1.有关网络营销的参考文献1[美]PhilipKotler著。
2.梅汝和等译。
3.营销管理。
4.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2赵乃真主编。
5.网络营销。
6.北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,3[美]BudSmith等著。
7.王思宁等译。
8.网上营销指南。
9.??北京:电子工业出版社,4[美]MarthaMcEnally著。
10.袁瑛等译。
11.消费者行为学案例。
12.北京:清华大学出版社,5刘红强编著。
13.DELL营销。
14.北京:经济科学出版社,6杜明汉主编。
15.市场营销知识。
16.北京:中国财政经济出版社7孙秉申主编。
17.??企业市场营销实务。
18.北京:地震出版社,8范明明主编。
19.市场营销学。
20.北京:科学出版社,9兰苓主编。
21.市场营销学。
22.北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,10范明明主编。
23.市场营销和策划。
24.北京:化学工业出版社,11彭纯宪主编。
25.??网络营销。
26.北京:高等教育出版社,12梅绍祖等主编。
27.网络营销。
28.北京:人民邮电出版社,13钱东人等主编。
29.网络营销。
30.北京:高等教育出版社,14刘光峰等主编。
31.实战网络营销——理论和实践。
32.北京:清华大学出版社,15PM奇兹诺尔。
33.??乔慧存等译。
34.营销调研。
35.北京:中信出版社,16[美]菲利普?科特勒。
36.愈利军译。
37.营销学导论。
38.北京:华夏出版社,17[美]J。
39.Cataudella,B。
40.Sawyer,D。
41.Greely。
42.孙昕等译。
43.网上商店行销指南。
44.北京:清华大学出版社,18瞿鹏志主编。
45.??网络营销。
46.第二版。
47.北京:高等教育出版社,19冯英健著。
48.网络营销基础和实践。
49.北京:清华大学出版社,20钱旭潮汪群编著。
50.网络营销和管理。
51.北京:北京大学出版社,21尚晓春主编。
52.网络营销策划。
53.南京:东南大学出版社,22祖强李宇红等编著。
54.??网络营销。
55.北京:清华大学出版社,23吕英斌储节旺主编。
56.网络营销案例评析。
57.北京:清华大学出版社北方交通大学出版社,24周游、赵炎主编。
58.网络市场营销。
59.第一版。
60.北京:中国物资出版社,25刘兴根主编。
61.现代企业市场营销。
62.??第一版。
63.北京:经济管理出版社,26马绝尘主编。
64.本土市场营销。
65.第一版。
66.北京:企业管理出版社,27罗莉主编。
67.现代市场营销策略。
68.第一版。
69.北京:现代出版社,28杜明汗主编。
70.市场营销知识。
71.第一版。
72.北京:中国财政经济出版社,29陈放主编。
73.??企业病诊断。
74.第一版。
75.北京:中国经济出版社,30方光罗主编。
76.市场营销学。
77.第二版。
78.大连:东北财经大学出版社,31孔伟成陈水芬编著。
79.网络营销。
80.北京:高等教育出版社,32薛辛光主编。
81.网络营销学。
82.北京:电子工业出版社,33沈凤池主编。
83.??网络营销。
84.北京:清华大学出版社,34曲学军,刘喜敏主编。
85.网络营销。
86.大连:大连理工出版社。
Online advertising
Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.
Competitive advantage over traditional advertising
One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.
Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response.
Purchasing variations
The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and CPA.
CPM (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand.
CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.
CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site.
CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.
Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase.
CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1]
Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra costs.
Floating ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content.
Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage.
Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed
Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed.
Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert.
Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage.
Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows.
Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed.
Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps.
Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone.
In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisers.
E-mail advertising
Legitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from spam.
Affiliate marketing
Main article: Affiliate marketing
Affiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate network.
Affiliate marketing was an invention by CDNow.com in 1994 and was excelled by Amazon.com when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental income.
Contextual advertising
Many advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's website.
Another newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's website.
Behavioral targeting
In addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive sites.
Ads and malware
There is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these programs.
Ad server market structure
Given below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor survey.
Vendor Ad viewers
Google 1,118
DoubleClick 1,079
Yahoo 362
MSN 309
AOL 156
Adbrite 73
Total 3,087
It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.
网络广告
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狭义的网络广告又被称为在线广告或者互联网广告;而广义的网络广告除了包括以计算机为核心组成的计算机网络为媒介的广告行为外,还包括其他所有以电子设备相互连接而组成的网络为媒介的广告行为,例如以无线电话网络,电子信息亭网络为载体的广告行为。在一般未做特殊说明的情况下,现在各资料所谈论的网络广告全指狭义网络广告。
狭义网络广告与传统广告有很多类似的地方,也分为很多不同广告形式,拥有多种计费方式。
常见的广告形式包括:
横幅式广告(banner)
通栏式广告
弹出式广告(pop-up ads)
按钮式广告(button)
插播式广告(interstitial ads)
电子邮件广告(E-DirectMarketing,EDM)
赞助式广告(sponsorship)
分类广告(classified ads)
互动游戏式广告(interactive game)
软件端广告
文字链接广告(text ads)
浮动形广告(floting ads)
联播网广告
关键字广告
比对内容广告
常见的记费方式包括:
按照千人印象成本(CPM)收费。
按照每点击成本(CPC)收费。
按照每行动成本(CPA)收费。
按照每回应成本(CPR)收费。
按照每购买成本(CPP)收费。
这些都是国际流行的收费模式。在中国和一些网络广告的发展中国家,则时常会采用以时间来购买的模式,如按每日投放成本收费,按每周投放成本收费等。
对网络广告的研究显示,50%的网络广告点击是由6%的用户产生的。而且这个点击群体是一个缺乏购买力的群体,也很少进行网络购物[1]。
网络营销论文参考文献
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。按照字面的意思,参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。下面是我整理的网络营销论文参考文献,欢迎大家阅览。
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