本来准备给即将上初中的儿子看的书，我自己读过后发现暂时不适合12岁的孩子读，初中毕业了再读比较合适。如大多数书评写的，也许作者的主要目的是批判社会现实，而我把这本小说当做一本探讨青春期，叛逆期孩子的行为、心理和思想状态的书。
小说描写的是处于叛逆期的中学生霍尔顿被学校开除后三天里的经历和心历路程。虽然小说背景是二战后的美国，主角西方中产阶级的孩子，但是不管何时何地，熊孩子都是类似的。叛逆期的孩子可能经历的叛逆行为霍尔顿都有，抽烟，酗酒，招妓，逃课，打架，还想离家出走（被妹妹给劝回了）。他看不惯周围的一切人和事，觉得每个人都假模假式，虚伪得要命。放在今日社会主义的中国，相信处于青春叛逆期的熊孩子总会占一样。
霍尔顿不是个乖孩子，但他乐于助人。即使得知被学校开除了，在离开学校以前也愿意帮因为要去约会没空写作业的同学写论文（当然，帮同学写作业是不值得鼓励的），还把没穿几次的衣服借给同学去约会。他是善良的。偶遇2位天主教的修女拿着募捐用的篮子，主动捐款，虽然当时2位修女并没有在募捐。他是一位绅士。在酒吧会给跟他跳舞的姑娘买单，即使他与她们只是萍水相逢。
霍尔顿对一切都失望，叛逆的他想做的事情不是走上绝路或歪路，而是做麦田里的守望者，在悬崖那里守望，保护孩子，让他们避免因为狂奔坠入悬崖。霍尔顿迷惘的时候，他懂得找人开解他，暂时排解不良情绪，有朋友，导师，自己的妹妹，还有路人。所以说沟通很重要
这几年听了不少中学生因为各种原因放弃生命的新闻。对待处在青春期与叛逆期的孩子，除了关心他们的学习，我们也要关注他们的精神状态，让孩子学会排解不良情绪，就像霍尔顿那样，找各路人沟通，与人沟通，也许不经意间的一句话能给处于彷徨迷惘中的孩子一些指引，点亮他们心中的路。曾经的导师安多里尼先生跟霍尔顿说：“你一旦弄清楚了自己要往哪儿走，你的第一步就应该是在学校里用功。你非这样做不可。你是个学生---不管愿意也好，不愿意也好。你应该爱上学问。”“一个不成熟男子的标志是他愿意为某种事业英勇地死去，一个成熟男子的标志是他愿意为某种事业卑贱地活着。”接受训话的当下霍尔顿不是很理解，也许没往心里去，因为当时他困得要命。但是，将来有一天，静下心来，再回想起这些话，或许能启发他。
如果从行为上判断，他不是一个乖孩子；如果从品格上来说，他是个好孩子。霍尔顿根本上是一位善良有爱的孩子，即使他叛逆，他的终极理想也是守护其他孩子。对于孩子的教育，让孩子学会爱，心存善念，即使在叛逆期，孩子走上歪路的几率也会低很多。对孩子进行爱的教育，是一项持久的事业，不需要长篇大论，可从身边小事启发孩子，让爱的教育渗透入生活。其实我们从小就接受爱的教育，例如，在力所能及的范围帮助有需要的人；学会分享；学会感恩。在女生因为例假身体不舒服的时候，男生可以发挥绅士的品格，帮助女生完成值日。发现有更好的背单词方法，乐于与同学分享。不仅对给予帮助的人表达感谢，也感恩父母每天照顾我们的生活，感恩兢兢业业教育我们的老师。心中有爱又懂得感恩的孩子，即使经历短暂的彷徨迷惘，必能拨开云雾，发现自己的价值，找到前进的方向。
内容提要：《麦田里的守望者》通过内外矛盾冲突两条叙述主线反映出50 年代美国社会精神层面
的空虚以及青少年青春期的懵懂叛逆的心理两大社会问题，从获得了巨大的成功。
关键词：矛盾冲突青春期叛逆精神生活
一
20101 月29 日，91 岁的美国传奇“遁世”作家罗姆·大卫·塞林格逝世。消息传来，再一次引发人们对其成名作《麦田里的守望者》的关注。
《麦田里的守望者》是20 世纪美国文学的经典作品之一，也是20 世纪最受争议的文学作品，很少有一部作品像《麦田里的守望者》那样，自1951 年问世，就在美国乃至世界文坛引起轰动，至今影响不衰。小说曾被译成十几种文字，总销售量已超过千万册。
小说的主人公霍尔顿是一个性格叛逆的美国中产阶级子弟，家庭富裕而无所事事，因为屡次考试
不过被潘西中学开除。霍尔顿满嘴粗话，张口“他妈的”，闭口“混账”，读书不用功，还抽烟、酗酒、搞女人。但就是这样的一个富家浪荡公子，却在青少年中引起强烈共鸣，特别是受到大中学生的热烈欢迎，一时间他们纷纷模仿主人公霍尔顿的装束打扮，讲“霍尔顿式”的语言。
客观地说，单从小说语言的角度来说，《麦田里的守望者》这部小说可以称作是语言“毫无美感”，而且满篇充斥着污言秽语，与其他文学名著相比，没有优美的语言，没有华丽的辞藻，文笔也毫无意境可言。甚至用语言粗俗来评价这本书并不过分。那么，《麦田里的守望者》成功的原因在哪里？对于这部小说的成功，文学界有不同角度的分析，自20 世纪60 年代一直到现在，学术界从人物心理、社会学、历史学、教育学、宗教学等方面有着不同的解读，多数都将其的成功归于对青春期少年心理的细致描写。这一点基本上得到的共识。但这只是主题方向性的成功。如果深入研究塞林格的写作手法，就会发现对矛盾冲突的精湛把握才是《麦田里的守望者》成功的真正原因。
二
文学作品的出现“是人们在劳动生活中人与自然、非自然力量之间的矛盾冲突，在情感、心理与思想上形成的反映和需求；随着时间的推移，人与人之间、人与社会之间的矛盾冲突成为了文艺创作实践的主要表现，并且逐渐地向着主要表现人自身情感、心理与思想的内在关系进行转”；生活中的矛盾和冲突是文学创作的动力和源泉。文学中的矛盾冲突既包括“人与人外在的矛盾
冲突的表现，在此展开了社会文明进程中先进与落后、光明与黑暗、主流与非主流、人文与非人文等等之间的斗争、博弈和辗转曲折”，又包括“人自身内在的矛盾冲突的表现，这是一个依附于前一方面而着重在人们的情感、心理、观念、意识、心灵上的呈现与揭露”。两者的交织构成文学作品的主线1。
在《麦田的守望者》中，塞林格很好地把握了主题中的矛盾与冲突。第一，霍尔顿与外部社会之间的矛盾冲突。故事所处的年代初正是二战后美国社会经济高速发展的时期，美国，这个在两次世界大战中大发横财的国家，战后物质生产发展得很快，生活水平迅速提高，中产阶级的人数也激增。国内保守势力上升，人们在享受高度物质生活的同时，精神生活却十分空虚。这种状况反映在教育上，就是学校的教育僵化保守、脱离社会需求，他们对社会的变迁和人们精《麦田里的守望者》中的矛盾与冲突高红神世界的需求视而不见，因此在很大程度上扼杀了青年人的创造性。而主人公霍尔顿正是在这种背景下的一个主流教育的叛逆者。一方面，他从根本上就不认同这种教育体制与教学理念。在他看来，他所在的贵族学校潘西远非宣传的那样人才辈出，事实上，潘西既没有培养出什么优秀的人才，也没有教育好学生的道德观，学生们热衷的是酒吧、约会、女人、考试作弊、偷窃也是屡见不鲜，那些富家子弟手脚并不干净。同时，他也对那些道貌岸然的老师校长充满鄙视，要么是虚伪的说谎者，要么就是迂腐的传统卫道士，甚至霍尔顿最信赖的安多里尼最终也发现可能是一个同性恋者。
另一方面，霍尔顿本身又是主流教育制度下的一个被淘汰者，一学期五门课程四科不及格，除了英文，霍尔顿没有哪科学的好。因此他被潘西学校开除也并不奇怪，何况此前霍尔顿已有两次被其他学校开除的记录。
霍尔顿的校长绥摩博士曾教育霍尔顿“…人生是场球赛。你得按照规则进行比赛。”而霍尔顿的反应是“……你要是参加了实力雄厚的那一边，那倒可以说是场球赛，可你要是参加了另外那一边，一点实力也没有，那还赛得了什么球？什么也赛不成。根本谈不上什么球赛。”在霍尔顿的眼里，对于那些能够适应主流的人来说，生活是一场比赛，而霍尔顿是一个主流群体的弃儿，他根本不是什么参赛者，顶多是一个旁观者。
对于家庭，霍尔顿也深处矛盾之中，他讨厌学校，却又不愿回到家里，因为憎恨父母的管教；另一方面，霍尔顿又与妹妹保持着良好的关系，妹妹菲芘的真诚爱护、百般照顾使霍尔顿十分感动。让他感到亲情的温暖。第二，霍尔顿自身内在的矛盾冲突。除了与外部社会的格格不入，霍尔顿自身的行为和思想也充满了矛盾，甚至在性格上有些扭曲。在霍尔顿身边除了几个女性朋友，似乎没有一个真正的同性朋友，他对所接触到的所有同学评价都是负面的，没有提到一个认可的朋友。说明霍尔顿本身存在着严重的性格缺陷。霍尔顿十分讨厌虚伪的学校，虚伪的老师，但另一方面自己又虚情假意，谎话连篇。比如，拜访老师老斯宾塞，明明很厌倦，又假做虚心聆听教诲；在火车上遇见同学欧纳斯特的母亲，他居然随口把一个“混账”学生编造成一个腼腆、谦虚又上进的好学生。
霍尔顿一方面抽烟喝酒撒谎一身痞子气，充满叛逆，另一方面又是胆小善良有着道德顾忌。例如，离开学校的霍尔顿游荡在城市中，出入在声色场所，尽量装作一副成人的样子，约会女友，寻找妓女，拼命想发泄自己，但是，妓女来到房间后，霍尔顿却又选择了逃避。
霍尔顿表面上一副社会无赖的形象，实际上却十分胆怯。当面对老毛里斯勒索霍尔顿钱的时候，他流着泪内心充满屈辱，但不敢反抗，只能顺从，最多就是想象着将老毛里斯一枪打死。霍尔顿是忧郁叛逆的，又是纯真和善良和渴望快乐的，他惦记着冬天湖里的鸭子去哪里了，对募捐的修女慷慨解囊，霍尔顿的快乐就是有一份幻想，为了保护孩子，不让他们掉下悬崖，他渴望“整天就干这事，我只想当一个麦田里的守望者”2。
塞林格利用这些交织的矛盾冲突，成功地塑造出一个立体生动的“反英雄形象“霍尔顿。在霍尔顿的身上，我们看到的是叛逆但又缺乏斗争精神，玩世不恭却又能坚持一种道德底线。颓废而又善良的矛盾统一体。
三
矛盾冲突存在于生活中的各个方面，但并非所有的矛盾都能构成文学中的素材，一部成功的作品
是要透过矛盾冲突反映社会生活中的共性问题或具有典型意义的个性问题。塞林格塑造的霍尔顿之所以成功，并不仅仅因为塑造一个叛逆的形象。而是透过这样的一个形象，反映了两个重大的社会问题。
一，物质生活和精神生活的对立统一。物质生活和精神生活构成我们人类生活的全部。物质生活
是基础，精神生活对人们的世界观、人生观都有着重要的影响。物质生活和精神生活水平的同步发展，才能促成社会的和谐和人性的自由。霍尔顿与外部社会的矛盾正是体现物质生活的快速发展与精神生活的相对落后的矛盾。一旦精神生活不能跟随物质生活的变化而变化，社会机制就会出现扭曲，人们就会感到失落与不满。而这一对矛盾，在几乎每个经济转型的国家里都会出现。从这个意义上看，《麦田的守望者》是历史的，也是现实的。
二，青春期是人生中最美好而又最困惑的一段时光。霍尔顿内心的矛盾恰恰是青春期心理的绝佳
写照。作为一个青春期的少年，霍尔顿正处于从孩提时代到成年的过渡期，从青少年的角度来看，青春期是一个认知不断发展的阶段，也是一个不断学习探索的阶段，“在这个时期，他们的心理体验是由对立走向统合：独立与依恋，创新与回归，快乐与忧郁，激情与冷漠，反叛与顺从，冲动与犹豫”3。在霍尔顿的身上我们既能看到青春期的孩子特有的对异性的渴望，对传统的叛逆，道德思维混乱，又能看到他们成长的骄傲，对自由的期盼，对真情的追求。
《麦田里的守望者》的成功，代表着现实主义文学一次新的超越，开创了一种新颖的艺术风格，作者对人物矛盾冲突性格的把握，第一人称的叙述，角色化的语言，帮助我们用一个全新的方式进入青少年的心理，用一个青春期少年的视角，透视我们这个矛盾的世界。小说所揭示的社会问题，在我们今天的社会里依然是热点问题，这正是《麦田的守望者》长久不衰的魅力所在。
（作者系辽宁大学外国语学院副教授）
参考文献：
1 方伟：《冲突构成文艺作品的和谐美》，《光明日报》
2007 年09 月16 日。
2《麦田里的守望者》：施咸荣译，译林出版社1998
年，第161 页。
3 杰弗里阿尔特：《青少年心理学》，中国人民大学出
版社2009 年，第5 页。
<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛 (一）
Comments on the Details of novel “The Catcher In The Rye”
The majority of the novel takes place in New York City during war of America. The journey begins just a week before Holden's Christmas break.
A young man, Holden Caulfield, is in a mental institution where he is recovering from a recent mental breakdown. The entire novel is a flashback of the events that had led up to his emotional destruction. The flashback begins with Holden leaving the boarding school he had been attending because of lackluster grades. Holden had been sent to boarding school by his parents.
The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Holden Caulfield, finds himself upset with the society in which he lives. Throughout the novel he goes on a journey to find himself. Holden is immature although he makes attempts to act as if he is mature. Holden can not accept those who value materialistic items and labels them "phonies." In all, Holden is hypocritical and it is perhaps this trait that causes him to self-destruct.
At first, we should pay a little attention to the other people in this story.
Holden's smart kid sister, Phoebe Caulfield, is the only person that Holden can relate to. Holden visits her while in Manhattan, and while with her he decides that he would like to save children like her from becoming phonies. She also later convinces Holden to return home.
D.B. Caulfield is Holden's brother who used to be a serious writer, but is now in Hollywood where he is writing for television programs. Holden views his brother as being a phony since he had "sold out" and given up his principles in return for money.
Holden's younger brother named Allie Caulfield. Holden saw him as a symbol of innocence. Allie died of Leukemia.
Jane Gallagher was Holden's great love and almost girlfriend. Holden did not view her as a phony, perhaps because he knew her when she was younger. He was very upset that she was to go out with Stradlater. He believed Stradlater would make her a phony too.
Holden's history teacher at Pency Prep school called Mr. Spencer. Holden visited him just before he left for Manhattan.
Holden meets two nuns at the train station where they are collecting money. Holden decides that they are only the only adults that have not become phony and therefore can retain their innocence.
Mr. Antolini was Holden's teacher at Elkton Hills. Holden visited him while in Manhattan and stayed at his apartment. (There he made sexual advances on Holden.)
The novel opens with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy from New York City, telling the story of three days in his life. The whole narrative is a coming to terms with the past, since Holden tells it from a psychiatric institution. It is the adult world that has driven him insane. He just cannot relate to anyone except for his kid sister Phoebe. Everything and all other people seem "phony" to him. Holden is unable to accept life. Since Holden is becoming an adult himself, he is unhappy with what he will represent. He flunks out of three boarding schools in a row, the latest of them Pencey Prep, which is also where the first part of the story takes place.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(二
One Saturday night, after an unpleasant experience with his history teacher "Old Spencer," his roommate Stradlater and the boy next door, Robert Ackley, Holden decides to leave Pencey four days early for Christmas break. He knows that he cannot return to his parents because they are not aware that he has been expelled again. Holden spends the next three days wandering aimlessly around New York City. He stays at a cheap hotel for one night, goes to two night clubs, dances with older women, often talks and thinks about sex, even has a prostitute come up to his room. The next day, he talks with some nuns about literature and has a date with his former girlfriend Sally Woodruff. They go to the theater and also go ice-skating. When he asks her to run away with him, she gets mad and they part. He is "depressed," at this time Holden thinks and even talks to his deceased brother Allie. To Holden, Allie represented innocence. With nobody else around, Holden turns to the only person he can relate to, his sister Phoebe. He sneaks into his parent's apartment at night to talk to his sister. He tells her about his dream to be a "catcher in the rye," and that he wants to run away.
He then leaves to meet his former teacher, Mr. Antolini. They have a good talk, but Holden leaves in a hurry when he thinks his host makes a sexual advance on him. He spends the night in a train station, then runs around town. Finally, he meets his sister, who tells him she wants to run away with him and that she will never go back to school. Holden sees himself in her, finally changes his mind and decides to go back to his parents. We are able to conclude that Holden then is sent to a mental hospital for treatment.
The first major conflict encountered in The Catcher in the Rye is Holden vs.himself. Holden has a hard time dealing with everyday life, and feels that everyone around him is a "phony". This is one of the reasons for his mental breakdown. His own mind working against himself caused him to have internal problems and turn against himself. His internal conflict also led to his seclusion from the outside world. He became introverted and could no longer cope with life.
Another conflict we come across is Holden vs. society. Everyone is a "phony" to him and he never realizes the good in anyone. This is due to Holden's strong opposition to material wealth, which is a dominating characteristic of the society which he could not accept. He can't communicate with anyone and feels that the only person he can even relate to is his sister Phoebe. Holden cannot function as a normal part of society because of his hatred towards all "phonies", which he believes everyone to be.
Holden did not want children to grow up because he felt that adults are corrupt. This is seen when Holden tries to erase naughty words from the walls of the elementary school, that his sister Phoebe attended. Holden believed that children were innocent because they viewed the world and society without any bias. This leads to Holden's dream to being the catcher in the rye, which relates to a poem where the catcher prevents small children from falling off a cliff.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(三）
Holden throughout the whole novel, differs from society which results in his rebellious nature. Holden does not have any friends and cannot keep relationships. This is because he finds and exaggerates any negative aspect of all the people he knows or meets. This can be seen when Holden cannot keep his relationship with his girlfriend Sally. Holden also rebels because he feels that all adults are phonies. Holden believes that these phonies are people who try to be something that they are not. Usually the mark of a phony is the desire for material goods. This is because people usually want these possessions in order to impress others and become something they are not. This is why Holden can only connect with his younger sister Phoebe. On the other hand his older brother D.B. is a prime example of a phony. This is because D.B. was a writer, who became a playwright in order to gain more public recognition.
Holden's instability has derived from various events and personality traits. Early in his life his brother Allie died. This had many negative effects on Holden. He also disliked his parents. He believes they are phonies and that they neglected him. This is because they send him to many different private schools and do not supply him with the love and affection he needs. Holden has either been expelled from or has run away from these schools. This is seen in Pencey where he cannot stand his roommate, Stradlater. His incapability of living in society has led to his admission into a mental institution. It is from this point that Holden narrates the story.
The book begins as Holden is recovering from his nervous breakdown. He tries to save all children from growing up and losing their innocence, and when he realized that he can not, he goes insane and can't deal with it.
Death is a major issue in this novel because of the death of his brother Allie. It is the death of his brother which fuels his desire to save children from growing up and becoming corrupt. Holden uses his brother as a model for innocence.
Holden has a very hard time dealing with people that are not known to him. He feels that most people are phonies and finds it hard to open himself up to others. He is very insecure as well as being very immature.
His immaturity is shown when he invites the prostitute, Sunny, up to his hotel room for sex. When she arrives he cannot go through with it. Holden also rarely had a girlfriend for an extended period of time because of his fear of commitment.
Holden disliked his parents because they sent him away to a private school. He thinks that they feel he is useless and give up on him and send him away. He also wouldn't face his parents until the very end of the novel.
Holden calls other's phonies but in actuality, Holden is the biggest phony in the novel. He despises those who value material things but he himself prides his possessions.
We first note Salinger's vividness of description. The reader could care less about the street names or other various paraphernalia, but is given them any way. These more or less serve to promote the reality of Holden's thought while showing his attentiveness to detail.
论文答辩的时候，老师问了我一个问题，十七岁的最后一天和十八岁的第一天有什么区别？为什么量刑不一样？既然说穷人的孩子早当家，那么犯罪与心理有什么关系？
The Gather in the Rye
成长的故事
成长是一个过程，我们无法圈定一个范围，很难说一个五十岁的人心智便完全成熟了。
我们总在期待着寻找生活的答案，寻找生活的道路，然而人生是没有答案的，这不过是一种经历。
情感的缺失会使我们开始偏离轨道，或者说我们在有意识的在偏离这种轨道，当然无意识的更多，就像手中抓住的沙子，或许走远了的哪一天突然想起了手中还有东西，摊开双手空空如也。流沙真的消失了吗？人生本来就是又失去又得到的过程。
我们与成年的世界充满了冲突，甚至无法接受眼前的现象，无力且狼狈。
去面对，而不是去逃避。
