写在论文的标题和作者后，是撰写论文不可或缺的一部分，是一篇独立性的短文。Abstract是对论文内容进行的总结，用精炼，明确，简单的语言对全文内容予以概括。
论文的主要内容，研究成果，独到见解都会在abstract中呈现出来。
总的来说，Abstract的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但是对于初学者来说，保证你的abstract达到基本标准，使用模板很有帮助。总体来说，所有的abstract须包含以下五点;
背景(background)
目标(Aim-purpose, objectives)
研究方法(Methods)
结果(results)
总结(conclusions)
学会写这五点，Abstract就解决啦~
论文abstract写作要遵循以下五点：反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。
1、反向outline并不是所有的摘要都包含完全相同的元素。如果你的研究有不同的结构（例如，人文学科论文通过主题章节建立论点），你可以通过反向提纲的方式来写摘要。对于每一章或部分，列出关键词，并起草1-2句话来总结中心观点或论点。
这将为你的摘要结构提供一个框架。接下来，修改句子，建立联系，展示论点是如何发展的。摘要应该讲述整个故事的浓缩版本，并且应该只包含在主要文本中可以找到的信息。重读你的摘要，确保它对你的整体论点给出了一个清晰的总结。
2、阅读其他摘要在你的学科中，学习写摘要的习惯的最好方法是阅读别人的。在进行文献综述时，你可能已经阅读了很多期刊文章摘要——试着将它们作为结构和风格的框架。你也可以在论文和论文数据库中找到大量的论文摘要例子。
3、写得清楚简洁一个好的摘要应该简短而有影响力，所以要确保每一个字都有价值。每句话都应该清楚地传达一个主要观点。避免不必要的填充词，避免需要解释的晦涩的术语、摘要应该能让不熟悉你的研究主题的读者理解。
4、专注于自己的研究摘要的目的是报告你的研究的原始贡献，所以避免讨论别人的工作，即使你在主要文本中有一定篇幅提到它。你可以用一两句话概括学术背景，以定位你的研究，并显示它与更广泛的辩论的相关性，但没有必要提到具体的出版物。除非绝对必要，否则不要在摘要中引用（例如，如果你的研究直接回应另一项研究，或者围绕着一个关键理论家）。
5、检查你的格式如果你正在写一篇论文或将论文提交给一本杂志，通常对摘要有特定的格式要求、确保你满足要求。对于APA研究论文，你可以遵循APA摘要格式。一定要坚持字数限制。如果你没有得到任何关于摘要长度的指导，最好不要写超过一页。
毕业论文Abstract怎么写？
毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要，先把中文摘要写好，然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则
（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。
（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
