device. It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory comment.”3 Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea:
‘What do you have to eat?’ the boy asked.
‘No, I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?’
‘No, I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.’
Here we can see that such interpolations as “he said” have frequently been omitted and the words are very colloquial. Thus the speech comes to the reader as if he were listening. Hemingway has captured the immediacy of dialogue skillfully and has made the economical speech connotative.
But it is good to note that Hemingway’s style is deliberate and artificial, and is never as natural as it seems to be. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, in some specific moments, in order to stand out by contrast and to describe an important turning point or climax, the style is made a little different:
He took all his pain and what was left of his long gone pride and he put it against the fish’s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff, and started to pass the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the water.5
The language in this one-sentence paragraph is different from other parts of the novel. Kenneth Graham has commented that the sentence builds up its parts in a carefully laborious sequence-“all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gone pride”. It emulates the movement of the exhausted marlin and the physical strain of the old man. And it mounts to a heavy crescendo in the very un-prosaic inversion of adjectives-“long, deep, wide”-ending in the virtually poetic cadence, “interminable in the water.”6
The dialogue, too, is combined with the realistic and the artificial. Usually the content contains and the expression contains the artificial. In The Old Man and the Sea, the language style is very peculiar from Hemingway’s other writings. This is because the novel is an English version of the Spanish that Santiago and Mandolin would speak in real life. “Since we are meant to realize that Santiago and Mandolin could not possibly speak like this, since English is not his tongue anyway, we are more likely to accept other artificialities of the dialogue. Using the device of a pretended ‘translation’, which would be bound to stilt in any case, Hemingway can ‘poetize’ the dialogue as he wishes.”7 The speakers are distanced from readers to a certain degree. And while their language taking on a kind of epic dignity, it does not lose its convincingness. Even slightly strange exchanges like the following become fairly acceptable. For example:
‘You’re my alarm clock’, the boy said.
‘Age is my alarm clock’, the old man said. ‘Why do old man wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?’
‘I don’t know’, the boy said. ‘All I know is that young boys sleep late and hard’.
‘I can remember it’, the old man said. ‘ I’ll waken you in time.’8
The simple sentences and the repeated rhythms hit at the profundities that the surface of the language tries to ignore. Its simplicity is highly suggestive and connotative, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Indeed, the more closely the reader watches, the less rough and simple the characters appear. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway uses an effective metaphor to describe his writing style:
If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.9
Among all the works of Hemingway, the saga of Santiago is thought as the most typical one to this Iceberg Theory. The author seldom expresses his own feelings directly, nor does he make any comments or explanations. On the contrary, he tries to narrate and describe things objectively and blend his own feelings harmoniously to the natural narration and description this gives readers a pictures compression, from which-the 1/8 of the iceberg above water, they can learn the implying meaning and feelings of the author- 7/8 of the iceberg under water. When Hemingway said of this story, “I tried to make a real old man, a real sea and real sharks”, he then went on to say, “But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”10 So this novel has a great and significance conveyed by a compressed action. The core of the novel’s action is fishing. To the hero, fishing is not simply of contest in life. It contains profound philosophic meaning. In addition, two details-the baseball match and the hand wresting with the Negro, like fishing, symbolize the contention in life. They compensate and enrich the inner meaning of the main plot of fishing. So the simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive.
