医学论文题目是医学科技信息着录体系和索引等二次文献的重要内容，是医学文献检索的主要标识。医学论文题目必须要够专业才行。下面我给大家带来专业的医学论文题目选题免费参考，希望能帮助到大家!
经典专业医学论文题目
1、护理专业医学统计学教学的现状及其对策
2、高职医学美容专业医学微生物学教学实践浅析
3、中医骨伤专业医学生早期接触临床实践的探讨
4、护理专业医学统计学教学中存在的问题及对策
5、基于MindMap信息管理与信息系统专业(医学信息方向)课程体系建设与发展探讨
6、不同专业医学影像学教学改革探讨
7、五年制临床医学专业医学微生物学实验 教学 方法 初探
8、非口腔专业医学生口腔健康认知和行为的调查
9、临床医学专业医学影像学教学体会
10、四年制医学影像技术专业《医学影像诊断学》课程优化整合及数字化实践教学的应用
11、护理专业医学生营养知识态度及行为调查
12、对医学影像技术专业医学影像成像理论与医学影像检查技术课程整合的思考
13、临床专业医学生心理压力源调查与对策
14、医学高等专科学校护理专业医学化学实验教学改革探讨
15、高职高专护理专业医学机能学实验教学改革与探索
临床医学论文题目
[1]定西市疑似风疹标本ELISA与RT-PCR法检测分析
[2]居家吞咽康复操在老年脑卒中患者中的应用及效果观察
[3]3.0T MR扩散加权成像与不同成像序列联合应用对乳腺良恶性病变定性诊断价值临床研究
[4]经静脉内耳钆造影MRI对可疑梅尼埃病的诊断价值
[5]基于三种试剂盒分析新型冠状病毒特异性抗体的动态变化
[6]基于罗伊适应模式的护理干预对双相情感障碍患者社会缺陷及认知功能的影响
[7]驻地医院联合整建制驰援医疗队救治新型冠状病毒肺炎的护理管理实践
[8]宫颈癌术后延伸野螺旋断层放疗与固定野调强放疗剂量学比较
[9]新型冠状病毒感染患者恢复期肛拭子中SARS-CoV-2核酸检测结果评价
[10]数字OT训练系统结合作业疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能及ADL的影响
[11]肌内效贴技术结合针刀治疗卒中后肩痛的临床研究及安全性分析
[12]吞咽功能训练配合低频电刺激治疗脑卒中吞咽障碍的临床疗效
[13]穴位肌电生物反馈联合rood技术对脑卒中后足下垂患者平衡功能的影响
[14]三种不同免疫检验方法检测HIV抗体的价值比较
[15]探讨认知护理对高血压性脑出血患者治疗依从性的影响
[16]综合护理 措施 在手术室切口部位感染预防的应用研究
[17]气管切开稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病患者的肺康复护理体会
[18]优质护理应用于宫颈球囊在足月妊娠促宫颈成熟促进自然分娩的实践效果
[19]社区心理护理干预对脑卒中患者康复的影响
[20]集束化护理在重症监护室护理中的应用效果分析
[21]基于快速康复理念的护理干预对胃癌根治术患者术后恢复的影响
[22]鼻内镜下鼻窦开放术治疗慢性鼻窦炎围手术期的临床护理分析
[23]试论医务社会工作在静脉输液治疗安全环境构建过程中的作用
[24]~(125)I粒子源剂量计算参数模拟研究
[25]左氧氟沙星联合哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的防耐药突变浓度及耐药机制的研究
[26]2009—2018年浙江省宁波市吸毒人群HIV、梅毒和HCV感染状况及其行为特征
[27]临床护理路径在新型冠状病毒肺炎患者中的应用效果
[28]沙门氏菌主要流行血清型耐药性的研究进展
[29]学龄后腭裂术后语音障碍患者语音训练方法研究
[30]不同严重程度认知障碍组脑内血管周围间隙研究
[31]多系统萎缩患者轻度认知功能障碍的静息态低频振幅研究
[32]脑静息态功能磁共振局部一致性分析在轻度认知障碍患者中的初步研究
[33]静息态fMRI评价脑瘫患儿手术前后的脑功能
[34]自闭症 儿童 早期大脑过度发育的sMRI研究
[35]老年重症监护室糖尿病患者血糖难控制的原因分析及护理措施分析
医学 毕业 论文题目免费参考
1、中医治疗哮喘的临床疗效观察
2、兰索拉唑治疗消化性溃疡出血的临床疗效观察
3、心理干预对儿童多动症的临床疗效观察
4、27例胃平滑肌瘤外科治疗的临床疗效观察
5、秋泻灵合剂佐治小儿急性腹泻的临床疗效观察
6、针灸配合水针疗法治疗腰痛60例临床疗效观察
7、古纳斯督灸治疗骨关节疼痛60例临床疗效观察
8、纳洛酮治疗急性酒精中毒的临床疗效观察
9、筋膜内全子宫切除术临床疗效观察
10、手术结合药物治疗声带息肉临床疗效观察
11、中医辨证治疗痛风性关节炎的临床疗效观察
12、菌毒清颗粒治疗风热感冒的临床疗效观察
13、脱敏药物对牙本质敏感症患者的临床疗效观察
14、亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效观察
15、阿托伐他汀治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察
16、消痤霜的制备及临床疗效观察
17、内耳眩晕病40例临床疗效观察
18、布地奈德雾化吸入治疗小儿哮喘临床疗效观察
19、中医食疗法应用于糖尿病患者的临床疗效观察
20、药物治疗干眼的临床疗效观察
21、葡萄糖酸锌治疗痤疮22例临床疗效观察
22、社区高血压联合治疗的临床疗效观察
23、川百止痒洗剂治疗外阴瘙痒症临床疗效观察
24、微波治疗耳鸣临床疗效观察
25、温针治疗寒湿凝滞型痛经的临床疗效观察
26、鼻咽联合成形术治疗OSAHS临床疗效观察
27、乳痛症的中成药治疗临床疗效观察
28、斯奇康佐薄氏腹针治重型斑秃临床疗效观察
29、中西医结合治疗缓慢性心律失常的临床疗效观察
30、中风膏抗脑动脉硬化60例临床疗效观察
31、中医辨证治疗痞满证46例临床疗效观察
32、综合治疗白癜风临床疗效观察
33、参脉注射液治疗老年原发性低血压的临床疗效观察
34、散光矫正型人工晶状体植入术后的临床疗效观察
35、帕利哌酮治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效观察
36、鱼油治疗感染性休克的临床疗效观察
37、丹鳖胶囊的临床疗效观察
38、拔罐辅助治疗肥胖型2型糖尿病临床疗效观察
39、体外超声波碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效观察
40、CO2激光治疗丝状疣的临床疗效观察
41、低温等离子射频消融治疗儿童腺样体肥大临床疗效观察
42、万应理伤膏临床疗效观察
43、卵巢癌化疗的临床疗效观察
44、金因肽治疗50例日光性皮炎临床疗效观察
45、复方丹参滴丸联合阿司匹林肠溶片治疗168例脑卒中的临床疗效观察
46、胆宁片治疗黄疸型病毒性肝炎的临床疗效观察
47、综合疗法治疗神经根型颈椎病的临床疗效观察
48、微管人流与药物流产临床疗效观察
49、参杉癌康汤Ⅱ号治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效观察
50、益气活血汤用于冠心病心绞痛的临床疗效观察
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1976年生，山西临县人 1999年山西中医学院针灸专业毕业，同年山西省针灸研究所参加工作，后于贵阳医学院、天津中医药大学攻读硕士、博士学位。现任山西中医学院第三中医院脑病中心副主任，山西针灸学会脑病专业委员会秘书，中国针灸学会会员、国家中医药管理局“十一五”脑病重点专科建设秘书长、《医药新知》杂志特邀编委、硕士生导师。从事中西医结合治疗脑血管病10余年，发表专业学术论文近20余篇，参与省部级课题6项，组织申报20余项科研课题。主要研究方向为：针药结合治疗颅脑重症多器管功能衰竭，中风后严重并发症的临床研究。擅长运用针药结合治疗中风后胃肠功能紊乱、肺部感染、肾功能不全等严重并发症及中风偏瘫、失语、吞咽障碍、失眠、眩晕、癫痫等脑科疾患。 近三年发表论文 题名 作者 作者单位 文献来源 发表时间 温针灸治疗脑卒中后肢体水肿57例 王卫强； 蔡丽梅 山西中医学院第三中医院 光明中医 2010-12-20 放血配合拔罐治疗卒中后肩手综合征40例 王卫强； 蔡丽梅； 李丽 山西省针灸研究所 中国民间疗法 2010-12-28 穴位埋线治疗面肌痉挛34例 韦玲； 王卫强； 李蕾 山西省针灸研究所 山西中医 2010-12-15 穴位注射治疗中风患者肢体水肿41例 王卫强； 蔡丽梅； 刘越清 山西中医学院第三中医院 光明中医 2011-01-20 火针疗法治疗肩手综合征43例 王霞； 王卫强 山西太钢总医院针灸科； 山西省针灸研究所 光明中医 2011-04-20 吊针配合穴位埋线治疗面瘫痉挛 王卫强； 韦玲； 张捷 山西省针灸研究所 【期刊】中国民间疗法 2010-03-28 醒脑静合纳络酮治疗急性酒精中毒53例 高月翠； 王卫强 山西中医学院第三中医院 【期刊】浙江中西医结合杂志 2010-02-10 自拟中风肢痛汤治疗丘脑痛34例 王卫强； 杨发明； 张捷 山西省中西医结合脑病医院 【期刊】中国中医药现代远程教育 2009-10-08 针刀配合关节功能牵引治疗膝关节僵硬疗效观察 王卫强； 麦志明； 曾顺军； 黎卫周 广东省中西医结合医院； 广东省阳山县中医院 【期刊】现代中西医结合杂志 2010-07-01 建德市巩固农村血防成果措施的探讨 祝太平； 王卫强； 严琴； 王佳 浙江省建德市疾病预防控制中心； 浙江省杭州市疾病预防控制中心 【期刊】中国农村卫生事业管理 2009-01-20 耳针对去卵巢大鼠骨密度及相关细胞因子的影响 王卫强； 罗小光 山西省针灸研究所山西中医学院第三中医医院 【期刊】甘肃中医学院学报 2009-04-15 建德市两疟疾爆发点疫情流行病学分析 祝太平； 邵秀萍； 王卫强； 王佳 浙江省建德市疾病预防控制中心； 浙江省杭州市疾病预防控制中心 【期刊】中国农村卫生事业管理 2009-11-20 梅花针配合井穴放血治疗丘脑痛疗效观察 王卫强； 蔡丽梅； 韦玲 山西省中西医结合脑病医院针灸科 【期刊】实用中医药杂志 2009-12-15 综合方法治疗假性球麻痹疗效观察 王卫强； 李丽； 刘越清； 冀来喜 山西省中西医结合脑病医院针灸科 【期刊】实用中医药杂志 2010-01-15
针灸推拿在治疗颈椎病中的应用论文【1】
摘要：筋骨并重、气血并重是中医治疗颈椎病的优势。
通过对颈椎病患者风池、肩井、大椎等穴位的推拿，能够有效的缓解颈椎病患者的不适症状。
本文就针灸推拿在治疗颈椎病中的应用进行初步探讨。
关键词：针灸 推拿 治疗 颈椎病 应用
1 前言
颈椎病是颈椎及其周围软组织退行性改变，致使神经、血管、骨髓等受损所产生的一系列临床症候群。
颈椎病是一种常见病、多发病，常见于中老年人。
筋骨并重、气血并重是中医治疗颈椎病的优势。
通过对颈椎病患者风池、肩井、大椎等穴位的推拿，能够有效的缓解颈椎病患者的不适症状。
本文就针灸推拿在治疗颈椎病中的应用进行初步探讨。
2 颈椎病的临床症状
2.1 颈型颈椎病。
仅以颈部轻微疼痛不能较持久地看报、书写，颈部活动基本正常，无上肢放射痛。
2.2 神经根型颈椎病。
除颈部疼痛外，可出现明显上肢放射痛，呈阵发性加剧。
颈部活动度受限或僵硬感。
患肢乏力，握力减弱，手指麻木等。
2.3 脊髓型颈椎病。
颈痛伴四肢麻木、僵硬、力量减弱;手不能持物和自如活动;行走笨拙，甚至不能站立与行走，直至瘫痪。
部分患者胸、腹部有明显束带感，异常不舒服。
大便失禁，排尿困难或尿急、尿频等。
2.4 椎动脉型颈椎病。
颈痛、眩晕、头痛、视觉症状(复视、幻视、视力下降)，甚至猝倒，但意识无障碍。
这些症状的出现常与头颈转动有关。
2.5 交感型颈椎病。
颈痛伴偏头痛、头晕、头胀、视物模糊、耳鸣、耳聋。
心律不齐，心动过速或过缓，心前区或有疼痛。
肢体发凉，皮温降低，手指麻木、肿胀或痛觉过敏等。
3 针灸在治疗颈椎病中的应用
3.1 颈型颈椎病。
风池、颈夹脊穴、天柱、肩井、后溪。
3.2 神经根型颈椎病。
风池、颈夹脊穴、肩井、曲池、外关、合谷。
3.3 脊髓型颈椎病。
风池、颈夹脊穴、环跳、阳陵泉、足三里、昆仑。
3.4 椎动脉型颈椎病。
风池、颈夹脊穴、百会。
3.5 交感神经型颈椎病。
风池、百会、内关、合谷、大椎。
颈部夹脊穴主治相关症状：颈4-5适应症——上臂外侧疼痛或麻木;颈5-6适应症——上臂外侧，前臂桡侧疼痛、麻木，拇指、食指麻木;颈6-7适应症——上臂外侧，前臂桡侧疼痛、麻木，食指、中指麻木;颈7-胸1适应症——上臂、前臂尺侧、小指、无名指麻木。
颈部夹脊取穴法：根据X线或CT提示的颈椎病变及症状进行颈夹脊针刺，强调针感至患侧肩背、前臂、手指为佳。
平补平泻手法，施以温针治疗，每日1次。
以上穴位辨证加减，针刺得气之后施以平补平泻法，每日1次，10次一疗程，连续2-3个疗程。
治疗可配合刺络放血：根据病变的相应夹脊穴寻找压痛点，阳性反应点局部放血，三棱针散刺，立即拔罐吸出瘀血5毫升左右。
4 推拿在治疗颈椎病中的应用
患者取正坐位，头部稍前屈，充分暴露施术部位。
术者立于患者身后，先以拇指揉拔理筋，解痉通络止痛，在风府至大椎段进行揉拔，在压痛点上反复施术，然后用拇指或掌根揉第一椎至第七椎两侧，使肌肉温热松驰，最后用定点旋转复位法，患者低头，术后用一肘关节托住患者下颌向前上牵引。
术者另一手大拇指固定偏歪棘突处，在牵引颈椎状态下，当患者关节旋到绞索处，于紧张状态时，猛用力旋转侧搬，常听到弹响声，小关节复位，左右各一次，手法完毕。
脊髓型颈椎病，有骨折，年老体弱者，不宜使用定点旋转复位法。
4.1 基本操作法。
患者取坐位，医生立于其后，先以轻柔的滚法施于健侧斜方肌的中、上部位，逐步过渡到患侧斜方肌，同样以中、上部位为主，约1～2分钟，这属于适应性治疗阶段。
其次以指揉法施于风池、肩井、阿是诸穴每穴约1分钟，并适当配合颈部屈伸，左右侧屈和左右旋转的被动运动。
再继以上法于患侧施用滚法，仍以斜方肌、冈上肌部位为主，并配合颈部六个方向的被动运动，约5分钟左右。
最后在痛点做按压、弹拨法，拿肩井，按揉列缺、曲池穴，搓肩背结束治疗。
此法适用于颈型颈椎病的操作治疗;同时也可作为其他各类型颈椎病的基础治疗。
4.2 辨证治疗。
4.2.1 神经根型颈椎病。
在基本操作基础上。
第一加定点按压旋颈法，即一手以拇指指腹固定按压在颈椎棘旁压痛点;另一手屈肘以肘窝夹住患者下颌作轻轻上提再缓缓旋动颈椎l～2次。
第二加颈部端提牵伸法，医生以双手紧挟患者双侧下颌作缓慢向上的端提牵伸动作3～5次。
第三加根据脊神经所分布的患肢区域作上肢推拿治疗。
4.2.2 脊髓型颈椎病。
基本操作完成后，加背部(俯卧位)膀胱经的滚法和督脉经的按压法，约5～8分钟。
继而沿膀胱经从臀、股后、小腿后至眼跟用滚法;辅以按压环跳，指揉委中，拿承山，拿跟腱约3～5分钟。
患者取仰卧位，医生施滚法于股前经小腿前外侧至足背约3～5分钟;并辅以下肢屈伸的被动运动和按揉足三里、阳陵、解溪诸穴。
最后再取坐位，作双上肢的推拿治疗，以手部为重点约3～5分钟。
4.2.3 椎动脉型颈椎病。
在基本操作完成后。
第一加强颈项部两侧的指揉法，3～5分钟。
第二加头部推拿法(前额分法、抹法、按法、五指拿法、扫散法等约3～5分钟)。
4.2.4 交感型颈椎病。
在基本操作完成后。
加其中的头部推拿法和按揉百会穴。
再加指揉膻中、内关、三阴交约3～5分钟。
5 总结语
综上所述，颈椎病致病因素复杂，一般认为颈椎退变、慢性劳损、颈部外伤为主要因素，体位姿势不当、工作职业习惯、情绪紧张、疲劳、潮湿受凉是发病主因。
中医属痹证、痿证、头痛、眩晕、项强、颈筋急、颈肩痛等病证范畴。
颈部经络气血运行不畅，故颈部疼痛、僵硬、酸胀。
肝肾不足、气血亏损、督脉空虚、筋肉失养、经络受阻、气血运行不畅，导致头部及上肢多种症状。
颈椎病主要与督脉和手、足太阳经密切相关。
因此，患者在治疗的同时，更要注重自我保健调理，建立良好的行为方式。
避免颈部保持单一姿势时间过长，在长期伏案工作，使用电脑工作之余，可以多做颈部保健操，加强颈部功能活动锻炼：前俯后仰，左右环顾等颈部动作，活动范围由小逐渐加大，活动量亦应由弱到强，逐渐适应;做顺时针、逆时针的环绕动作，反复运动，切忌急剧大幅度地猛烈活动，感觉头晕时，应立即停止。
经常活动颈椎能够缓解肌肉紧张，达到预防缓解颈椎病目的。
参考文献
[1] 杨学双.颈椎病的诊断与针灸治疗[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志.2011.11
针灸推拿治疗颈椎病的临床效果研究【2】
【摘 要】目的：探讨采用针灸推拿治疗颈椎病临床效果。
方法：对来我院诊断、治疗的80例患者入院资料进行分析，将患者根据治疗时间顺序分为实验组和对照组。
对照组确诊后进行针灸治疗，实验组在对照组基础上联合推拿治疗，比较两组治疗效果。
结果：实验组95%治疗后比较理想，治疗有效率95%，高于对照组(85%)(P<0.05);患者治疗后住院时间为(9.6±0.4天)，并发症为(1(2%))优于对照组(P<0.05);实验组96%对我院满意度较高，高于对照组(P<0.05)。
结论：颈椎病发病率较高，采用针灸推拿治疗效果比较显著，值得推广应用。
【关键词】颈椎病;针灸推拿;临床效果
颈椎病在临床上发病率较高，这种疾病机制复杂，患者发病时主要是由于机体供血不足造成，患者发病时临床上主要表现为：活动不便、疼痛等，给患者带来很大痛苦。
目前，对于这种疾病的治疗方法较多，如：手术治疗、中医治疗等，但是，这些方法治疗后患者会出现多种并发症，且治疗效果也不尽人意。
近年来，针灸推拿在颈椎病患者中使用较多，并取得理想的治疗效果[1]。
为了探讨颈椎病患者中采用针灸推拿治疗的临床效果。
对近年来在我院诊治疗的80例患者资料进行分析，分析报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
对来我院诊断、治疗的.80例患者资料进行分析，根据患者治疗时间顺序分为两组。
调研中，男57例，女43例，其年龄在39-84岁，平均年龄为49.5±1.5岁。
患者入院时，对患者进行常规检查，患者均得到确诊，符合颈椎病临床诊断标准。
两组入院时间、年龄等差异不显著(P>0.05)，具体见表1。
1.2 方法
对照组采用针灸治疗，具体方法如下：(1)主穴取颈夹脊和风池穴。
(2)配穴根据临床不良症状取穴。
有上肢酸痛麻木症状患者，取肩井穴、肩外俞、天宗、曲池和外关穴;有下肢酸痛麻木症状患者，取殷门穴、环跳穴、昆仑穴、委中穴、阳陵泉和足三里，根据受累神经部位和程度辩证加取相应的经脉穴位。
(3)主穴针刺手法：针尖向主穴斜刺，刺入深度约为1-1.5寸，患者有强烈针感和放射感为宜[2]。
实验组在对照组基础上联合推拿治疗，具体方法如下：患者治疗过程中让患者保持坐位姿势，并让患者头部向前倾，使得颈部充分暴露，先以拇指揉拔理筋，解痉通络止痛，然后在患者风府至大椎段进行推拿，用拇指或掌根揉第1椎至第7椎两侧，最后用定点旋转复位法，患者推拿过程中患者低头，推拿过程中托住患者下颌向前上牵引。
另一手大拇指固定偏歪棘突处，在牵引颈椎状态下，当患者关节旋到绞索处，于紧张状态时，猛用力旋转侧搬，小关节复位，左右各1次[3]。
1.3 疗效标准
痊愈：患者颈椎功能恢复，患者生活能够自理。
显效：患者疼痛等症状得到改善，患者能够简单运动。
有效：患者疼痛、活动不便等得到缓解，患者需卧床休息。
无效：患者症状没有变化甚至有加重迹象。
1.4 统计学处理方法
实验中，对患者治疗时的数据进行搜集，利用SPSS16软件进行分析，并进行 检验，实验结果采用(x±s)表示。
3 讨论
颈椎病是临床上常见的疾病，这种疾病发病率较高(中老年人中发病率高)，患者发病时会出现眩晕、恶心、呕吐等症状，给患者生活带来很大不便。
目前，对于颈椎病的发病机制临床上还不是很清楚。
但是，医学界普遍认为这种疾病与压迫和椎动脉交感神经丛受到刺激有关。
从中医角度来看，颈椎病属于“眩晕”范畴。
而眩晕主要是由于痰浊中阻、气血不足、肝肾阴虚之分，但是这种疾病的根本原因在于髓海不足。
因此，临床上探讨积极有效的治疗方法显得至关重要[5]。
而针刺近年来在颈椎病患者中使用较多，并取得理想效果，这种方法能够使得毫针和患者颈椎组织紧密联系，患者治疗时能够放松周围组织，畅通患者筋骨，改善颈部血运，并且采用针灸治疗只有针头和患者颈椎组织相连，不会对其他组织产生损伤，患者治疗后并发症较少，能增强患者针感，扩大感传范围，从而改善患者症状。
本次调研中，患者治疗后住院时间为(9.6±0.4天)，并发症为(1(2%))优于对照组(P<0.05);实验组96%对我院满意度较高，高于对照组(P<0.05)，这个结果和罗宇等人[4]实验结果相同。
此外，推拿是我国中医传统的一种较为常见和有效的外治手段，主要采用推、拿、提、捏、揉等手法进行肌肉及穴位的按摩，帮助患者颈椎部分气血运行，具有扶伤止痛，调和阴阳等作用，并且推拿还能够缓解患者肌肉，改善椎间关节活动功能，改善患者全身血液循环。
临床上采用针灸推拿治疗颈椎病治疗效果更好，这种治疗方法能够使相邻的椎体短暂性分开，同时增大了椎间隙和椎间孔，能够减轻颈椎退变对血管的机械压迫和对颈神经根的刺激。
本次调研中，实验组95%治疗效果理想，患者治疗后症状得到改善，高于对照组(85%)(P<0.05)，这个结果和王玉胜等人[5]实验结果相同，由此看出：针灸推拿在颈椎病中的临床效果。
综上所述，颈椎病发病率较高，机制比较复杂，采用针灸推拿治疗效果理想，治疗后并发症较少，愈合时间段，值得推广应用。
参考文献
[1] 赵冬娣，李有武.针药并用治疗椎动脉型颈椎病58例[J].山东中医杂志，2010，(08)：79-81.
[2] 王立新，李秀彬，等.推拿配合针灸治疗椎动脉型颈椎病30例[J].浙江中医杂志，2012，47(1)：42-43.
[3] 刘仿林，赖流番.手法配合针刺治疗椎动脉型颈椎病76例疗效分析[J].医学综述，2010，(14)：22-23.
[4] 罗宇，傅求真，陈小余，椎基底动脉供血不足性眩晕与颈椎不稳[J].中国临床康复，2012，2(7)：4265.
[5] 王玉胜.腹针配合艾灸治疗椎动脉型颈椎病50例[J].山东中医杂志，2011，4(2)：243-244.
Traditional Chinese medicine
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Alternative medical systems Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Ayurveda • Chiropractic • Herbalism • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Neural therapy • Osteopathy • Traditional medicine (Chinese • Tibetan)
NCCAM classifications
Whole medical systems • Mind-body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies
See also
Alternative medicine • Glossary of alternative medicine • List of people in alternative medicine
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Traditional Chinese medicine/dried goods shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong KongTraditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.
TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.
TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient (classical) TCM history
1.2 Timeline
2 Theory
2.1 Basic theory and model of the body
2.2 Modern TCM theory
3 Diagnostics
3.1 Techniques
4 Methods of treatment
5 Branches
6 Scientific view
6.1 Efficacy
6.2 Safety
6.2.1 In Practice
6.2.2 Allergy
6.2.3 Toxins and contaminants
6.2.4 Lack of standardization
6.2.5 Vague naming
7 Relationship with Western medicine
8 Animal products
9 Opposition
10 Modernization
11 See also
12 Footnotes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Online databases
[edit] History
[edit] Ancient (classical) TCM history
Yin-yang symbolMuch of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that Taoist and Buddhist philosophies are based on, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[1] It has also been noted that early traditional Chinese medicine stemmed from Taoist masters who had an extraordinary sense of the body and its workings through their many hours of meditation. This may be why TCM also inherited many of the principles inherent to Daoism (Taoism).
During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 B.C, as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (《内经·素问》) or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years ago.
During the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景/张仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙经/甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD.
There were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]
Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of pharmaceuticals.
TCM of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence;[8] any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"[10]
The term "TCM" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.
[edit] Timeline
Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, iguana, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi'an.The history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and books.
Unknown, Huángdì nèijīng (黄帝内经/黄帝内经) (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn (素问/素问) and Língshū (灵枢/灵枢). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present.
Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (足臂十一脉灸经/足臂十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (阴阳十一脉灸经/阴阳十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s.
Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD):
Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (针灸枕中经/针灸枕中经) (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó (华佗/华佗).
Shanghan zabing lun (伤寒杂病论/伤寒杂病论), which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn (伤寒论/伤寒论) ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue (金匮要略) ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng (张仲景/张仲景).
Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (针灸甲乙经/针灸甲乙经) (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì (皇甫谧/皇甫谧).
Tang Dynasty (618–907)
Beiji qianjin yaofang (备急千金要方/备急千金要方) (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (千金翼方) (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo (孙思邈/孙思邈).
Waitai miyao (外台秘要/外台秘要) (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao (王焘/王焘).
Song Dynasty (960 – 1279):
Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng (铜人腧穴针灸图经/铜人腧穴针灸图经) (Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī (王惟一).
Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī (十四经发挥/十四经发挥) (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu (滑寿/滑寿).
Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few:
Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (针灸大全/针灸大全) (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐凤).
Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī (针灸聚英发挥/针灸聚英发挥) (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ (高武).
Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (针灸大成/针灸大成) (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu (杨继洲/杨继洲), completed in 1601.
Běncǎo gāngmù (本草冈目/本草纲目) (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn (李时珍/李时珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578).
Wenyi lun (温疫论/温疫论), by Wu Youxing 吴有性 (1642).
Qing Dynasty (1644-1912):
Yizong jinjian (医宗金鉴/医宗金鉴) (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan (吴谦/吴谦) under imperial commission.
Zhenjiu fengyuan (针灸逢源/针灸逢源) (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan (李学川/李学川).
Wenre lun (温热论/温热论), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/业天士).
Wenbing tiaobian (温病条辨/温病条辨) (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.[11]
[edit] Theory
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Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried lingzhi, snake, turtle plastron, Lou han fruit, and species of ginseng.The foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be influenced by Taoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.[12]
Since 1200 BC, Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the I Ching and other Chinese literary and philosophical classics, Chinese writers described general principles and their applications to health and healing.
Porkert, a Western medical doctor, placed Chinese medical theory in context as:
Chinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.[13]
[edit] Basic theory and model of the body
An old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians
Interactions of Five Chinese Elements - Cycles of Balance and Cycles of ImbalanceMain article: TCM model of the body
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in TCM model of the body.
Traditional Chinese medicine is largely based on the philosophical concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of yin and yang is considered with respect to qi ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), blood, jing ("kidney essence", including "semen"), other bodily fluids, the five elements, emotions, and the soul or spirit (shen). TCM has a unique model of the body, notably concerned with the meridian system. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and studying.
There are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and theory.
Theories invoked to describe the human body in TCM include:
Channels, also known as "meridians"
Five elements
Qi
Three jiaos also known as the Triple Burner, the Triple Warmer or the Triple Energiser
Yin and Yang
Zang Fu theory
The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao (Triple warmer) theories are more specific.
There are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the Four stages theory of the progression of warm diseases, the Six levels theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the Eight principles system of disease classification.
[edit] Modern TCM theory
This section needs more detail, citations, better links, or all three. Also : How widespread is the belief that TCM and fractals are somehow interconnected? Someone must have come up with the idea, who was it?
Third philosophy: Fractal (similar) view[14]
Qi is the `information - energy - material' mix unity flow [15], Qi sets, qi element, sub-Qi sets.
Mathematics physics Yin or Yang
TCM fractal sets[16]
Fractal Yin Yang sets: Df=1.
Fractal Five elements sets: Df=1.4650, Yin Yang Five elements sets Df=2.0959.[17]
Fractal Zang Xiang theory:[18] the heart series, the liver series, the spleen series, the lung series, the kidney system.
Fractal Channel ( Meridian (Chinese medicine) Jingluo),CHANNELS AND MESH-NETWORK,NO VESSEL. TCM channel is fractal, complex, pluralistic, rough, not smooth, non-tube dissection structure.[19]
[edit] Diagnostics
腰腿痛是常见病之一，结合针刺和艾灸二者之长施行的温针疗法，能够激发穴位的能量，使经络感传效能增强，比单独使用针刺或单独使用艾灸治疗，效果更为显著。 现代人常有出现腰腿痛的现象，有单纯腰痛，有腰痛腿疼，从现代医学角度而言：腰、臀部肌肉之损伤、腰椎间盘突出、坐骨神经痛、骨质增生或疏松等均可引起此疾患。比如常见病坐骨神经痛，表现一侧或双侧下肢的放射、牵拉疼痛，可伴有腰痛，多数是腰椎间盘突出引起的，这种病不但中老年人有，年轻人也非常多见。西医方面有吃西药、牵引理疗等，而中医讲求标本兼治，主要采用针灸疗法。腰腿痛病因病机分析：在中医属“痹证”范畴，痹证，是由风、寒、湿、热等外邪侵袭人体，闭阻经络，气血不能畅行，引起肌肉、筋骨、关节等酸痛、麻木、伸屈不利，甚或关节肿大灼热等为主要临床表现的病症。根据临床表现，为腰部疼痛者，中医属“腰痹”，有向下放射至两侧臀部和下肢的，中医属“偏痹”。通过研究总结，根据世界卫生组织（WHO）制定的针灸取穴标准，在应用针法同时加以温热刺激，总结出一套适合治疗腰腿痛的温针疗法，针刺与灸法的结合，患者一般接受3次温针治疗后，能感受到明显改善。 温针具体操作为：将针刺人腧穴，得气后并给予适当补泻手法。而留针时，将纯净细软的艾绒捏在针尾上，或用艾条一段长约2厘米左右，拆在针柄上，点燃施灸。待艾绒或艾条烧完后除去灰烬，将针起出。在治疗过程中，采用新型管针，配以自创独特的“弹针”快速入针法，让患者在无任何痛楚的状况下完成针刺，一般建议选取以膀胱经穴位作为治疗基础，即肾俞、大肠俞、膀胱俞、秩边、委中、承山、昆仑、环跳等。温针治疗腰腿痛作用原理分析：首先，在针刺刺激下，人体机体内会发生一个从外周到中枢各级水准，涉及神经、体液许多因素，包括致痛和抗痛对立而统一复杂的动态过程。针灸通过纠正气血运行障碍，改善气血运行障碍，阻断恶性循环治痛。其作用几乎可以治疗各种性质的疼痛，而且其治痛效应可达到立竿见影的程度。而灸法是用易燃的艾绒等在体表经穴或患病部位进行灼烧、熏烤，借助药物温热的刺激，通过经络的传导，起到温通气血，扶正祛邪作用。艾灸疗法作为我国传统的中医外治法之一，《医学入门．针灸》也曾记载：“药之不及，针之不到，必须灸之。”温针过程中其艾绒燃烧的热力可通过针身传入体内，使其发挥针和灸的作用，达到治疗的目的。从热力学观点看，温针增加了热能，使经络感传效能增强，并供应了病经穴温上升所需要的能量，疗效明显提高。充分发挥了其具有的功能，令针灸效果明显加强。针对各种腰腿痛病因、症型以及科学临床资料分析来看，采用温针灸治疗腰腿痛，效果显著。温针疗法中的艾灸所具有的温阳补气、温经通络、消瘀散结、补中益气、祛风散寒除湿的功效能透过针刺加强作用在腰腿痛的患者身上，对患者而言，不仅可及时止痛，而且能将导致腰腿痛的风、寒、湿、热等外邪成因彻底消除，兼具有“针”和“灸”二者之长，是传统中医学针灸合一的疗法，有其临床应用价值及科学的依据，不失为一种安全简便、经济、无毒副作用的治疗方法。
